芸薹属种与变种间杂交后代回交亲和性的研究

试验分别对“胞质不育大白菜×羽衣甘蓝”和“胞质不育结球甘蓝×羽衣甘蓝”进行了连续三代的回交亲和性的对比研究。结果表明,在“胞质不育大白菜×羽衣甘蓝”的回交进程中,BC2亲和指数为2.45,仍有较强的生殖隔离,但连续回交到BC4时,亲和指数提高到6.17,不亲和性已逐步被克服。在“胞质不育结球甘蓝×羽衣甘蓝”的回交进程中,BC2、BC3和BC4之间的回交亲和指数分别为6.20、6.23和6.27,方差分析表明差异不显著,符合羽衣甘蓝与结球甘蓝是变种间关系。两个回交转育组合比较,发现种间组合“大白菜×羽衣甘蓝”回交到BC4时亲和性已经接近变种间组合“结球甘蓝×羽衣甘蓝”。     

Production of intergeneric hybrids between Brassica and Sinapis species by means of embryo rescue techniques

Reciprocal crosses were made to produce intergeneric hybrids among seven species of Brassica and three species of Sinapis with the aid of embryo rescue techniques. Ovule culture showed better responses in terms of hybrid plant development. Altogether, hybrids from 8 different combinations were obtained from the crosses between B. campestris var. trilocularis × S. turgida, B. campestris var. pekinensis × S. arvensis, S. arvensis × B. campestris var. pekinensis, B. oleracea var. alboglabra × S. alba, B. oleracea var. alboglabra × S. turgida, B. carinata × S. alba, B. carinata × S. arvensis, and B. carinata × S. turgida. Reciprocal crosses yielded no hybrid except in the combination of S. arvensis × B. campestris var. pekinensis. Among them hybrids from 6 combinations were established in the glass house. The hybridity of the plants was confirmed by morphological characters, pollen stainability, chromosome number and by isozyme analysis. Hybrids of four combinations out of six turned out as true hybrids, one as sesquidiploids and the another one as false hybrid plant. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

芥菜型油菜×羽衣甘蓝种间杂种的获得及其性状表现

芸薹属内遗传和变异类型极其丰富,这为芸薹属植物种间杂交提供了条件。通过甘蓝(B. oleracea,2n=CC=18)和芥菜型油菜（2n=AABB=36）的种间杂交可以获得六倍体新物种,为油菜育种创造新的种质资源。本文选用芥菜型油菜和黄籽羽衣甘蓝(B. oleracea var. aceaphala,2n=CC=18)进行种间杂交,在10个杂交组合中,共授粉559朵花,     

Development of self-incompatible Brassica napus: (II) Brassica oleracea S-allele expression in B. napus

Brassica napus var. oleifera varieties have traditionally been developed as open‐pollinated varieties. The successful introduction of several high‐yielding hybrids based on cytoplasmic male sterility or transgenic pollination control systems has generated interest in the development of new hybrid systems. Self‐incompatibility could be an additional useful pollination control system for B. napus if a sufficient number of S‐alleles could be developed in this species. The S‐alleles, S2, S5, S13, S24 and S39, were identified in five hybrids of B. oleracea var. italica and subsequently transferred to B. napus. Doubled haploid lines were produced for the self‐incompatible (SI) lines in B. napus and intercrossed to produce SI heterozygotes in order to study allele interaction. There was a greater incidence of interallelic dominance in the stigmas and pollen of B. napus than was reported for the S‐alleles in B. oleracea. Allele S24 exhibited the greatest degree of dominance over the other alleles tested, while allele S2 was generally recessive or codominant with other alleles. Self‐incompatible expression was very similar in the SI homozygotes and heterozygotes, thus no weakening of the SI trait in the heterozygote was observed. The implications of S‐allele interaction for the use of SI in B. napus are discussed.     

Resynthesis of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.): A comparison of sexual versus somatic hybridization

Sexual and somatic Brassica napus hybrids produced from the same parental plants were compared. Sexual crosses between a white-flowered, self-compatible broccoli selection (B. oleracea var. italica, cc genome) as the maternal parent and a flowering pak choi accession (B. chinensis, aa genome) yielded one unique spontaneous hybrid and four hybrids through embryo rescue. Thirty-nine somatic hybrids were recovered from a protoplast fusion experiment. Hybridity was confirmed by morphology, isozyme expression, flow cytometry, and DNA hybridization. Sexual and somatic hybrids exhibited differences in leaf morphology, flower colour, flowering habit, and organellar inheritance. Sexual hybrids were all fertile amphidiploids (2n = 38, aacc) following spontaneous chromosome doubling. All somatic hybrids had high nuclear DNA contents; most were probably hexaploids (aaaacc or aacccc) from the fusion of three portoplasts. Two initially sterile hexaploid (aaaacc) regenerates eventually set selfed seed after the loss of the putative extra aa genome following regrowth from axillary buds. A bias toward inheritance of B. chinensis chloroplasts was observed with somatic hybrids.     

甘蓝型油菜与花椰菜种间杂种子房离体培养研究初报

甘蓝型油菜与花椰菜种间杂种子房离体培养研究初报     

Cytoplasm Influences the Photosynthetic Efficiency in Brassica carinata

Cytoplasmic effects on the photosynthesis was investigated in experimentally produced Brassica carinatas of reciprocal cytoplasmic origin. These are obtained by hybridizing B. nigra x B. oleracea var. italica ( B. carinata 226) and B. oleracea x B. nigra ( B. carinata 241). Natural B. carinata and the two parents viz. B. nigra and B. oleracea var. italica were also included in this study. It was observed that the rate of photosynthesis in B. carinata 226 with nigra cytoplasm, and natural B. carinata was higher than that of B. carinata 241 with oleracea cytoplasm. This was substantiated by the diurnal values of photosynthesis among these cultivars. The result indicated that the cytoplasm does affect the rate of photosynthesis in B. carinata and high photosynthetic efficiency in natural B. carinata was due to B. nigra maternal parent.     

Interspecific hybridization of Brassica napus and B. juncea through ovary,ovule and embryo culture

Summary Employing in vitro culture of ovaries, ovules and embryos, interspecific hybrids have been obtained amongst two important oilseed crops, Brassica napus x B. juncea and their reciprocal. The test-tube hybrid plants have been transferred to the field, and reared to maturity. The F₁ seeds obtained from the hybrid ovaries showed normal germination, and the hybrid plants exhibited a range of variation of characters.     

Resynthesis of Brassica napus L. for self-incompatibility: self-incompatibility reaction, inheritance and breeding potential

Self-incompatibility (SI) in Brassica has been considered as a pollination control mechanism for commercial hybrid seed production, and so far has been extensively used in vegetable types of Brassicas. Oilseed rape Brassica napus (AACC) is naturally self-compatible in contrast to its parental species that are generally self-incompatible. Introduction of S-alleles from its parental species into oilseed rape is therefore needed to use this pollination control mechanism in commercial hybrid seed production. Self-incompatible lines of B. napus , carrying SI alleles in both A and C genomes, were resynthesized from self-incompatible B. oleracea var. italica (CC) cv.'Green Duke' and self-incompatible B. rapa ssp. oleifera (AA) cv. 'Horizon', 'Colt' and 'AC Parkland'. All resynthesized B. napus lines exhibited strong dominant SI phenotype. Reciprocal cross-compatibility was found between some of these self-incompatible lines. The inheritance of S-alleles in these resynthesized B. napus was digenic confirming that each of the parental genomes contributed one S-locus in the resynthesized B. napus lines. However, the presence of two S-loci in the two genomes was found not to be essential for imparting a strong SI phenotype. Possible use of these dominant self-incompatible resynthesized B. napus lines in hybrid breeding is discussed.     

甘蓝型油菜与青花菜种间杂种子房离体培养研究

利用子房离体培养的方法克服了甘蓝型油菜与青花菜杂种后代杂种胚的衰亡,并通过组织培养技术获得了杂交后代。试验结果表明：授粉后15d的子房离体培养效果最好,获得7粒饱满种籽,其中2粒发芽,发芽率为0.29;1/2MS+B5有机+IAA1.5mg/L+蔗糖50g/L为最佳的子房离体培养基,平均每个角果可得到杂种0.17粒,杂种发芽率可达66.7%;通过比较父母本和杂交后代性状,发现杂交后代的生物学性状偏向父本。     

Production of intergeneric hybrids between a C3-C4 intermediate species Moricandia arvensis and a C3 species Brassica oleracea through ovary culture

Summary Intergeneric hybrids between Moricandia arvensis (a C₃-C₄ intermediate species) and Brassica oleracea (a C₃ species) were obtained through ovary culture. Many hybrid embryos (2.71 per pollination) were produced in the M. arvensis × B. oleracea cross, but none were produced from the reciprocal cross. Though most embryos failed to develop into plantlets directly, plants were obtained by inducing shoots from hypocotyl explants. The hybrid plants were morphologically intermediate between the parents except for the petal color. Cytogenetic observations indicated that partial homology existed between the two genomes. Ovary culture is an efficient technique for gene transfer from M. arvensis to B. oleracea.     

Chromosomal structural changes in Capsicum annuum L. and C. chinense Jacq.

Summary Wide hybridizations between M. arvensis and Brassica amphidiploid species (B. napus and B. juncea) were carried out in order to incorporate desirable traits of M. arvensis into Brassica crops. Crossing barriers between them were present without the use of in vitro techniques. F₁ hybrids have been produced through ovary culture, when M. arvensis were used as a female parent. Higher hybrid embryo productivity (3.07 embryos per pollination) was obtained in the cross of M. arvensis x B. napus than in that of M. arvensis x B. juncea (0.79 embryos). The hybridity was confirmed by morphology, cytology, isozyme and Southern analyses. The first backcrossing progenies and open pollinated ones were produced.     

人工合成具有白菜或甘蓝细胞质的甘蓝型油菜

为比较甘蓝型油菜不同细胞质基因组的遗传效应及其与核基因的相互作用,对12个白菜(2n=20)与1个芥蓝(2n=18)的正反交种间杂种分别进行子房和胚培养,人工合成白菜和甘蓝细胞质甘蓝型油菜。结果表明,白菜×芥蓝的正交子房培养杂种苗平均诱导率2.32%,甘蓝×白菜的反交胚培养杂种苗平均诱导率为1.16%。不同杂交组合之间,杂种苗诱导率差异大,但相同亲本正反交杂种获得的难易趋势相似。将单倍体杂种小苗在含0.01%秋水仙碱的MS培养基中预培养处理10d的染色体加倍效果最好,加倍率达59.32%。人工合成的甘蓝型油菜农艺性状类似于栽培甘蓝型油菜,无论正交或反交合成的甘蓝型油菜,其农艺性状介于父母本之间,但更接近于母本。合成油菜花粉育性在40.53%～88.95%之间。     

原生质体非对称融合获得花椰菜与Ogu CMS甘蓝型油菜种间杂种

甘蓝型油菜Ogu CMS系幼叶原生质体经剂量分别为0.025 0,0.075 0,0.315 0,0.468 0和0.960 0 J/cm2的紫外线辐照后,与花椰菜下胚轴原生质体通过PEG法诱导融合,其中0.025 0~0.468 0 J/cm2获得再生植株68株,0.960 0 J/cm2辐射剂量下没有获得再生株。通过根尖染色体计数、流式细胞仪倍性鉴定、同工酶酶谱分析、RAPD及Ogu CMS线粒体基因orf138 STS(Sequence Tagged Site)标记引物扩增等方法对再生株进行了鉴定。结果表明,其中32株为杂种植株。同时也发现,紫外线辐照剂量的增加对供体染色体的丢失程度影响不大。     

Hybridizations among Brassica napus, B. rapa and B. juncea and their two weedy relatives B. nigra and Sinapis arvensis under open pollination conditions in the field

The rate of natural crosses occurring among the cultivated Brassica species B. napus, B. rapa, and B. juncea and their two weedy relatives B. nigra and Sinapis arvensis was studied in co-cultivation experiments under field conditions in Saskatchewan, Canada, with special reference to evaluation of the possibility of transgene escape from the cultivated to the weedy species. Natural crosses occurred among B. napus, B. rapa, and B. juncea, indicating that hybridizations among these three species do occur under field conditions. On the other hand, no natural crosses occurred between the cultivated species and B. nigra or S. arvensis. It is concluded that the crosses between the cultivated and weedy species are practically impossible under field conditions in Saskatchewan, and that the escape of transgenes from transgenic cultivars of B. napus, B. rapa and B. juncea into B. nigra and S. arvensis is basically zero in this region.     

西兰花穴盘育苗技术研究

本试验以西兰花（Brassica oleracea L.var.italica Planch）为材料,研究了穴盘规格、基质、基肥对西兰花穴盘幼苗生长发育的影响。结果如下：不同的穴盘规格、基质和基肥对西兰花幼苗生长发育有较大的影响,实际大田生产中要培育壮苗,可以采用72孔穴盘,基质可选用轻基质（泥炭：珍珠岩：蛭石=2：1：1）,也可在轻基质中掺和一定的比例食用菌渣或园土,并拌入一定量的基肥（复合肥或缓释性肥料）。     

The Use of Ovule Culture in Reciprocal Hybridization between B. campestris L. and B. oleracea L.

Ovule culture was used to overcome postzygotic interspecific incompatibility in reciprocal crosses between Brassica campestris and B. oleracea. Hybrid plants were obtained from 82 % of all reciprocal pollinations, representing 91 % of the attempted combinations. Comparisons of the embryo culture and the ovule culture indicated a significantly higher germination rate after ovule culture.     

油菜Nsa CMS候选恢复基因的来源及表达

根据同源序列法克隆的Nsa CMS候选恢复基因PPR618的序列,采用PCR方法在Nsa CMS不育系、恢复系、原始体细胞杂交亲本以及其他甘蓝型油菜品种中共克隆出22个同源序列。序列分析表明,野芥亲本野油18、甘蓝型油菜亲本中双4号各含有2个同源序列,而Nsa CMS 4个恢复系则分别含有3、1、1、1个同源序列。恢复系中候选恢复基因的序列与野芥亲本野油18的同源序列的一致性在93%以上,其中恢1、恢3和恢4中至少有一个同源序列与野油18的第一个同源序列完全相同,恢2中的同源序列与野油18的第2个同源序列完全相同;但与甘蓝型油菜的同源序列一致性均低于80%,说明候选恢复基因来源于新疆野芥,而不是甘蓝型油菜。除了原来的PPR618外,获得了3个来源于恢复系的新候选恢复基因。候选恢复基因在序列上与萝卜和矮牵牛的恢复基因一致性较高。半定量RT-PCR分析表明,候选恢复基因在恢复系中多个组织都有表达,但在根、茎中表达量特别少。随着营养器官到生殖器官的发育逐渐升高,候选恢复基因在恢复系中表达量最高的是雄性败育关键时期, 即1.5~2.5 mm的花蕾中,但不育系中的同源基因在茎中的表达量则相对高于其他组织。     

A Survey of the Anther Culture Response of Brassica oleracea L. Cultivars Grown Under Field Conditions

Anther culture studies were conducted on a wide variety of different vegetable Brassica oleracea L. cultivars grown under field conditions. Representative selections were included from different varieties including: broccoli, var. italica; heading broccoli, var. botrytis; Brussels sprouts, var. gemnifera; Chinese Kale, var. alboglabra; Kales, vars. acephala, medullosa, ramosa, selensia; cauliflower, var. botrytis; kohlrabi, var. gongylodes; and cabbage, vars. capitata and sabanda. At least some microspore derived embryos were recovered from the majority of cultivars tested; however, rates of embryo formation were sometimes lower than those obtained under controlled environmental conditions. In general the anther culture response was greatest for cabbage and other vegetables that required vernalization for flowering. Results were lower for materials exposed to high temperature stresses before culture. Nevertheless, it is clear that the use of anther culture procedures in breeding programs is possible without access to extensive controlled environmental facilities.     

Giemsa N-banding pattern in cabbage and Chinese kale

Summary In cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) and Chinese kale (B. oleracea alboglabra) four types of N-bands can be distinguished: pericentromeric, telomeric (terminal), intercalary and satellite bands. Typical NOR bands were not observed. The pericentromeric bands appear at the pericentric regions, possibly even at the centromeres of all chromosomes. Telomeric bands are observed on the short arms of chromosomes 1,5 and 6 in cabbage and chromosomes 1 and 5 in Chinese kale. Intercalary bands stained weakly in the long arms of chromosome 3 in cabbage and chromosome 2 in Chinese kale. Satellite bands cover the entire satellites in both Brassica species. The N-banding pattern is very similar in appearance to the C-banding pattern in both species and much more convenient to apply.