桃源鸡屠宰性能及肌肉常规品质研究

试验旨在研究放牧饲养条件下桃源鸡的屠宰性能及肌肉常规品质。选取同一批饲养的24只(公母各半)7月龄平均体重为(1.98±0.20)kg、符合品种标准的桃源鸡进行屠宰和肉品质测定。结果:1桃源鸡屠宰率、全净膛率、胸肌率、腿肌率分别为91.39%、71.54%、12.24%、18.17%;公鸡全净膛率、腿肌率极显著高于母鸡(P0.01)。2桃源鸡肉粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分、水分含量平均分别为23.43%、2.50%、1.22%、72.34%;公鸡胸肌粗脂肪含量显著低于母鸡(P0.05),腿肌粗脂肪含量极显著低于母鸡(P0.01)。3桃源鸡公鸡剪切力显著高于母鸡(P0.05);4桃源鸡胸肌、腿肌的肌纤维直径平均分别为23.58、22.58μm,肌纤维密度分别为830.17、878.16根/mm2,公鸡腿肌肌纤维密度显著高于母鸡(P0.05)。由此可知,桃源鸡具有屠宰性能好、肉质细嫩、营养丰富、肉品质好等特点,是一个优良的地方鸡种。     

金茅黄鸡屠宰性能及部分肌肉品质的研究

为了评价金茅黄鸡的屠宰性能和肉质特性,试验选取995只72日龄的金茅黄鸡,测定其屠宰性能及部分肌肉品质性状。结果表明:72日龄金茅黄鸡公鸡的活重、屠体重、胸肌重、腿肌重、全净膛重、半净膛重、半净膛率和腿肌率均极显著地高于母鸡(P0.01),胸肌率极显著地低于母鸡(P0.01);而屠宰率和全净膛率在性别间差异不显著。对于肌肉化学成分,无论公鸡还是母鸡,胸肌中的粗脂肪含量均极显著地低于腿肌(P0.01),而胸肌中的粗蛋白含量极显著地高于腿肌(P0.01)。     

琅琊鸡肉品质的研究

为了给琅琊鸡遗传资源保护及开发提供理论依据,试验选取120日龄琅琊鸡180只,设6个重复组,每个重复组30只,公母各半,在相同饲养条件下饲养,于300日龄时分析不同性别琅琊鸡的屠宰性能,并屠宰取胸肌和腿肌分析不同部位间肉品质常规指标、化学指标及风味物质指标。结果表明:公鸡、母鸡屠体率均超过87.00%,全净膛率均大于65.00%,公鸡腿肌剪切力显著高于公鸡胸肌(P0.05),母鸡腿肌剪切力极显著高于母鸡胸肌(P0.01),公鸡、母鸡胸肌和腿肌pH值随着时间推移均呈下降趋势,公鸡腿肌红度值(a~*值)极显著高于公鸡胸肌和母鸡胸肌(P0.01);公鸡腿肌干物质、粗蛋白含量显著低于公鸡胸肌和母鸡胸肌、腿肌(P0.05),公鸡胸肌、腿肌粗脂肪含量低于母鸡且差异极显著(P0.01),公鸡、母鸡腿肌中胆固醇含量极显著高于胸肌(P0.01),公鸡胸肌、腿肌中肌苷酸含量低于母鸡且差异极显著(P0.01);公鸡胸肌、腿肌单不饱和脂肪酸含量显著高于母鸡(P0.05),而公鸡胸肌、腿肌中n-6多不饱和脂肪酸、n-3多不饱和脂肪酸含量极显著低于母鸡(P0.01);母鸡胸肌中必需氨基酸/总氨基酸(EAA/TAA)值和必需氨基酸/非必需氨基酸(EAA/NEAA)值最高,分别为39.97%和66.89%。说明琅琊鸡具有屠宰性能良好、肉质细嫩和味鲜、腿肌富含风味前体物质等优点。     

邵伯鸡屠宰性能测定及肌肉品质分析

利用90日龄的邵伯鸡商品代肉鸡进行屠宰性能测定和肌肉品质分析.结果显示,90日龄公母平均活重分别为1552.5克和1230.9克;屠宰率分别为89.71%和88.70%;半净膛率分别为83.31%和79.95%;全净膛率分别为71.36%和68.99%.邵伯鸡的胸肌和腿肌的pH值在宰后45分钟时,接近7,呈弱酸性.腿肌的肉色都较胸肌深(P＜0.05).胸肌嫩度显著地优于腿肌(P＜0.01),而在性别间胸腿肌的嫩度差异不显著(P＞0.05).在肌肉品质的化学性状方面,胸腿肌水分含量差异不显著(P＞0.05).胸腿肌的粗脂肪平均含量分别为1.95%和2.49%,胸肌显著低于腿肌(P＜0.01)并且在不同性别间表现为母鸡显著地高于公鸡(P＜0.01).胸腿肌的粗蛋白含量分别为25.6%和24.2%,差异都不显著(P＞0.05).腿肌干物质含量低于胸肌,灰份含量胸肌高于腿肌,但差异均不显著(P＞0.05).     

太湖鹅屠宰性能研究

对70日龄太湖鹅屠宰性能进行测定,并对相关参数进行相关性分析.结果表明.太湖鹅平均屠宰率、全净膛率、半净膛率、胸肌率、腿肌率分别为87.84%、69.66%、78.31%、11.35%、18.74%,半净膛率、胸肌率公母间差异极显著(P<0.01),全净膛率公母间差异显著(P<0.05):屠宰性能各指标间存在高等或中等强度相关.     

日粮中添加黄灯笼辣椒油树脂对文昌鸡屠宰性能和肉品质的影响

试验旨在研究黄灯笼辣椒油树脂对文昌鸡屠宰性能和肉品质的影响。选取180只1日龄文昌鸡,集中育雏2周后随机分成4组,每组3个重复,每个重复15只,0组为对照组,1、2、3组分别在基础日粮中添加100、200、400 mg/kg的黄灯笼辣椒油树脂,饲养11周。试验结果表明:基础日粮中添加黄灯笼辣椒油树脂,对11周龄文昌鸡屠宰率有显著影响(P0.05),与对照组相比,活体重、全净膛率、腿肌率、腹脂率、胸肌率和肝脏率均无显著影响(P0.05);对提高肌肉粗脂肪含量均有一定作用,但不显著(P0.05);对200、400 mg/kg添加组胸肌滴水损失有显著影响,对腿肌滴水损失影响不显著(P0.05);腿肌p H值、水分含量和粗脂肪含量均高于胸肌,对肌肉45 min和24 h p H值、剪切力影响不显著(P0.05)。     

边鸡肌肉品质的研究

本试验旨在研究边鸡的肌肉品质。选取1日龄边鸡60只,随机分为6个重复,每个重复10只,公母各占1/2,在同一条件下常规饲养,于112日龄屠宰,测定其屠宰性能、常规肉品质、肌肉化学指标、风味物质指标。结果表明:边鸡公鸡、母鸡的屠宰率均达到88%以上,全净膛率均达到65%以上。边鸡公鸡胸肌的剪切力极显著高于母鸡(P0.01)。边鸡公鸡、母鸡胸肌的粗蛋白质含量分别为84.67%、87.63%,极显著高于腿肌(P0.01)。边鸡公鸡、母鸡腿肌的粗脂肪含量分别为11.08%、13.02%,极显著高于胸肌(P0.01)。边鸡公鸡胸肌、腿肌总脂肪酸含量分别为31.74、99.44 mg/g,母鸡分别为29.57、114.29 mg/g;公鸡胸肌、腿肌总氨基酸含量分别为80.47%、96.06%,母鸡分别为80.20%、93.75%,总脂肪酸、总氨基酸含量各部位之间差异极显著(P0.01),但性别之间差异不显著(P0.05)。由此可知,边鸡具有屠宰性能好、肉质细嫩、营养丰富、肉品质好、风味物质含量高等特点,是一个非常优良的地方鸡种。     

雪山黄鸡屠宰性能与肉品质测定及相关分析

以雪山黄鸡为研究对象,测定其屠宰性能、皮肤厚度、毛孔密度、直径和肉品质相关指标。结果显示:背部与腹部在毛孔密度、直径与皮肤厚度存在显著差异(P0.05),不同性别之间相同部位的毛孔密度、直径也存在显著差异(P0.05)。公鸡和母鸡的屠宰率差异不显著(P0.05),但母鸡体重和胸肌率显著高于公鸡(P0.05),而全净膛率和腿肌率显著低于公鸡(P0.05)。公、母鸡腿肌的剪切力、pH和脂肪含量显著高于胸肌(P0.05),但同一部位仅有pH在公母之间存在显著差异(P0.05)。公、母鸡胸肌的失水率、蛋白含量显著高于腿肌(P0.05),但相同部位在公母之间没有显著差异(P0.05)。表明雪山黄鸡羽毛密度紧凑、屠宰性能与肌肉品质良好,适于冰鲜鸡加工,有利于其在市场的推广。     

茶花鸡肌肉营养成分测定分析

为了分析茶花鸡肌肉品质特性,试验随机选取20周龄的茶花鸡60只(公母各半),对其胸肌、腿肌中营养成分进行测定分析。结果表明:20周龄的茶花鸡公鸡胸肌、腿肌中粗蛋白、粗灰分含量均极显著高于母鸡(P0.01);公鸡与母鸡胸肌、腿肌中粗脂肪含量差异显著或极显著(P0.05或P0.01),其中母鸡腿肌中粗脂肪含量最高;母鸡胸肌、腿肌中水分含量显著或极显著高于公鸡(P0.05或P0.01)。说明茶花鸡是一种粗蛋白含量很高的鸡种,有良好的经济开发利用前景。     

成年大围山微型鸡肌苷酸含量与肉品质相关性研究

研究选用200只1日龄健康大围山微型鸡(公母各半),在相同条件下饲养,于150日龄进行屠宰试验,对肌肉肉质性状和肌苷酸含量进行测定,比较大围山微型鸡肌苷酸含量与肉品质常规指标的差异及相关性。研究表明:母鸡腿肌pH_(24 h)显著高于胸肌(P0.05);公鸡胸肌L~*值显著低于母鸡(P0.05);公鸡腿肌a~*值极显著高于母鸡腿肌(P0.01);公鸡胸肌和腿肌剪切力均显著高于母鸡(P0.05);公鸡胸肌粗脂肪含量极显著低于母鸡(P0.01),母鸡腿肌粗蛋白含量极显著高于公鸡腿肌(P0.01),公鸡胸肌粗灰分含量显著低于母鸡(P0.05);母鸡胸肌和腿肌肌苷酸含量均显著高于公鸡(P0.05);相关性分析显示,胸肌和腿肌肌苷酸含量均与pH_(45 min)、p_H(24 h)、a~*值、剪切力、粗蛋白和粗脂肪呈正相关;与L~*值、b~*值、失水率、蒸煮损失率、粗灰分均呈负相关。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein