5种生物药剂对草莓白粉病的田间防效研究

本文选用了5种生物药剂对草莓白粉病进行了田间药效试验,结果表明0. 5%大黄素甲醚水剂对草莓白粉病防效较好,在第1次用药7d、第2次用药7d、第3次用药7d后对草莓白粉病的防效均65%,在第3次用药14d后防效60%,与枯草芽孢杆菌(1 000亿个/g孢子)可湿性粉剂、寡雄腐霉(100万个/g孢子)可湿性粉剂、1%蛇床子素水乳剂、5%氨基寡糖素水剂的防效有显著差异。     

新型植物免疫诱抗剂对槟榔黄化病的田间防效及最佳配比筛选

本试验以5%氨基寡糖素水剂和0.5%几丁聚糖水剂为对照,进行新型植物免疫诱抗剂对槟榔黄化病的田间防效试验,并筛选出防控效果最好的组分配比。结果表明,组分配比为0.001%羟烯腺嘌呤+8%岩藻多糖+20%黄腐酸钾的新型植物免疫诱抗剂对槟榔黄化病的防效最佳,药后60d的防效为75.19%,且对槟榔安全无药害,可在生产上作为防控黄化病的备选药剂。     

氨基寡糖素在烟草上的应用

用氨基寡糖素（OS-施特灵）对烟草病毒病进行防治试验,结果表明,氨基寡糖素能有效促进烟株生长发育,对烟草病毒病有明显的防治作用。特别对黄瓜花叶病毒防效更佳,室内接种试验防效达到34.92%;生化指标测定表明,喷施氨基寡糖素并接种病毒,能有效促进烟株体内脯氨酸的积累,降低烟株体内丙二醛的含量,调节烟株自身对外部胁迫的抗逆性,示范结果表明,氨基寡糖素对烟草病毒病有较理想的防治效果。其最终防效达64.9%,比植病灵提高了17.2个百分点。     

氨基寡糖素在新疆的应用实践及使用技术探讨

2012—2013年连续2年在新疆开展了5%氨基寡糖素水剂诱导抗病田间试验。结果显示,氨基寡糖素对甜瓜、制种西瓜等8种作物上的12种病害有一定的诱导抗病和防控作用,防效为8.1%~100%;对棉花、莴笋等6种作物有不同程度的增产作用,较对照增产1.6%~53.4%;可以显著促进甜瓜、大枣、莴笋的生长;改善甜瓜、番茄、西瓜、大枣的品质;对缓解制种刀豆冷害和因2,4-滴丁酯引起的棉花药害有较好作用。结合该药剂在新疆的应用实践,探讨了氨基寡糖素与常规杀菌剂组合减量使用、确定合适的施用次数及施药适期等技术问题。     

氨基寡糖素对番茄晚疫病的防治效果研究

2年的田间药效试验结果表明,氨基寡糖素0.5%水剂防治番茄晚疫病效果显著,能有效地增强番茄的抗病能力,使用剂量在14~18.8g a.i./hm2时,防效均在80%以上,优于生产上大面积推广的嘧菌酯250g/L悬浮剂。由于氨基寡糖是从海洋生物外壳提取而来的安全、无毒、无残留的多糖类天然产物,在化学农药对环境的污染和人类健康的威胁、抗药性等问题凸显的今天,氨基寡糖素是一个很有应用价值和发展前景的绿色环保型农药,可以作为无公害蔬菜生产的配套药剂进行大力推广应用。     

大棚温室油桃穿孔病的发生及防治策略

桃树穿孔病是大棚温室油桃生产上的主要病害之一 ,在夏县桃树穿孔病分为细菌性穿孔病、真菌性霉斑穿孔病和真菌性褐斑穿孔病等 3种 ,而以细菌性穿孔病危害最甚。在多雨年份 ,排水不良 ,湿度大或红蜘蛛多时发生严重 ,常引起早期落叶、新梢枯死 ,削弱树势 ,降低果品的产量和质量。近年来在油桃产区 ,年年都有发生 ,2 0 0 2年发生面积达 333hm2 ,发病率达 30 %～ 4 0 % ,严重制约了桃树的经济效益。1　细菌性穿孔病1.1　发病症状桃细菌性穿孔病 ,主要危害叶片 ,其次是新梢和果实。1.1.1　叶片症状　叶片发病初期为水渍状浅褐色小斑点 ,其周围有…     

抗病毒剂对水稻条纹叶枯病的防效

选用目前生产上普遍应用的12种抗病毒剂,2005年和2006年分别在江苏省东海县、海安县和句容市对水稻条纹叶枯病进行田间药效对比试验。三点试验结果表明:供试的12种抗病毒剂对水稻条纹叶枯病均有一定防效和保产效果,其中防效和保产效果均较好的有18%丙多.吗啉胍可湿性粉剂、4%氨基寡糖素水剂、2.1%铜.烷醇可湿性粉剂、1%蛋白粉剂和4%嘧呔霉素水剂,防效为16.22%~51.00%,平均增产率为11.11%~28.29%。其防效和保产效果均显著高于1%蛇床子素水剂、3.95%苷.醇.硫酸铜可湿性粉剂、42%三氯异氰尿酸可湿性粉剂、20%吗胍.乙酸铜可湿性粉剂和25%宁南霉素可湿性粉剂,极显著高于50%氯溴异氰尿酸可溶性粉剂和5%菌毒清水剂。     

氨基寡糖素在豇豆上的应用效果

在豇豆田施用氨基寡糖素,并设置对照药剂处理,调查与比较后发现,在豇豆生长初期使用氨基寡糖素能够促进豇豆生长,提早花期,对豇豆病害有较好的防效。单独使用氨基寡糖素可以达到甚至优于常规药剂的防病效果。单独使用氨基寡糖素处理的豇豆鲜重显著高于常规药剂处理。在发病严重的情况下,氨基寡糖素配合少量(次)化学药剂使用,防病、增产效果更好。     

5％氨基寡糖素对香蕉黑星病的抗病增产效果

试验结果表明,5％氨基寡糖素对香蕉黑星病有一定的抑制作用,与化学杀菌剂结合使用,可促进和提高对黑星病的防效,并对香蕉营养期生长有显著的促进作用,能够改善蕉果外观品质,提高单产,增产率达9.79％,增收效益显著,值得在香蕉等农作物生产上推广使用.     

氨基寡糖素2%水剂防治番茄病毒病试验

进行田间试验以明确氨基寡糖素2%水剂防治番茄病毒病的效果。结果表明,氨基寡糖素2%水剂能够很好的控制番茄病毒病,防治效果明显高于对照,且对作物安全。     

内生性枯草芽孢杆菌J5对桃流胶病生防潜能的初步研究

桃流胶病是桃树栽培中的常见病害,该病发生原因复杂,目前仍缺乏有效的防控手段。本研究从健康桃树叶片中分离筛选到一株内生细菌J5,J5对桃流胶病菌可可毛色二孢(Lasiodiplodia theobromae)JMB-122菌株有较强拮抗作用。结合16S r DNA鉴定、磷脂脂肪酸鉴定以及Biolog微生物自动鉴定系统的分析结果将J5鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌。进一步研究发现J5可在桃树内定殖且存活至少2年以上。离体致病力测定表明J5定殖或其发酵滤液处理的桃树枝条在接种JMB-122后产生的病斑长度均较对照的小。J5定殖的桃树枝条接种7 d后病斑长度为14.0 mm,而对照枝条接种后病斑长度达到32.5 mm,表明内生细菌J5能有效抑制桃树流胶病的发生,在防治上有一定应用潜力。     

Heterogeneity of peach rust disease progress within the tree canopy

Peach rust (Tranzschelia discolor) is a major foliar disease of peach that can cause severe defoliation. Few epidemiological studies have been conducted on peach rust, and there is no information concerning the spatial distribution of the disease within the canopy. This study aimed to characterise the onset and temporal progress of peach rust in three height strata in peach trees grown in two different orchards: one treated with fungicide and the second non-treated. Evaluations were conducted fortnightly between November and April for two consecutive years. Positional information for the disease within the canopy was obtained by assessing the incidence and severity of peach rust on leaves in both orchards. A linear mixed model with the position of shoots as the fixed effect and cultivars and blocks as random effects was adopted for the data analysis over both seasons, in the fungicide-treated orchard incidence and severity ranged from 60 to 90 % and 0.5 to 2 %, respectively, while in the non-treated orchard incidence and severity ranged from 90 to 100 % and 10 to 15 %, respectively. The area under the disease progress curve was greater for the upper shoots compared to the lower shoots, but the disease progress rates were similar. The logistic and exponential models best fitted the incidence and severity data, respectively. Urediniospores were detected by traps within the experimental area between late winter and early spring. Predominance of autoinfection or alloinfection is discussed.     

Anti-Oxidant Activities,Chemical Attributes and Fruit Yield of Peach Cultivars as Influenced by Foliar Application of Ascorbic Acid

Peach fruit is enriched with natural antioxidants but oxidation caused by biotic and abiotic stresses, reduce these antioxidants and consequently effect the quality and yield of the fruit. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to investigate the role of ascorbic acid to sustain the natural antioxidant activity, improve the fruit quality and yield of peach cultivars (Early Grand and Florida King). The peach cultivars, Early Grand and Florida King were tested against four levels of ascorbic acid (200, 400, 600 and 800?ppm) and compared with control as water spray. The foliar application of ascorbic acid significantly influenced anti-oxidant activity and physico-chemical attributes of peach cultivars. However, the foliar application of ascorbic acid @ 800?ppm significantly increased the fruit weight, fruit yield, fruit firmness, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, antioxidant activity of fruit peel, with least percent infected fruits and fruit juice pH as compared to the rest of the treatments. Similarly, significant variation was recorded for peach cultivars regarding anti-oxidant activity and various physico-chemical attributes. The maximum fruit weight, fruit yield, fruit firmness, total soluble solids, titratable acidity and TSS/TA ratio were noted in fruit of cultivar Florida King. On other side the foliar treated fruit of peach cultivar Early Grand had the highest percent infected fruits, fruit juice pH and antioxidant activity of fruit peel. It is concluded from the significant findings of present research that the peach cultivar Florida King performed better in terms of maximum fruit yield, whereas the cultivar Early Grand produced better quality fruits with high anti-oxidant activity when treated with 800?ppm of ascorbic acid as foliar spray.     

江苏桃根腐线虫病病原的形态诊断和致病性测定

 桃根腐线虫病在江苏普遍发生,是国内的一种新病害。在严重发病的徐州眺苗圃病株率和病根率分别高达100%和81%。在幼根上病斑黄褐至褐色,大小不一。未栓化的桃根未见受害。典型病株表现衰退,株矮叶黄,根系发育不良。人工接种来自桃根内外的一种短体线虫,按种桃苗都表现出与自然诱发相似的症状和在病斑内繁殖同样的线虫。按该线虫的主要形态特征和测计数据,鉴定为胡桃短体线虫(Pratylenchus vulnus)。调查和接种的结果表明,草莓也是胡桃短体线虫的一种自然寄主。     

Transmission of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri’ by naturally infected Cacopsylla pyri to peach,an approach to the epidemiology of peach yellow leaf roll (PYLR) in Spain

Peach orchards in the northeast of Spain were severely affected in 2012 by a previously unreported disease in this area. The symptoms included early reddening, leaf curling, decline, abnormal fruits, and in some cases death of the peach trees. All the infected peach samples were positive for ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri’, but none were infected by the ‘Ca. Phytoplasma prunorum’. In this work, potential vectors able to transmit ‘Ca. Phytoplasma pyri’ from pear to peach and between peach trees were studied and their infective potential was analysed at different times of the year. Transmission trials of the phytoplasma with potential vectors to an artificial feeding medium for insects and to healthy peach trees were conducted. Additionally, isolated phytoplasmas were genetically characterized to determine which isolates were able to infect peach trees. Results showed that the only insect species captured inside peach plots that was a carrier of the ‘Ca. Phytoplasma pyri’ phytoplasma was Cacopsylla pyri. Other insect species captured and known to be phytoplasma transmitters were present in very low numbers, and were not infected with ‘Ca. Phytoplasma pyri’ phytoplasma. A total of 1928 individuals of C. pyri were captured in the peach orchards, of which around 49% were phytoplasma carriers. All the peach trees exposed to C. pyri in 2014, and 65% in 2015, were infected by ‘Ca. Phytoplasma pyri’ 1 year after exposure, showing that this species is able to transmit the phytoplasma to peach. Molecular characterization showed that some genotypes are preferentially determined in peach.     

利用性信息素迷向技术防治桃园梨小食心虫的效果与分析

为了绿色防控桃园梨小食心虫的为害,进行了性信息素迷向技术防效实验。连片100×667m2以上的桃园,平均亩悬挂梨小食心虫迷向丝60枚,迷向丝对梨小食心虫各代成虫的迷向率可达96%以上,且持效期在4个月以上,对各代折梢防效在94%以上,蛀果防效在96%以上,全年用药次数减少4~7次。结果表明,该技术对桃树整个生育期梨小食心虫的为害具有良好的控制作用,可有效减少农药防治次数和用药量,值得大面积推广应用。     

几种杀菌剂对小麦茎基腐病的防治效果

小麦茎基腐病是小麦上重要的真菌性茎基部病害,在黄淮海冬麦区呈广泛流行态势,对我国小麦生产安全构成严重威胁.本研究评价了不同拌种剂、拔节期喷施杀菌剂以及两者结合使用对小麦茎基腐病的防治效果.药剂拌种防治结果表明:60 g/L戊唑醇FS、25 g/L咯菌腈FS和25％氰烯菌酯SC拌种处理能显著降低苗期病株率,其病株防治效果...     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phoma glomerata</Emphasis> (Corda) Wollenw. &; Hochapfel a new threat causing cankers on shoots of peach trees in Greece

Shoot blights are common diseases of peach trees in Greece. This study is the first report of a shoot blight and canker disease of peach in Greece caused by the fungus Phoma glomerata (Corda) Wollenw. & Hochapfel. The pathogen caused distinct cankers with abundant gumming on shoots of peach trees. The rate of development of P. glomerata in vitro was reduced as temperatures increased from 25°C to 30°C, decreased from 25°C to 15°C, and was totally inhibited at 35 and 10°C. The rate of conidial germination and the germ tube elongation in vitro was reduced as temperatures increased from 25°C to 35°C, decreased from 25°C to 10°C, and was totally inhibited at 2–4°C. Pathogenicity tests showed that 24 peach and nectarine cultivars grown in Imathia Perfecture, Greece, were equally susceptible to P. glomerata. The fungicides thiophanate methyl, carbendazim, and tebuconazole were evaluated against the development of P. glomerata and disease symptoms. All fungicides inhibited the growth and conidial germination of P. glomereta and disease symptoms, and all 30 isolates tested were sensitive to the above fungicides. The disease caused by P. glomerata could be a threat to peach cultivation in Greece and its management should be investigated in the field.     

不同寄主来源的Monilinia fructicola对多菌灵的敏感性及其遗传结构特征

美澳型核果链核盘菌Monilinia fructicola (G. Winter) Honey是引起多种果树褐腐病的重要病原菌，多菌灵是防治该病害的重要杀菌剂。为明确不同寄主来源的菌株对多菌灵的敏感性及遗传结构差异，研究测定了来源于樱桃、李子和毛桃的17株菌株对多菌灵的敏感性，同时基于Tub2核苷酸序列分析了来源于樱桃和毛桃的32株M. fructicola群体的遗传多样性和群体分化特征。结果表明:来自樱桃、李子和毛桃的17株菌株中，多菌灵的EC₅₀< 1 μg/mL和 > 1 μg/mL的菌株比例分别为58.8%和41.2%，其中EC₅₀> 50 μg/mL的菌株比例为17.6%。来自毛桃的菌株群体多样性比来自樱桃的高，其核苷酸多样性分别为3.25 × 10?3和0.94 × 10?3，单倍型多样性分别为0.883和0.242；两群体间存在显著的遗传分化，分化程度较高，其F_ST值达到0.148。单倍型网络分析结果显示:来自樱桃和毛桃的群体分别含有3种和9种单倍型，其中共有单倍型2种；不同单倍型在进化过程中主要发生了两个途径的进化，其中一个途径只出现了来自毛桃群体的1种单倍型，其他单倍型经过不同的突变步骤形成另一个途径。寄主特异性检验结果发现，来自樱桃的菌株具有一定的寄主特异性，而来自毛桃的菌株与寄主的关联性较差。综合研究表明，M. fructicola对多菌灵的抗性频率较高，且来自不同寄主的群体遗传结构差异性较大。     

不同寄主植物上烟蚜DNA多态性的RAPD-PCR分析

用RAPD-PCR技术研究了桃树、油菜和烟草上烟蚜的DNA多态性。结果表明,用相似性指数(SI)和Nei的遗传距离(D)及聚类分析对本研究筛选的三个引物OPX-04、OPX-06和OPX-19的扩增结果进行比较,除OPX-06的D值聚类可将各寄主植物上的烟蚜分开外,其余均可将样本分为两类,即来自桃树的烟蚜和来自油菜、烟草上的烟蚜。这说明与桃树的烟蚜相比,在DNA水平上,油菜上的烟蚜与烟草上的烟蚜更为接近。结果还表明,在烟蚜的体色方面,与黄绿色相比,红色与褐色更为接近。