Amelioration strategies for saline soils: a review

Soil salinization is one of the major causes of declining agricultural productivity in many arid and semiarid regions of the world. Excessive salt concentrations in soils, in most cases, cannot be reduced with time by routine irrigation and crop management practices. Such situations demand soil amelioration. Various means used to ameliorate saline soils include: (a) movement of excess soluble salts from upper to lower soil depths via leaching, which may be accomplished by continuous ponding, intermittent ponding, or sprinkling; (b) surface flushing of salts from soils that contain salt crusts at the surface, a shallow watertable, or a highly impermeable profile; (c) biological reduction of salts by harvest of high‐salt accumulating aerial plant parts, in areas with negligible irrigation water or rainfall available for leaching; and (d) amelioration of saline soils under cropping and leaching. Among these methods, cropping in conjunction with leaching has been found as the most successful and sustainable way to ameliorate saline soils. Cropping during leaching or between leachings causes an increase in salt‐leaching efficiency because a decrease in soil water content occurs under unsaturated water flow conditions with a concurrent decrease in large pore bypass and drainage volume. Consequently, anaerobic conditions in soil may occur during leaching that can affect crop growth. Thus, in addition to the existing salt‐tolerant crop genotypes, research is needed to seek out or develop genotypes with increased tolerances to salinity and hypoxia. Since salt leaching is interacted by many factors, evaluation of the traditional concepts such as the leaching requirement (LR), the leaching fraction (LF) and the salt balance index (SBI) demands incorporation of a rapid, efficient and economical way of monitoring changes in soil salinity during amelioration. Besides this, numerous models that have been developed for simulating movement and reactions of salts in soils need evaluation under actual field conditions. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Formation of alkali soils by neutral salt solutions

It has been reported that large tracts of land under irrigation in the western part of United States contain enough soluble salts to depress crop production and thousands of acres have been abandoned because of salinity. In soils commonly called white alkali soils, containing accumulation of neutral salts in the form of chlorides or sulphates, 0.2% of salt will reduce yields of salt sensitive plants and 1.0% will cause marked yield reduction in most crops. If the drainage is poor and water table is maintained near the surface of the soil, evaporaLion will be high and the salt will accumulate. When large amount of soluble salts accumulate at the surface, the soil is termed as saline and has a pH value below 8.5. The soils containing alkali salts such as Na.COa or NaHC03 and having a pH value above 8.5 are called alkali soils or black alkali soils. Misra (1954) has reported that a gradual replacement of calcium ions and a subsequent increase in the exchangeable Na or K in the exchange complex of the soil, due to repeated leaching of the soils with dilute salt solutions of Na or K takes place which is similar to the repeated leaching of agricultural fields by irrigation.al water containing smaller amounts of soluble salts of Na or K. He has also reported that K-soils, which are also alkaline, are formed under similar conditions of leaching of the soil with K-salLs. Greater amounts of calcium were found in the filtrate when soluble salts were used instead of water alone for leaching the soil.     

基于SHAW模型的南疆典型灌区适宜盐分淋洗定额空间分布

明晰西北旱区休闲期土壤盐分淋洗定额的空间分布特征,对于水资源有效利用、土壤盐渍化防控具有重要意义。受制于土壤盐分、土壤质地的空间变异性,在某一点尺度获得的盐分淋洗定额难以全面反映区域的情况。该研究以南疆阿拉尔灌区为例,采用统计学和空间插值相结合的方法,确定灌区土壤盐分、土壤质地的空间分布特征,并通过划分模拟单元,建立基于SHAW(the simultaneous heat and water)模型的灌区尺度分布式模型,得到了不同灌水模式下适宜的盐分淋洗定额空间分布特征。结果表明：阿拉尔灌区土壤盐分呈现出“西多东少,南多北少”的分布特征;不同深度土壤颗粒含量均以砂粒和粉粒为主,土壤质地主要为粉壤土和砂壤土(占比约36.81%和19.44%);土壤含盐量和土壤砂粒含量是影响盐分淋洗定额的主要因素,3种灌水模式(只冬灌、只春灌、冬灌+少量春灌)中,冬灌+少量春灌(300 m³/hm²)处理综合权衡了冬灌和春灌的优势,灌区内适宜冬灌定额主要介于1 500～2 250 m³/hm²之间,最有利于节水灌溉和作物...     

灌溉灰钙土水盐动态之初步研究

宁夏南部气候干旱,淡水十分缺乏,但苦水资源尚丰,为了提高农业生产,势必发展苦水灌溉。该区为底层盐化灰钙土,苦水灌后大量盐分积累在上层土壤中,导致表土很快发生次生盐渍化,影响农业生产的进一步发展。土壤盐分随水分而运动,两者在行迹上是密切一致的。土壤的积盐和脱盐,就是土壤水分随着灌水及气候季节变化而运动的结果。     

新疆浅层暗管排水降低土壤盐分提高棉花产量

土壤盐渍化问题严重制约着干旱区农业可持续发展,为达到土壤脱盐的效果,增加作物产量,该文针对膜下滴灌棉田,采用完全随机试验方案,在装有暗管的中度和轻度盐渍化土壤上种植棉花,分析暗管降盐技术对轻度和中度盐渍化农田土壤盐分变化规律及棉花产量的影响。结果表明:轻度和中度盐渍化农田土壤盐分剖面特征均由表聚型向脱盐型变化,中度盐渍化土壤0~20 cm土层盐分下降最快,其他土层盐分含量均呈现显著下降趋势;轻度和中度土壤最高脱盐率分别为50.96%和90.89%,中度盐渍化土壤盐分可降低至轻度水平;暗管排水的电导率变化范围为7.53~11.16 dS/m,pH值变化范围7.08~8.20;轻度和中度盐渍化棉田增产幅度分别为25.3%和55%。研究表明与滴灌配套的浅层暗管排水降盐技术可有效治理盐碱土壤,提高作物产量,该研究可为盐渍化土地的可持续利用提供依据。     

干旱区农田不同类型土壤盐碱化发生规律

为明晰西北干旱区平原农田典型土壤发生盐碱化的规律,2014年在新疆代表性平原农场采集砾砂、粉土/粉砂、粉土/粉细砂、粉土和亚黏土5类主要土壤进行试验,分析其岩性组成、毛细管作用及土壤表层积盐之间的内在关系,寻求3者相互影响机理。结果表明:土壤中粗颗粒含量越大,早期毛细管现象越明显,土壤表面积盐越多。细颗粒含量越多,早期毛细管作不明显,地表积盐量较少但持续时间较长,最终积盐量大于粗颗粒土壤。5类土壤在盐碱化发生早期(12 d左右)毛细现象最为突出,尤其1~4 d内地表的积盐大,速度最快。粗颗粒的砂性土发生盐碱化时,表面容易形成3~4 mm厚盐痂,阻止了地表盐碱化的发展。当土壤中粉粒和黏粒较多时,地表积盐主要以晶体形式出现。土壤的颗粒级配较好、压实度较大时,土壤表面的积盐量就较少。研究成果可为西北地区不同类型的土壤盐碱化治理方法、治理时段的选取等提供参考。     

Microbiomes of the Soils of Solonetzic Complex with Contrasting Salinization on the Volga–Ural Interfluve

The analysis of ribosomal genes has been applied to study microbiomes of two soils of the solonetzic soil complex in the northern Caspian region. These soils—solonetz and quasigleyic chestnut soil—drastically differ in their salinity characteristics. The specificity of the vertical distribution of prokaryotes by the genetic soil horizons from the surface to the depth of 120 cm in these soils is discussed. The differences in the structure of microbiomes in the upper soil horizons can be related to the differences in the vegetation cover of the two soils, whereas the differentiation of microbiomes along the soil profiles is affected by the soil salinization. The solonetz is characterized by a much sharper decrease in the abundance and diversity of microorganisms down the soil profile in comparison with the leached quasigleyic chestnut soil. The total number of prokaryotes is mainly limited by the organic carbon content. In the upper soil horizons, Archaea from the phylum Thaumarchaeota are relatively abundant; their percentage decreases down the soil profiles. In the lower horizons of the solonetz, the genes of Marinobacter bacteria, which are considered marine inhabitants, have been found. It is probable that they persist in the soil since the previous transgression of the Caspian Sea.     

Integration of two simple models in a geographical information system to evaluate salinization risk in irrigated land of the Valencian Community, Spain

Abstract. Salt affected soil is one of the main problems decreasing the productivity of irrigated agriculture in the Mediterranean area. Simulation models in combination with geographical information systems (GISs) could be used to evaluate the risk of salinization at a regional scale. In this study, two logical models (Pla and Riverside) were combined in a GIS to evaluate the risk of soil salinity and sodicity in the irrigated agriculture of the Valencian Community, Spain. Simple models were chosen so that they could be used at a regional scale. Before running them in a GIS framework, a soil and irrigation water survey was conducted to validate the models with observed data. The Pla model fitted observed data better than Riverside guidelines, probably because parameters of water quality, soil and climate were considered by the Pla model. The resulting maps indicated that the soils most affected by salts are those located in the south of study area, owing to the arid climate, and those areas near the coast due to saline intrusion. Close to 42% of the irrigated area was predicted to be somewhat affected by salinization. The regional-scale soil salinity assessment presented here for the Valencian Community is the first to be made for this region and will be useful in targeting critical areas that may require special management.     

Salt-affected soils of the Barguzin Depression

Factual materials on salt-affected soils in the Barguzin Depression (Buryat Republic) are generalized. A geomorphic map of the depression has been developed. The distribution of salt-affected soils and the specificity of salinization in different geomorphic regions are characterized. These soils tend to be developed within the low lacustrine–alluvial plain of the depression, on the floodplain of the Barguzin River and its tributaries. Smaller areas of salt-affected soils are found on the river terraces. They are virtually absent on ancient sandy ridged terraces (kuituns). The genesis and chemistry of soil salinization are mainly related to the discharge of slightly saline deep water along tectonic faults and fissures. An additional source of soil salinity is represented by surface water flows. The presence of permafrost preventing the leaching of salts and the cryoarid climate favoring the migration of salts toward the soil surface during the dry spring and early summer periods and during the soil freezing in the winter contribute to the soil salinization. Slightly saline hydromorphic solonchakous soils predominate among salt-affected soils of the depression; the portion of semihydromorphic saline soils is smaller. Automorphic saline soils rarely occur in the depression. Strongly saline soils— solonchaks—are widespread within lacustrine depressions around salt lakes. Soils of the soda and sulfate salinization predominate. The content of chlorides is small; their increased amounts, as well as the presence of sulfates, are indicative of the discharge of dee ground water onto the surface. The soda type of salinization is also related to the discharge of deep stratal water with further transformation of salt solutions during freeze–thaw cycles. Under anaerobic conditions, the formation of soda is favored the processes of sulfate reduction.     

用SahysMod模型研究不同灌排管理情景土壤水盐动态

银北灌区是宁夏土地整治和高标准灌溉绿洲农田建设的重点区域。该区域耕荒地交错分布、土壤盐渍化严重。通过模型分区模拟,在土地整治过程中建立完整、配套的灌排系统是解决区域土壤盐渍化的有效措施。该研究以银北灌区典型区域-西大滩为例,综合考虑荒地与耕地土壤属性的空间变异性,以2015—2016年土壤盐分数据进行率定,2017年盐分数据作为验证,利用SahysMod探索在土地整治过程中不同灌排管理下未来10 a内土壤水盐动态变化。结果表明,现有灌排管理下(即灌水量为670 mm,灌溉水电导率为1.05 dS/m,排水沟深1.5 m),荒地土壤盐分在预测初期(2017—2022年)逐年升高,预测后期(2023—2027年)变化平缓;耕地土壤盐分在预测初期变化缓慢,预测后期逐年增加。加大灌水量是解决土壤盐渍化的一个重要途径,可以有效延迟耕地盐分累积到障碍水平的时间;在灌溉水电导率为0.6 dS/m情况下,未来10 a内耕地都不会受到盐害胁迫;现有灌排管理下,在2024年以后作物生长就会受到盐害胁迫,当灌溉水电导率继续增加时,作物生长受到胁迫的时间相应提前。通过土地整治,加深排水沟深度可以延迟土壤盐分达到障碍水平的时间。在整治过程中深为2.2 m的排水沟,可保证未来10 a内耕地盐分小于1.7 dS/m,区域内玉米可正常生长。研究可为在土地整治过程中的灌排管理及土壤盐渍化防治提供建议。     

绿洲灌区固定道耕作对土壤盐分动态的影响

解决节水灌溉与控制土壤次生盐渍化的矛盾,对干旱内陆绿洲灌区农田节水、防止土壤次生盐渍化和保证绿洲农业稳定持续发展具有重要意义。本研究以传统翻耕(CT)、垄作沟灌(FRB)、固定道保护性耕作(PRB)和固定道平作(ZT)4种耕作方式为研究对象,研究了固定道耕作模式下的土壤盐分特征。结果表明:与播前相比,收获后FRB处理0~20 cm、20~40 cm、40~60 cm和60~100 cm土层土壤含盐量分别提高83.3%、77.2%、47.6%和84.0%,PRB处理分别提高62.6%、46.3%、28.2%和103.6%。ZT和CT处理0~200 cm土壤含盐量呈"脱盐"和"聚盐"交替变化趋势,0~60 cm各土层土壤含盐量随灌水显著降低,而60~200 cm各土层土壤含盐量随灌水显著增加。0~20 cm、20~40 cm和40~60 cm土层是PRB和FRB处理土壤盐分的主要累积区,ZT和CT处理土壤含盐量随灌水最终积累在100~160 cm土层。从头水后至收获各个时期,PRB处理0~200 cm各土层土壤含盐量均高于FRB处理,且差异显著。ZT处理0~20 cm、20~40 cm、40~60 cm和60~100 cm土层土壤含盐量均显著高于CT处理。垄床不同位置土壤盐分运动水平方向上均呈"垄边向垄中"迁移特点,但PRB处理迁移能力强于FRB处理。垂直方向上,FRB处理在土壤60~80 cm处形成积盐峰,而PRB处理在土壤40~60 cm处形成积盐峰。随灌溉水分入渗再分布后FRB处理土壤盐分向垄沟中部和垄床表层迁移,PRB处理土壤盐分在垄床40~60 cm土层处形成一个积盐层。结果说明,垄作方式能显著增加土壤剖面盐分累积。随着垄作年限增加,盐分向垄床中部积累的能力和含量均增强,由此垄作种植应考虑适时漫灌以达到淋洗土壤盐分的目的。     

An economic analysis of revegetation for dryland salinity control on the Lower Eyre Peninsula in South Australia

Dryland salinity is a major natural resource management problem imposing large economic and environmental costs in many countries throughout the world. The major cause of dryland salinity is the replacement of perennial native vegetation with annual crops and pastures. This results in greater amounts of water entering a groundwater system, watertable rise and the concentration of naturally occurring salts near the soil surface. Many consider that the best long‐term solution is the re‐establishment of high water use perennial vegetation through production systems such as agroforestry. This paper presents a benefit–cost analysis (BCA) of revegetation to control dryland salinity over a 20‐year period in South Australia. The results of the BCA indicate that market costs are likely to exceed market benefits for broad‐scale revegetation programmes. These results are driven by hydrogeological studies, which indicate that as much as 50 per cent of a ‘problem‐type’ catchment needs to be revegetated to save only 3 per cent of land from being salt affected. The conclusion is that revegetation programmes need to be highly targeted to areas of a catchment with large potential to control salinity, land that has minimal value for other uses and regions with high infrastructure and ecological value. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Salinization dynamics in irrigated soils of the Svetloyarsk irrigation system,Volgograd oblast

On the basis of soil surveys performed by the Volgograd hydrogeological reclamation expedition in 1998 and 2006, published data, and original materials obtained by the authors, the dynamics of soil salinization within the Svetloyarsk irrigation system in Volgograd oblast during the irrigation and post-irrigation periods have been traced. It is found that high irrigation rates under conditions of poor drainage and closed drainage basins upon both shallow (within the Caspian Lowland) and relatively deep (on the Ergeni Upland) occurrence of saline groundwater and the presence of natural salts in the soils and subsoils lead to the rise in the groundwater level above the critical level and the development of secondary salinization in the previously surfacesaline, deeply saline, and even nonsaline soils. During the post-irrigation period (15–18 years) under modern climatic conditions, the groundwater level has been descending to a depth of more than 3 m, and the degree of salinity in the upper meter of light chestnut and meadow-chestnut soils has decreased owing to the leaching of salts with atmospheric precipitation.     

干旱盐渍土区土壤水盐运动数值模拟及调控模式

在干旱绿洲灌区,土壤盐渍化是农业生产和生态保护面临的主要危害之一,而大多盐渍化过程与灌溉水质和地下水埋深密切相关,合理确定灌区水盐调控措施是实现绿洲农业发展的必由之路。该研究基于绿洲农田试验数据,构建了田间尺度二维土壤水盐运移数值模型,并利用监测数据进行了模型校正和验证,结果表明该模型是可信的。该文以小麦作为研究对象,考虑作物需水规律和土壤盐分变化情况,制订了合理灌溉水量和灌溉制度,并以优化后的灌溉水量和灌溉制度,以不同地下水埋深作为宏观调控标准,确定了盐渍土区合理的地下水水盐调控深度。研究结果可为干旱区水资源合理利用和水盐调控提供理论基础。     

天津滨海开发区绿地土壤盐分时空变异特征

该文依据天津滨海经济技术开发区多年土壤盐分数据,采用传统统计学和地统计学的方法,对区域内表层土壤(0~20 cm)及底层土壤(60~80 cm)含盐量和p H值的时空变异特征进行分析。结果表明,在2006、2008、2011年,表层土壤都属于非盐化土,底层土壤盐化程度从中度转变为轻度,平均值从2.82 g/kg降低到1.65 g/kg;p H值随深度略有增大,但表层和底层的值均逐年降低。区域内表层土壤含盐量在这3a中都表现出空间分布独立性,底层土壤具有强空间相关性,受结构因素影响很大,而p H值在所有层次中都表现强空间相关性。区域内绿地土壤质量基本稳定在当地绿化用客土标准值范围内,即土壤全盐含量≤3 g/kg、p H值≤8.5。该研究对于评价当地土壤改良效果,提高绿地管理水平,积累滨海盐渍地改良经验,实现当地土地资源的可持续发展具有现实意义。     

封丘县土壤盐分的演变特征研究

世界上影响灌溉农业最大的问题是盐渍化问题。中国是受土壤盐渍化影响的大国。盐碱化曾是限制封丘县农业生产的四大自然灾害之一。本文基于40个土壤剖面数据,结合第二次土壤普查的盐土数据,对封丘县的土壤盐分的时空特征进行了系统研究。结果表明:27年来封丘县土壤盐分含量大幅下降,盐碱土作为土壤发生类型只存在于极个别微域景观;土壤含盐量较高的区域集中分布在东南部,与地下水埋深趋势相吻合,但只有东南角部分地区含盐量超过0.293dS/m为盐化土。地下水位下降是土壤盐分降低的主要原因。盐分聚集在40cm以下,并未脱离土体。封丘县存在土壤盐碱化的自然条件,一旦水文地质条件发生变化,土壤盐渍化仍然可能发生。     

典型干旱区绿洲春季土壤盐分空间分布特征分析

干旱区绿洲春季土壤盐渍化问题十分严重.以新疆第二师31团灌区为例,在GIS技术的支持下,运用经典统计学和地统计学方法,对春季灌区内不同深度土层的盐渍化特征与空间分布格局进行分析,探讨了这一地区土壤盐渍化规律,为当地农业生产和土壤改良提供了理论依据.结果 显示:春季灌区内土壤pH值范围在8.01 ～ 8.32,总体呈碱性...     

洛惠渠灌区水土化学特性分析

为了深入了解洛惠渠灌区土壤盐碱化程度,分别测试了2004年实地采集的63个土壤样品和71个地下水样品,测定项目分别为土壤含盐量、碱化度、阴阳离子含量和地下水化学成分,并分析了该灌区土壤盐碱化现状以及地下水水质状况.结果表明,洛惠渠灌区土壤盐碱化较明显,盐渍化土壤分成盐土和碱土两类,主体成分为钠(钾)、钙的硫酸盐和碳酸盐;而地下水化学类型基本属于氯化钠-硫化钠型.通过计算其钠吸附比和镁系数可以推知该灌区地下水大部分对灌溉作物有不利影响,并且对土壤有进一步碱化的威胁.因此,有效控制该灌区地下水位是治理土壤盐碱化的重要措施,还要考虑不同区域土壤易溶盐含量,作物耐盐碱性等因素.应当综合工程、生物、化学等方法来改良利用盐碱土地,方能起到事半功倍的治理效果.     

南亚热带丘陵赤红壤区农业可持续发展的土壤水分管理探讨

焉耆盆地土壤盐渍化日趋严重,直接影响当地农业发展和生态环境建设。作者运用统计特征值、趋势面分析等方法,探讨了焉耆盆地土壤含盐量、盐分化学组成及其空间分布特征。结果发现:(1)除戈壁砾石带外,区内有近60%的土地处于强盐渍化和盐土状态,且主要为氯化物-硫酸盐型盐渍化;(2)荒地土壤的含盐量远大于农田区土壤;(3)表层土壤盐分具有从扇缘到湖滨逐渐增加的趋势,在灌区内土壤盐分随灌溉和排水而呈现季节性变化,但整体上处于脱盐状态。区内土壤盐渍化是在自然和人类活动共同作用下形成的,通过节水灌溉、合理开发地下水、完善灌排系统等措施可有效地改良盐渍土。     

中国盐渍土研究：历程、现状与展望

盐渍土研究是以盐渍土和盐渍生境作为主要研究对象，以盐渍土和盐渍化的发生与演变过程、环境要素和人类活动对盐渍化的影响与作用机制、盐渍土的治理、改良和利用的理论与技术为主体的研究领域。我国盐渍土面积巨大、种类繁多，盐渍化问题突出，对农业生产和生态环境造成不同程度的影响。我国科学家提出的盐渍土“水盐调控”“水盐平衡”，“淡化肥沃层”和“障碍消减”等理论与技术方法，为发展农业生产、提高土地产能、保障粮食安全、拓展耕地资源等发挥了积极作用。近期我国在土壤盐渍化演变过程的监测与多源数据融合、土壤水盐运移过程模拟与尺度转换、盐渍农田养分循环与减损增效、盐渍障碍的生态消减、盐渍障碍微生物修复、盐渍农田灌排优化管理与边际水安全利用等方面取得了积极的进展和成果。建议今后深入开展盐渍土精准控盐的高效和安全用水、土壤盐渍障碍的绿色消减与健康保育、盐渍农田养分库容扩增与增碳减排、土壤盐渍化与区域生态的耦合响应和协同适应等方面的理论与技术研究。应面向农业、资源、生态、环境等领域和行业，致力于拓展理论和新技术的研究，为国家农业升级、粮食安全、耕地保护、生态安全、高质量发展发挥重要作用。本文回顾了我国盐渍土研究工作的...