基于多重PCR技术的西瓜噬酸菌分组检测方法及其应用

瓜类细菌性果斑病是瓜类作物上重要的种传细菌性病害,其病原菌西瓜噬酸菌Acidovorax citrulli为我国进境植物检疫性有害生物,种子种苗带菌是病害长距离传播的重要来源,种子种苗的快速检测对病害综合防控具有重要的意义。根据寄主的差异西瓜噬酸菌分为两个组,Ⅱ组菌株比Ⅰ组菌株具有更高的铜制剂敏感性,因此,西瓜噬酸菌的分组检测可为病害田间防治中铜制剂的精准使用提供科学依据,避免化学农药的过量施用。本研究筛选了现有的西瓜噬酸菌种间特异性引物和种内分组特异引物,建立并优化了一个多重PCR体系,实现了通过一步试验,就能够准确将西瓜噬酸菌与近缘种和其他植物病原细菌区分开来,并直接鉴定到西瓜噬酸菌不同组。该多重体系可以从带菌种子浸泡液和感病植物组织研磨液中直接检测到西瓜噬酸菌的不同组,且稳定性好,具有应用于生产实践的潜力。     

甘肃省西瓜细菌性果斑病的诊断

对从甘肃采集到的疑似西瓜果斑病的病瓜及种子中分离获得的菌株,通过形态学特征、革兰氏染色、致病性测定以及利用美国Agdia公司的专化型免疫凝聚试剂条测定和16S rDNA分子生物学方法进行了诊断鉴定,结果表明,该菌株符合燕麦噬酸菌西瓜亚种(Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli)的特性,因此,确定甘肃省已发生西瓜果斑病,结果为甘肃省有效控制此病提供了依据。     

西瓜噬酸菌效应蛋白AopK的功能研究

瓜类细菌性果斑病是西甜瓜产业中最重要病害之一，其病原菌西瓜噬酸菌的Ⅲ型分泌系统效应蛋白在致病过程中起重要作用。XopK为黄单胞菌效应蛋白，具有E3泛素连接酶活性，其在西瓜噬酸菌中的同源基因aopK鲜有研究。为鉴定效应蛋白AopK并探究其功能，本研究构建了西瓜噬酸菌AAC00-1菌株的aopK缺失突变株和互补菌株，发现基因aopK的缺失显著降低病原菌在西瓜幼苗上的致病力。通过AopK在本氏烟中的亚细胞定位实验，显示AopK定位于植物的细胞质膜。转录水平、外泌性及BAX共表达试验，证明aopK的表达受HrpX和HrpG正调控，其产物能够通过Ⅲ型分泌系统分泌到细胞外，并且能够抑制烟草叶片细胞中活性氧产生、胼胝质沉积以及细胞坏死产生，具有潜在抑制植物防卫反应的毒性功能。以上结果表明AopK为西瓜噬酸菌的Ⅲ型效应蛋白，研究结果为进一步探究其与寄主植物间的互作机理奠定了基础。     

糜子细菌性条斑病病原菌鉴定及其对13种杀菌剂的敏感性

为有效防治糜子细菌性条斑病,采用平板划线分离法对2016年自黑龙江省齐齐哈尔市采集的罹细菌性条斑病的糜子植株进行病原菌分离与纯化,依据柯赫氏法则对其致病性进行测定;采用Biolog自动微生物鉴定系统、16S rDNA和16S-23S rDNA间隔区序列分析及病原菌的生理生化反应对病原菌进行鉴定;并测定该病原菌对13种常用杀菌剂的敏感性。结果显示,从糜子叶片和叶鞘病斑中共分离纯化获得10株培养性状一致的菌株,经柯赫氏法则验证均为细菌性条斑病病原菌。经Biolog鉴定,3株代表菌株与标准菌株燕麦噬酸菌Acidovorax avenae的相似值分别为0.716、0.705、0.723,序列分析显示,这3株代表菌株与燕麦噬酸菌燕麦亚种A. avenae subsp. avenae的一致性为99%以上;该病原菌的革兰氏染色反应及碳源利用等生理生化反应与对照菌株燕麦噬酸菌ICMP3183表现一致。因此,确定糜子细菌性条斑病病原菌为燕麦噬酸菌。糜子细菌性条斑病病原菌代表菌株MZ121101对80%乙蒜素乳油、30%乙蒜素乳油及0.3%四霉素水剂的敏感性较高,抑制中浓度EC50介于389.31～939.94μg/mL之间,这2种药剂可作为防治糜子细菌性条斑病的首选药剂。     

韭菜黄叶病病原细菌的鉴定

在桂中地区韭菜上发现一种由细菌引起的病害,该病主要发生在外叶,表现出纵向半片叶或全片叶变黄。从叶片的病组织中分离到具有致病性的杆状细菌,将分离的病原菌接种于健康的韭菜上,表现与田间一致的症状。接种发病的病斑与田间标本上分离的病原菌菌落形态完全相同。根据菌株的培养性状、常规生理生化特性及透射电镜下菌体形态观察结果,将病原菌鉴定为草生欧文氏菌菠萝变种(Erwinia herbicolavar.ananas)。     

甜瓜细菌性果斑病生防菌株BW-6的筛选和鉴定

甜瓜细菌性果斑病是由西瓜嗜酸菌（Acidovorax citrulliSchaad et al.）引起的一种毁灭性病害。本研究以西瓜嗜酸菌为指示菌,采集97个土样,采用土壤稀释平板法和对峙培养进行拮抗菌的分离和筛选,获得19株细菌可以抑制西瓜嗜酸菌生长。通过离体叶片、盆栽试验进行生测,BW-6菌株对甜瓜果斑病的生防效果最好,且比较稳定,防效达80.3%。在甜瓜叶面进行室外定殖试验表明,BW-6菌株可以在甜瓜叶面上大量定殖,但随着时间的推移菌数逐渐减少。根据菌株BW-6的形态特征、生理生化特性以及16S rDNA序列分析综合考察,鉴定其为枯草芽胞杆菌(Bacillus subtilis Cohn)。     

红掌细菌性疫病的病原菌初步鉴定

 在云南西双版纳的红掌上发现一种由细菌侵染引起的病害,从叶片的病组织上分离到具有致病性的杆状细菌,将分离的病原菌接种于健康的红掌上,表现出与田间一致的症状。感病初期在叶缘或叶脉间出现水渍状小点,后期病斑多呈棕褐色至黑色坏死,病健交界处多呈黄色。从接种发病的病斑与田间标样上分离的病原菌菌落形态完全相同。通过菌株的培养性状、常规生理生化特性及透射电镜下菌体形态观察结果,将病原菌初步鉴定为黄单胞菌属(Xanthomonas)。BIOLOG鉴定和致病性测定结果进一步鉴定病原菌为地毯草黄单胞菌花叶万年青致病变种Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. dieffenbachiae(Xad)(McCulloch & Pirone) Vauterin et al.     

玉米内生菌L10的分离、鉴定及拮抗活性

为获得对玉米茎腐病主要病原菌禾谷镰孢Fusarium graminearum有明显拮抗作用的玉米内生菌,采用平板对峙法从成熟健康玉米茎秆中筛选禾谷镰孢拮抗菌株,并分析其抗菌谱;通过形态特征、生理生化特性及16S rDNA序列分析进行菌种鉴定;利用盆栽生防试验检测其对玉米茎腐病的防治效果。结果表明,共分离获得了164株玉米内生细菌菌株,其中L10菌株对禾谷镰孢具有较好的抑制效果,抑菌圈半径达1.68 cm;该菌对玉米大斑病菌Setosphaeria turcica、层出镰孢F. proliferatum、禾谷镰孢F. graminearum、拟轮枝镰孢F. verticilliodes、玉米弯孢叶斑病菌Curvularia lunata、玉米小斑病菌Bipolaris maydis、立枯丝核菌Rhizoctonia solani、茄链格孢Alternaria solani共8种植物病原菌均有拮抗作用,尤其对禾谷镰孢抑制效果最佳;结合形态特征、生理生化性质及16S rDNA序列分析,将L10菌株鉴定为多粘类芽胞杆菌Paenibacillus polymyxa。L10菌株脂肽类物质对禾谷镰孢菌具有较好的抑制活性,且盆栽生防试验结果显示该菌株对玉米茎腐病具有一定的防治效果。表明菌株L10对玉米镰孢茎腐病的防治具有一定潜力。     

西瓜噬酸菌铜代谢相关基因copZ功能分析

 瓜类细菌性果斑病(Bacterial fruit blotch,BFB)病原菌为西瓜噬酸菌(Acidovorax citrulli,Ac),主要为害西瓜、甜瓜等葫芦科作物,是瓜类生产上主要细菌性病害。目前生产上对该病害的防治手段主要以化学防治为主,其中铜制剂的防治效果较为显著。本研究以西瓜噬酸菌野生型菌株Aac-5中铜代谢相关基因copZ为对象,探究copZ基因缺失对西瓜噬酸菌抗铜性、生长能力等表型的影响;采用RT-qPCR技术测定在不添加和添加外源铜离子条件下,基因copZ缺失后对其他铜代谢相关基因表达量的影响。成功构建了西瓜噬酸菌copZ基因缺失突变菌株ΔcopZ和互补菌株ΔcopZ-comp。结果表明,野生型菌株Aac-5与ΔcopZ-comp菌株在添加1.25 mmol·L^-1 CuSO₄的生长能力与不添加CuSO₄相似,而ΔcopZ菌株的生长能力减弱;当添加CuSO₄至2.50 mmol·L^-1时,野生型菌株Aac-5、ΔcopZ菌株和ΔcopZ-comp菌株的生长能力均减弱。基因copZ缺失在不含铜和含铜条件下均能使西瓜噬酸菌生物膜形成能力减弱;在不含铜条件下基因copZ不影响西瓜噬酸菌的运动能力,在含有1.25 mmol·L^-1 CuSO₄的运动性培养基中各菌株运动能力丧失。ΔcopZ菌株在西瓜子叶内的生长能力相较于野生型菌株Aac-5显著增强,但在西瓜幼苗上的致病力差异不显著,仍具有引起烟草过敏性反应的能力。在不同铜浓度处理后,铜代谢相关基因cueR、copA表达量在野生型菌株中的变化趋势与ΔcopZ菌株存在差异;基因cusA、hylD在野生型菌株中表达量变化趋势与ΔcopZ菌株一致。这表明基因copZ在西瓜噬酸菌铜代谢过程中具有重要作用。     

西瓜噬酸菌不同菌株与甜瓜幼苗早期互作的转录组学分析

西瓜噬酸菌(Acidovorax citrulli)引起的瓜类细菌性果斑病(bacterial fruit blotch,BFB)是西瓜、甜瓜等葫芦科作物上毁灭性种传病害。本文利用RNA-seq技术,分析了2个西瓜噬酸菌菌株(pslb65和AAC00-1)分别诱导甜瓜感病品种IVF667幼苗6 h和12 h后的基因表达谱。结果表明,这2个菌株侵染寄主6 h后,分别检测到1 029和3 561个差异表达基因,其中上调基因分别为355和1 621个,下调基因分别为674和1 940个;与寄主互作12 h后,差异基因分别有2 397和1 875个,上调基因分别为903和898个,下调基因分别为1 494和977个。GO功能注释发现,pslb65与甜瓜幼苗互作的差异基因显著富集在生物学过程中的发育和代谢2个亚类,所占比例分别为32.92%和35.36%。在分子功能中转录因子所占比例较大,达到67.65%;AAC00-1与甜瓜幼苗互作后,差异基因显著富集在生物学过程中的转运和定位中,比例分别为23.84%和24.18%。在分子功能中氧化还原酶活性亚类所占比例高达17.59%。西瓜噬酸菌pslb65和AAC00-1侵染寄主6 h,Rboh、CaMCML、CDPK和FLS2等编码基因在植物-病原互作途径(csv04626)多为下调表达,植物-病原互作途径被抑制;12 h,pslb65-甜瓜互作途径相关基因多下调,AAC00-1-甜瓜互作途径相关基因多上调,推测此时植物-病原互作途径被AAC00-1激活,引起寄主的防御反应。西瓜噬酸菌pslb65和AAC00-1均可诱导植物发病,但在引起植物感病途径上略有不同,这可能与它们来自西瓜噬酸菌的不同亚群有关。最后,选取pslb65与寄主互作途径的6个基因进行qRT-PCR验证,结果与转录组测序结果基本一致。本研究初步揭示了西瓜噬酸菌2个不同菌株与寄主互作在转录水平上的表达差异,为研究甜瓜与不同菌株的互作机制差异奠定了基础。     

Genetic diversity and pathogenicity of cucurbit-associated <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acidovorax</Emphasis>

Bacterial fruit blotch of cucurbits is a destructive disease caused by Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli, which is a typical seedborne pathogen. In seed health testing for this disease, we have detected many strains of Acidovorax with some differences from A. avenae subsp. citrulli. Their 16S rRNA sequences were divided into six types. The most common sequence was completely consistent with that of A. avenae subsp. avenae originally isolated from rice. The other sequences were over 99% similar but not identical to those of A. avenae subsp. avenae and A. avenae subsp. citrulli. Some commercialized antibodies against A. avenae subsp. citrulli reacted with several of these strains. Some of these strains incited yellow spots or brownish water-soaked lesions mainly on young true leaves of cucumber and squash after spray inoculation. Histological observations showed that these strains entered the leaf tissues of cucurbit plants through stomata and multiplied in the intercellular spaces of parenchymatous tissues as well as in the vascular tissues. The amount of bacterial multiplication and spread in the tissues differed among the strains, presumably reflecting their ability to induce symptoms. These isolated strains are therefore different from A. avenae subsp. citrulli, and their potential threat to the cultivation of cucurbits is lower than that of A. avenae subsp. citrulli.     

Bacterial fruit blotch of melon: screens for disease tolerance and role of seed transmission in pathogenicity

Bacterial fruit blotch (BFB) of cucurbits, caused by Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli, is a serious threat to the watermelon and melon industries. To date, there are no commercial cultivars of cucurbit crops resistant to the disease. Here we assessed the level of tolerance to bacterial fruit blotch of various commercial cultivars as well as breeding and wild lines of melon, using seed-transmission assays and seedling-inoculation experiments. Selected cultivars were also tested in a greenhouse experiment with mature plants. All tested cultivars/lines were found to be susceptible to the pathogen, and most of them showed different responses (relative tolerance vs. susceptibility) in the different assays; however, some consistent trends were found: cv. ADIR339 was relatively tolerant in all tested assays, and cv. 6407 and wild lines BLB-B and EAD-B were relatively tolerant in seed-transmission assays. We also provide evidence supporting a strong correlation between the level of susceptibility of a cultivar/line and the ability of the pathogen to adhere to or penetrate the seed. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to assess melon cultivars/lines for bacterial fruit blotch response.     

Characterization of Acidovorax citrulli strains isolated from solanaceous plants

Acidovorax citrulli is the causal agent of bacterial fruit blotch disease of cucurbits. Strains of this pathogen are distributed into two major groups: Group I strains have been mainly isolated from melon and other non-watermelon cucurbits, while Group II strains have been mainly recovered from watermelon. Here we report the characterization of strains T1 and EP isolated from diseased tomato and eggplant plants, respectively, and further confirmed to belong to A. citrulli species. Based on PCR, PFGE, and rep-PCR, these strains showed high similarity to the Group II strain 7a1. Sequencing and comparative analyses revealed that the genomes of T1 and EP aligned with that of the Group II model strain AAC00-1, over 97.88% and 99.22%, respectively. The virulence of T1, EP, and 7a1 determined on tomato, eggplant, and watermelon was similar and significantly higher than that of Group I strain M6. In contrast, M6 was more virulent on melon. Expression levels of seven virulence genes measured 24 hr after inoculation of tomato, eggplant, watermelon, and melon showed that the expression pattern was generally similar in strains 7a1, T1, and EP, whereas for M6 the expression was high only on melon. Overall, our results indicate that the solanaceous strains belong to Group II. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that reports characterization of A. citrulli strains isolated from solanaceous species. The fact that A. citrulli is able to naturally colonize and cause disease in non-cucurbit crops poses additional challenges for management of this important pathogen.     

Long‐term survival of Acidovorax citrulli in citron melon (Citrullus lanatus var. citroides) seeds

Long‐term survival of Acidovorax citrulli in citron melon (Citrullus lanatus var. citroides) seeds was investigated. Citron melon seed lots infected with A. citrulli were generated in the field by inoculating either the pistils (stigma) or pericarps (ovary wall) of the female blossoms. Seventeen A. citrulli isolates from 14 different haplotypes belonging to two different groups (group I and II) were used for inoculation. After confirming that 100% of seed lots were infected, they were stored at 4°C and 50% RH for 7 years. After storage, the viability of A. citrulli cells from individual lots was determined by plating macerated seeds on semiselective medium as well as growing seeds for 14 days and scoring for bacterial fruit blotch symptoms. The type of A. citrulli isolate (group I or group II) used did not significantly influence bacterial survival. However, A. citrulli survival was significantly greater in seed lots generated via pistil inoculation (52·9 and 29·4%) than via pericarp inoculation (23·5 and 17·6%). Repetitive extragenic palindrome (rep)‐PCR on A. citrulli isolated from citron melon seed lots after storage displayed similar fingerprinting patterns to those of the reference strains originally used for blossom inoculation, indicating that cross‐contamination did not occur. The results indicate that A. citrulli may survive/overwinter in citron melon seeds for at least 7 years and bacterial survival in seed was influenced more by method of blossom inoculation than by the type of bacterial isolate.     

Management of melon bacterial blotch by plant beneficial bacteria

Plant beneficial bacteria (PBB) have shown potential for disease control and are particularly important in the management of bacterial diseases, which are poorly controlled by conventional methods. In melon, bacterial fruit blotch caused by Acidovorax citrulli is a seedborne disease that is particularly destructive under certain conditions. PBB strains were screened for their ability to protect seeds and leaves from bacterial fruit blotch, and their antibiosis activity and plant colonization were studied. When Bacillus sp. RAB9 was applied to infected seeds, it reduced the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) by 47% and increased the incubation period (the time between inoculation and the first visible symptoms) by 35%. Three of the selected strains (JM339, MEN2 and PEP91) displayed antibiosis against A. citrulli. The RAB9^Rif-Nal mutant colonized seeds epiphytically and roots and stems endophytically. Paenibacillus lentimorbus MEN2 sprayed on melon seedlings protected leaves, and when challenged with A. citrulli, it reduced the AUDPC (by 88%), disease index (by 81%) and incidence (by 77%). Given that the production of both melon seedlings and commercially grown greenhouse melons is increasing, biocontrol strategies may well be integrated into bacterial blotch management programs.     

Development of a TaqMan probe-based insulated isothermal PCR (TiiPCR) for the detection of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acidovorax citrulli</Emphasis>, the bacterial pathogen of watermelon fruit blotch

Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) is an important crop of the Cucurbitaceae family in fruit production worldwide. During its production, bacterial fruit blotch (BFB) caused by Acidovorax citrulli (Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli) is an important limiting factor on the volume and value of crops. This pathogen is known as a seed-borne pathogen, and the infested seeds can be a primary source of inoculum. Hence, a rapid and sensitive method for detecting A. citrulli on seeds would be an important tool in the management of BFB. In this study, we sought to develop a method to detect A. citrulli bacterial cells based on a TaqMan probe-based insulated isothermal PCR (TiiPCR) assay. Firstly, the specific primers and probe were designed based on a specific DNA fragment from the genome of A. citrulli. Then, PCR amplification was performed with the plasmid DNA to adjust the components of the PCR reagents, such as the concentrations of primers, magnesium chloride, and Taq DNA polymerase. Results revealed that 10 copies of plasmid DNA were detectable within the modified reagents by TiiPCR. Moreover, 10 bacterial cells in each reaction tube were detectable at a 100 % detection rate in this condition with a fluorescent signal intensification over 1.8. Based on these results, we concluded that a specific, rapid, and sensitive method based on TiiPCR had been successfully developed to detect bacterial cells of A. citrulli.     

西瓜噬酸菌hflX基因功能分析

为明确GTP结合蛋白基因hflX在西瓜噬酸菌Acidovorax citrulli中的功能尤其是对该菌致病力的影响,以西瓜噬酸菌Aac5菌株为材料获得hflX基因的缺失突变菌株及互补菌株,通过对致病力等表型以及相关基因表达量的测定初步探究西瓜噬酸菌hflX基因的功能。结果显示,同野生型菌株Aac5相比,缺失突变菌株的致病力显著下降,III型分泌系统基因hrpG和hrpE的表达量显著下调,仅为野生型菌株表达量的54.99%和27.39%;hflX基因的缺失并未影响其引起烟草过敏性坏死反应的能力;但缺失突变菌株的运动能力显著下降,鞭毛基因fliR和fliC的表达量显著下调,仅分别为野生型菌株的37.04%和29.68%。此外,缺失突变菌株的生物膜形成能力相较于野生型菌株显著增强了26.32%,同时,其体外生长能力也有所增强。表明hflX基因可能通过调控III型分泌系统基因hrpG和hrpE、鞭毛基因fliR和fliC的表达以及运动能力来影响西瓜噬酸菌Aac5菌株的致病力。     

西瓜品种资源抗细菌性果斑病苗期鉴定

为筛选高抗瓜类细菌性果斑病的西瓜资源,以24份西瓜品种资源为试材,采用苗期喷雾接种法分别接种分离自甜瓜上的瓜类嗜酸菌Acidovorax citrulli菌株pslb96和ZZ-1,鉴定各品种资源对瓜类细菌性果斑病的苗期抗性。结果表明,24份西瓜品种资源中未发现有对2株菌株表现免疫的材料,有7份资源对菌株pslb96表现高抗,12份资源对菌株ZZ-1表现高抗;9份资源对菌株pslb96表现中感或感病,7份资源对菌株ZZ-1表现中感和感病;对2株菌株均表现高抗的品种资源有野生型种质资源A9及商品种华欣、申蜜968、申选958和申抗988,占总品种资源的20.83%。部分品种资源A4、A13和申蜜7号对菌株pslb96和ZZ-1的抗性表现出明显的差异,表明相同寄主来源的2株不同菌株致病力存在差异。     

瓜类细菌性果斑病菌hrcN基因的生物学功能分析

以分离自西瓜上的Aac5菌株为例,通过同源重组的方法,构建了hrc N基因插入缺失突变体,通过PCR方法和Southern blot验证突变菌株,对突变体进行致病性、致敏性、生长曲线和运动性测定。为明确hrc N基因与其他基因的关系,通过实时荧光定量PCR法定量检测了hrp A、hrc V、hrc U、Lux I、LuxR 5个基因的表达量。结果显示:与野生型相比,突变体致病力和致敏性明显减弱,致病时间延迟,群体感应信号减弱,生长能力明显下降,运动性减弱,互补菌株只能恢复部分功能;5个基因在突变体中的表达量均上调,hrc N基因与这5个基因之间均为负调控关系。说明hrc N基因在果斑病菌致病能力上发挥重要作用。     

Black root rot of cucurbits caused by Phomopsis sclerotioides in Japan and phylogenetic grouping of the pathogen

Although the causal agent of black root rot of Cucurbitaceae in Japan has been proposed as Phomopsis sclerotioides, the species identification of the pathogen has remained inconclusive because of a lack of spore formation. We confirmed that a Japanese isolate of Phomopsis sp. obtained from a diseased pumpkin root produced pycnidia containing α spores in sterilized bean pods. In phylogenetic analyses of rDNA-ITS regions, nine Japanese Phomopsis sp. isolates from melon, watermelon grafted onto bottle gourd, and pumpkin diagnosed with black root rot, formed a single clade with P. sclerotioides standard isolates. We identified the causal agent of the black root rot of melon, pumpkin, bottle gourd, and watermelon in Japan as P. sclerotioides and propose the Japanese name “Phomopsis-negusare-byo” for the disease. Patterns of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) of these Japanese isolates were also similar to those of P. sclerotioides, thus supporting the species identification. However, mycelial incompatibilities were found for many combinations among these P. sclerotioides isolates, suggesting some genotypic variations of this fungus in Japan at a level that the RAPD analyses cannot discriminate. The nucleotide sequence data reported are available in the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank databases under the accession numbers AB201430 to AB201444