Spreading of spray mixtures on leaf surfaces: I. relative effectiveness of various physico-chemical predictors

Surface tension, contact angles and critical micelle concentration were not effective as practical predictors of spreading. Contact angles could not quantify spreading past the point where the angles became zero, although differences could be discerned by eye. Measurement of diameter of spread allowed quantification of these differences. Hansen parameters, used instead of surface tension, underlined the importance of hydrogen-bonding and charge effects, but could not explain all the observed phenomena. The results emphasise the complexity of spreading on leaf surfaces, and problems experienced with several approaches encountered in the literature are discussed.     

Surfactant‐induced deposit structures in relation to the biological efficacy of glyphosate on easy‐ and difficult‐to‐wet weed species

BACKGROUND: Typical active ingredient (AI) residue patterns are formed during droplet drying on plant surfaces owing to the interaction of spray solution characteristics and leaf micromorphology. Currently, comparatively little is known about the influence of AI deposit patterns within a spray droplet residue area on the penetration and biological efficacy of glyphosate. A scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive X‐ray microanalysis has been used to characterise residue patterns and to quantify the area ultimately covered by glyphosate within the droplet spread area. RESULTS: The easy‐to‐wet weed species Stellaria media L. and Viola arvensis L., as well as the difficult‐to‐wet Chenopodium album L. and Setaria viridis L., differing in their surface micromorphology, have been used. Rapeseed oil ethoxylates (RSO 5 or RSO 60) were added to glyphosate solutions to provide different droplet spread areas. Addition of RSO 5 enhanced droplet spread area more than RSO 60, and both caused distinct glyphosate residue patterns. The biological efficacy of treatment solutions showed no significant correlation with the area ultimately covered by glyphosate. CONCLUSION: The results have implications on herbicide uptake models. This study shows that droplet spread area does not correspond to the area ultimately covered by glyphosate, and that the latter does not affect glyphosate phytotoxicity. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

The effect of single and combined doses of chlordimeform and permethrin on cAMP and cGMP levels in the moth,Mamestra configurata Wlk

Treatment of adult males of the moth, Mamestra configurata, with chlordimeform caused large increases (up to 27-fold) in the concentration of cAMP in the head, thorax, and abdomen but had little effect on cGMP. This pesticidal effect, termed A⁺G⁰, likely results from the interaction of chlordimeform (or a metabolite) with an octopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase present in the brain and other tissues. Treatment of moths with permethrin caused substantial increases (up to 3.4-fold) in the concentration of cGMP in the head and thorax but had little effect on cAMP. This effect, termed A⁰G⁺, may result from a disturbance of cholinergic function. Treatment of moths with a combined dose of chlordimeform and permethrin caused increases in the concentration of both cAMP and cGMP (A⁺G⁺ effect) in the head and thorax and had a synergistic effect on mortality. The synergistic effect on mortality appears to be caused by the disruption of distinct and different physiological systems by the A⁺G⁰ and A⁰G⁺ pesticides. The hypothesis that A⁺G⁰ and A⁰G⁺ pesticides, when combined, will exhibit synergism is supported by examples from the literature.     

基于连续小波变换的干旱胁迫下玉米冠层叶绿素密度估测

测定了玉米各生育时期干旱胁迫下冠层叶绿素密度及冠层光谱数据,利用原始光谱反射率与冠层叶绿素密度进行相关性分析,采用常用植被指数、波段自由组合、连续小波变换构建玉米冠层叶绿素密度估测模型,并用决定系数(R~2)、均方根误差(RMSE)进行精度检验。结果表明:冠层叶绿素密度在抽雄期相较于正常对照,轻度、中度、重度干旱胁迫处理分别下降7.8%、29.5%、44.2%;波段自由组合指数RVI(555,538)、NDVI(555,538)和敏感小波系数bior5.5(26,792)、rbio2.6(22,790)、gaus6(21,791)与叶绿素密度的相关性较高,相关系数绝对值均达到0.900以上;基于敏感小波系数构建的冠层叶绿素密度估测模型验证集R~2均在0.850以上,相较于其他植被指数模型R~2平均提升20.6%,RMSE平均降低32.6%;最优模型为以gaus6(21,791)为自变量的一元线性回归模型,R~2为0.864,RMSE为1.532。利用连续小波变换对光谱数据进行预处理,可以有效提升玉米冠层叶绿素密度估测模型的精度。     

QuEChERS-UPLC-MS/MS法快速筛查稻米和稻茎中42种农药残留

建立了QuEChERS前处理技术结合超高效液相色谱-串联质谱 (UPLC-MS/MS) 同时检测稻米和稻茎中42种农药残留的分析方法。样品经乙腈涡旋提取、QuEChERS净化管净化,C₁₈超高效液相色谱柱分离后,在电喷雾正离子 (ESI+) 模式下,通过多反应监测正离子模式进行检测,采用基质匹配标准曲线峰面积外标法进行定量分析。结果表明:在0.01~0.2 mg/L范围内,42种农药的质量浓度与对应的峰面积间线性关系良好,R2 > 0.99,检出限为0.001~0.002 mg/kg。在0.01、0.02、0.05、0.1和0.2 mg/kg 5个添加水平下,42种农药在稻米和稻茎中的平均回收率均为70%~117%,相对标准偏差 (RSD) 稻米为1.5%~15%和稻茎为0.9%~15%。该方法具有操作简单、快速、灵敏度高、准确度高等优点,适用于稻米和稻茎中多种类农药残留的快速筛查分析。     

Spray application factors and plant growth regulator performance: III. Interaction of daminozide uptake,translocation and phytotoxicity in bean seedlings

Effects of droplet size and carrier volume on foliar uptake and transport of daminozide were investigated. A constant dose of daminozide (100 µg per leaf) was applied to both primary leaves of 10‐day‐old Phaseolus vulgaris (cv Nerina) in droplet sizes of 1–10 µl and carrier volumes of 10 to 200 µl per leaf. Decreasing droplet size or increasing carrier volume decreased daminozide penetration, but increased translocation. Plotting the logarithm of the leaf surface/droplet interface area vs daminozide uptake yielded a negative linear relationship, but for translocation an optimum quadratic type relationship was obtained. Some phytotoxicity occurred at low carrier volumes and large droplet sizes. The degree of phytotoxicity was positively related to the amount of daminozide deposited per unit wetted area above 0.7 µg daminozide mm⁻². Below this threshold, there was no visual evidence of phytotoxicity. At the breakpoint, the deposit covered an area of 276 mm² on both primary bean leaf surfaces. Since the maximum in the relationship of translocation with interface area was in close agreement with the threshold amount of deposit above which phytotoxicity occurred, the inverse relationship between daminozide uptake and translocation at low interface areas was attributed to phytotoxicity. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

Evaluation of the suppression ability of rice (Oryza sativa) on Monochoria vaginalis by measuring photosynthetic photon flux density below rice canopy

Field experiments involving eight cultivars were conducted in 1998 and 16 cultivars in 1999 to study the ability of rice (Oryza sativa L.) to suppress Monochoria vaginalis (Burm. f ) Kunth through light competition. Dry weights of M. vaginalis shoots in early season culture exceeded those in normal season culture of any rice cultivars. The relative photosynthetic photon flux density (R‐PPFD), which was calculated as the ratio of the photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) below the rice canopy to that measured above the rice canopy, varied according to rice cultivar. A strong linear correlation was observed between the mean R‐PPFD at 29–35 days after transplanting (DAT) (r² = 0.80; p < 0.01 in 1998; r² = 0.63, p < 0.001; and r² = 0.93, p < 0.001 in 1999), or 36–42 DAT (r² = 0.66, p < 0.05 in 1998; r² = 0.72, p < 0.001; and r² = 0.97, p < 0.001 in 1999), and the dry weight of M. vaginalis shoots at approximately 60 DAT. Data from the three experiments could be pooled into one regression line because intercepts and regression coefficients were not significantly different. The r² values of the combined regression were highest when R‐PPFD was expressed as the mean of measurements taken during 14 days (from 29 to 42 DAT; r² = 0.81, p < 0.001). The shortest period for measuring mean R‐PPFD in order to obtain a meaningful relationship with M. vaginalis shoot dry weight was 7 days (from 29 to 35 DAT; r² = 0.78, p < 0.001). For that same period, relationships between M. vaginalis shoot dry weight at 60 DAT and rice tiller number or leaf area index (LAI) at ground level were weak. However, there were negative relationships between M. vaginalis shoot dry weights at 60 DAT and rice LAI measured 20 cm above the ground, plant heights or rice shoot dry weight, but these coefficients of determination were smaller than those calculated by R‐PPFD for the same period. Thus, the ability of rice to suppress M. vaginalis can be evaluated more accurately by measuring mean R‐PPFD below the rice canopy for 7 days (from 29 to 35 DAT) than by measuring rice LAI, plant height and shoot dry weight.     

Modelling the effects of sub-lethal doses of herbicide and nitrogen fertilizer on crop–weed competition

The effects of sub‐lethal dose of herbicide and nitrogen fertilizer on crop–weed competition were investigated. Biomass increases of winter wheat and a model weed, Brassica napus, at no‐herbicide treatment with increasing nitrogen were successfully described by the inverse quadratic model and the linear model respectively. Increases in weed competitivity (β₀) of the rectangular hyperbola and parameter B in the dose–response curve for weed biomass, with increasing nitrogen were also successfully described by the exponential model. New models were developed by incorporating inverse quadratic and exponential models into the combined rectangular hyperbola with the standard dose–response curve for winter wheat biomass yield and the combined standard dose—response model with the rectangular hyperbola for weed biomass, to describe the complex effects of herbicide and nitrogen on crop–weed competition. The models developed were used to predict crop yield and weed biomass and to estimate the herbicide doses required to restrict crop yield loss caused by weeds and weed biomass production to an acceptable level at a range of nitrogen levels. The model for crop yield was further modified to estimate the herbicide dose and nitrogen level to achieve a target crop biomass yield. For the target crop biomass yield of 1200 g m^?2 with an infestation of 100 B. napus plants m^?2, the model recommended various options for nitrogen and herbicide combinations: 140 and 2.9, 180 and 0.9 and 360 kg ha^?1 and 1.7 g a.i. ha^?1 of nitrogen and metsulfuron‐methyl respectively.     

结合药液表面张力与苹果树冠层参数预测喷雾药液用量的方法及应用

为了保证果树精准施药,减少药剂流失,通过4种常用表面活性剂调节药液的表面张力,借助界面张力仪、微重力天平和植物冠层扫描仪等测定手段建立了药液表面张力与苹果叶片最大稳定持液量 (R_m) 之间的关系,并结合果树常用冠层参数,提出了一种预估果树施药液量的方法。结果表明:生长前期苹果叶片近轴面的R_m值明显高于生长后期;在同一生长期,苹果叶片远轴面的R_m值均高于近轴面,且R_m值随叶倾角的增大而减小;生长前期苹果叶片远轴面的R_m值受药液表面张力的影响大于近轴面,但随着叶倾角的增大,叶片近、远轴面的R_m受药液表面张力的影响减小。当药液中表面活性剂的浓度未达到其临界胶束浓度 (cmc) 时,药液的表面张力与苹果叶片的R_m值成正相关关系,由此可建立一元线性回归方程,结合果树平均叶片倾角、叶面积指数和冠层地面投影面积等植物冠层参数,可以估算果树的最大施药液用量。采用4种常用的农药制剂验证了所建方法的实用性。该研究结果可以为苹果园喷雾施药时预估药液用量、减少药剂流失提供理论依据。     

基于最大熵方法的未来气候变化下狼毒在中国潜在分布的预测

为了解入侵杂草狼毒Stellera chamaejasme在当前(1970—2000年)和未来气候情景下的扩散动态,采用最近邻体距离法选取样本数据,采用相关性分析和主成分分析选择环境变量,应用最大熵方法建立生态位模型用来预测当前(1970—2000年)和未来(2050年和2070年)气候变化下狼毒的潜在分布区,并应用Matlab软件计算气候变化下狼毒地理分布重心、平均海拔和等级分布区范围的动态变化。结果表明,当前(1970—2000年)气候条件下狼毒种群的潜在分布区从西南到东北呈带状分布,适生区等级随纬度的增加逐渐降低;未来气候变化下狼毒的潜在分布区将向西南方向和高海拔地区扩散,平均海拔将增高638 m,高适生区面积增长尤为迅速,2050年的相对增长率达51%;高寒草地将成为未来狼毒扩散的主要区域,因此应进一步加强对该区狼毒的防控。     

1, 3-双[1-(6-氯-3-吡啶基甲基)-N-硝基亚咪唑烷-2-基胺]的合成及高效液相色谱分析

合成了吡虫啉原药中的主要杂质——1,3-双[1-(6-氯-3-吡啶基甲基)-N-硝基亚咪唑烷-2-基胺] (BPMNA),并建立了BPMNA的高效液相色谱定量分析方法。结果表明:在质量浓度为0.5~25 mg/L范围内,BPMNA的质量浓度与峰面积之间呈良好的线性关系,决定系数(R2)为0.999 7,方法检出限(LOD)为0.01 mg/L,定量限(LOQ)为0.1 mg/L,5次平行测定的相对标准偏差(RSD)小于1.0%,在8.24、12.36和16.48 mg/L 3个添加水平下,以吡虫啉标样为基质的添加回收率在99%~101%之间。该方法简单实用,可直接应用于商品化吡虫啉原药和制剂中BPMNA的含量检测。     

Cd与Zn复合胁迫对麦长管蚜生命参数及繁殖的影响

为了明确Cd与Zn复合胁迫对麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae(Fabricius)生长发育与繁殖的影响,在室内采用不同含量Cd~(2+)与Zn~(2+)溶液交互处理土壤-小麦-麦长管蚜系统,利用特定年龄生命表研究在不同含量Cd与Zn复合胁迫下麦长管蚜生命参数及繁殖的变化规律。结果表明,Cd、Zn以及Cd与Zn交互作用均极显著影响麦长管蚜的生命参数与繁殖,其中Zn对麦长管蚜种群参数的影响最大。在40 mg/kg Cd与400 mg/kg Zn复合胁迫下,麦长管蚜种群的内禀增长率、净增值率显著高于单一Cd胁迫;但不同含量Cd与800、1 600 mg/kg高含量Zn或不同含量的Zn与120、240 mg/kg高含量Cd复合胁迫时,其内禀增长率与净增值率却逐渐下降;其平均世代周期在复合胁迫条件下显著低于单一Cd胁迫。生殖力曲线面积的变化规律与种群参数的变化规律相同,推测40 mg/kg和400 mg/kg分别为Cd与Zn复合胁迫的关键含量。研究表明,低含量Cd与Zn复合胁迫能显著促进麦长管蚜生长发育,而高含量Cd与Zn复合胁迫并不能促进麦长管蚜的生长发育。     

Effects of sublethal concentration of diazinon,fenitrothion and chlorpyrifos on demographic and some biochemical parameters of predatory bug,Andrallus spinidens Fabricius (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in laboratory conditions

Effects of three insecticides, diazinon, fenitrothion and chlorpyrifos on Andrallus spinidens Fabricius (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), a predator of lepidopterous larvae in rice fields were investigated. The insecticides were applied topically at lethal dose (LD₃₀) on the fifth instar nymphs of A. spinidens and evaluated on life table and some biochemical parameters of the predatory bugs. The results showed that pre-oviposition period, fecundity and longevity of treated bugs were significantly affected compared with the control. Analysis of life table parameters of A. spinidens revealed adverse effects of insecticides on net reproductive rate (R₀), intrinsic rate of increase (r), finite rate of increase (λ), doubling time (DT) and mean generation time (T). Among the tested insecticides, fenitrothion was the most toxic insecticide. The lowest value of r was 0.060 day^?1 in fenitrothion. Effects of insecticides on the detoxification enzymes showed that all compounds had inhibitory effect on esterases, acetylcholinesterases and glutathione S-transferases. According to this study, the insecticides cause harmful effects on demographic and biochemical parameters of A. spinidens and are not compatible with the predatory bug even at sublethal concentration.     

Pedotransfer functions for isoproturon sorption on soils and vadose zone materials

BACKGROUND: Sorption coefficients (the linear K_D or the non‐linear K_F and N_F) are critical parameters in models of pesticide transport to groundwater or surface water. In this work, a dataset of isoproturon sorption coefficients and corresponding soil properties (264 K_D and 55 K_F) was compiled, and pedotransfer functions were built for predicting isoproturon sorption in soils and vadose zone materials. These were benchmarked against various other prediction methods. RESULTS: The results show that the organic carbon content (OC) and pH are the two main soil properties influencing isoproturon K_D. The pedotransfer function is K_D = 1.7822 + 0.0162 OC^1.5 ? 0.1958 pH (K_D in L kg^?1 and OC in g kg^?1). For low‐OC soils (OC < 6.15 g kg^?1), clay and pH are most influential. The pedotransfer function is then K_D = 0.9980 + 0.0002 clay ? 0.0990 pH (clay in g kg^?1). Benchmarking K_D estimations showed that functions calibrated on more specific subsets of the data perform better on these subsets than functions calibrated on larger subsets. CONCLUSION: Predicting isoproturon sorption in soils in unsampled locations should rely, whenever possible, and by order of preference, on (a) site‐ or soil‐specific pedotransfer functions, (b) pedotransfer functions calibrated on a large dataset, (c) K_OC values calculated on a large dataset or (d) K_OC values taken from existing pesticide properties databases. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

韭菜中毒死蜱残留量与高光谱特征参数的相关性建模

本研究目的在于分析农药残留量(pesticide residue,PR)与高光谱中响应特征参数之间的关系,并利用筛选的光谱特征参数建立反演毒死蜱残留量的有效模型。首先采用ASD Fieldspec高光谱仪测得韭菜样本的光谱,通过气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)法测得毒死蜱残留量(PR)值;分析样本光谱反射率值及其一阶微分值与毒死蜱残留量的相关性,计算33个高光谱特征参数与毒死蜱残留量的相关性;根据相关系数高低选择敏感的光谱特征参数;最后采用最佳相关系数下的光谱特征参数对毒死蜱残留量进行建模反演。相关性分析结果显示:近红外波段789~867 nm范围内一阶微分光谱值与PR值呈正相关,1 860 nm处一阶微分光谱值(first-order differential 1 860 nm,FD1860)与PR值紧密相关;在33个高光谱特征参数中,近红外一阶微分总和(the sum of first-order differential near infrared,SDnir)与PR值呈良好的正相关关系。基于此,文章以供试样本的FD1860和SDnir观测值为自变量,分别建立了3个预测毒死蜱残留量的模型,即线性、二次多项式及指数模型,并采用交叉验证测试方法检验了模型的合理性。对实验所得决定系数R2和预测均方根误差(RMSE)的评价结果表明,以SDnir为自变量构建的模型稳定性强,其二次多项式模型是最佳反演毒死蜱残留量的有效模型。因此,样本的高光谱特征参数SDnir的变化幅度直接反映了韭菜样本中毒死蜱残留量的变化,表明运用蔬菜的高光谱特征参数反演蔬菜中农药残留量的方法是可行的。     

Experience with fireblight in the Czech Republic1

Erwinia amylovora has been spreading in the Czech Republic since 1986 regardless of emergency phytosanitary measures which have been taken. Its spread follows the predominant wind direction (west to east). The infested area now covers two thirds of the area of the country. Wild Crataegus spp. are the most important and widespread host plants. E. amylovora is still regulated as a quarantine pest, and areas free from fireblight are subject to special phytosanitary measures.     

Hyperspectral measurements of severity of stripe rust on individual wheat leaves

The objective of this study was to assess the effect of severity of stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis) on the hyperspectral reflectance of wheat. A total of 110 leaf samples with a range of disease severity were collected at the heading stage (Stage ?, 29 April) and grain filling stage (Stage II, 21 May). The spectra of the adaxial and abaxial surfaces of the leaf samples were taken using an ASD Leaf Clip, and the spectral characteristics were analysed. The photochemical reflectance index (PRI) was used to build two linear regression functions from the two growth stages using 70 leaves, and the remaining 40 leaves were used to validate their effectiveness. The results indicated that P. striiformis caused changes in foliar water and chlorophyll, and those changes made it feasible to assess disease severity using in situ hyperspectral measurements. In general, the reflectance values from the adaxial surfaces of the leaf samples were smaller than the abaxial surfaces. In comparison to Stage ?, the spectral contrast of four different disease severities was greater at Stage II. By comparing the regression functions, the coefficient of determination using the set of leaves for validation for Stage ? (R ²?=?0.74) was smaller than that for Stage II (R ²?=?0.83). However, the coefficient of determination for validation for Stage ? (R ²?=?0.91) was slightly larger than that of Stage II (R ²?=?0.90). The results suggest that the ASD Leaf Clip is an ideal tool to collect in situ hyperspectral measurements of wheat leaves showing symptoms of stripe rust, and Stage II is more appropriate to assess severity compared to Stage ?.     

Aspergillus niger,the causal agent of black mould disease in date fruits,infects and colonizes flowers and young fruitlets

Black mould, caused by Aspergillus niger, is the main fungal disease affecting date fruits. Symptoms develop inside the fruit, at the inner space between the pulp and the seed. This study focuses on the aetiology of black mould disease in Medjoul fruit. We followed symptom appearance naturally and after artificial A. niger inoculation at different development and maturity stages. Symptoms developed in only a short period during early fruit ripening. However, fruits were commonly colonized at earlier stages of development. Artificial inoculation of flowers and setting fruitlets increased the level of fruit colonization, while fungicide spraying at these stages decreased colonization. Several weeks following flower inoculation by A. niger, mycelium could be detected on degenerating stigmas and carpels as well as between the fruit and the calyx. Following inoculation with an A. niger strain expressing green fluorescent protein (A. niger^GFP), the pathogen was detected on stigmas of setting fruitlets but not within the stigmatic tissue or the transmitting tract of the carpel. The A. niger^GFP strain was detected during fruit development below the base of the large fruitlets and above the calyx surrounding the vascular bundle leading into the fruit. The results suggest that A. niger can infect and colonize flowers and setting fruitlets, grows on the degenerating carpels, and remains latent at a protected site at the base of the fruit until ripening. It then induces the typical black mould symptoms. The significance of these results for developing means to cope with the disease is discussed.     

制种玉米多功能复混肥对土壤理化性质的影响及最佳施肥量的研究

采用盆栽和田间试验方法,研究多功能复混肥对甘肃河西内陆灌区制种玉米田土壤理化性质的影响并确定最佳施肥量.结果表明:随着多功能复混肥施肥量的增加,土壤总孔隙度、团聚体、EC(电导率)、有机质、碱解N、速效P、速效K含量随之增大,而容重和pH在降低.多功能复混肥施肥量与玉米植物学性状、经济性状、产量呈正相关,与单位肥料增产量呈负相关.随着施肥量增加,玉米边际产量、边际利润呈递减趋势,施肥量在1875kg· hm-2的基础上,再增加施肥量,收益出现负值.多功能复混肥与玉米产量间肥料效应回归方程是:y=3043+1.0109x-0.0002088x2,经济效益最佳施肥量(x0)为1875 kg.hm-2,玉米预测产量(y,)为5672 kg· hm-2.在风沙土上施用多功能复混肥,有效地改善了土壤的理化性质和生物学性质,提高了制种玉米的施肥利润和产量.     

天然林中不同径级新疆野苹果的光合能力

研究新疆天山野果林建群种新疆野苹果（Malus sieversii）光合生理特性,对于该种群保育及其生态功能评价具有重要意义。通过野外测定新疆新源天然野果林中不同径级64株新疆野苹果南向枝条上部叶和下部叶饱和光强下的净光合速率（A）、气孔导度（g_s）和比叶面积（SLA）。结果表明：随着径级增加,上部叶和下部叶的A_area、A_mass显著增加。g_s随径级的增加先增加再降低,在径级Ⅲ（树干0.5 m高处直径25~35 cm）时达最大。上部叶比下部叶有着高的A_area、A_mass和g_s。回归分析表明：随着树干直径增加,A_area和g_s呈二次多项式增加,A_mass呈线性增加。SLA随径级增加变化不显著,上部叶SLA显著低于下部叶。上部叶的A_area高于下部叶,但由于SLA显著减小,在A_mass上两者差异减小。随g_s增加,上部叶Aarea呈幂函数增加,下部叶A_area呈二次多项式增加。 