小麦旗叶叶绿素含量及荧光动力学参数与产量的灰色关联度分析

为探讨干旱胁迫条件下小麦旗叶光合性状的变化及其对产量的影响,以小麦RIL群体(旱选10号×鲁麦14) F₈代的305个株系及其亲本为材料,分析雨养和灌溉两种水分条件下,开花期和灌浆期旗叶叶绿素含量和叶绿素荧光动力学参数的变化情况、相关关系、遗传力、基因数目以及不同性状与产量的关系。结果表明,在两种水分条件下,RIL群体性状多数表现超亲现象,变异系数为1.12%~67.05%。雨养条件下抗旱亲本旱选10号的旗叶叶绿素含量及叶绿素荧光动力学参数比水地品种鲁麦14表现稳定。两种水分条件下,两个生育时期的旗叶叶绿素含量极显著正相关,而荧光动力学参数相关性表现复杂,F_m与F_v、F_o/F_m与F_v/F_m之间相关性最高,相关系数大于0.994。在所有性状中,叶绿素含量的遗传力最高;多数性状在雨养条件下的基因数目多于灌溉条件的,控制灌浆期F_v/F_o的基因数目最多,达34对。灰色关联度分析显示,灌浆期F_m、F_v及F_o与F_m曲线之间的面积对产量影响较大,可以作为选择抗旱高光效小麦的重要评价指标。     

甘蓝型油菜开花期和光周期敏感性的遗传分析

以对光周期分别表现稳定弱敏感和强敏感的春性甘蓝型油菜品种DH401（P₁）与Q2（P₂）配制F₁代并经小孢子培养获得的DH群体来研究开花期和光周期敏感性的遗传规律。将P₁、P₂和DH群体连续2年分别种植在长日照的甘肃省和政县和短日照的广东省肇庆市、湖北省武汉市3地并调查开花期,以从和政和肇庆获得的开花期来计算光周期敏感指数（PSI）,采用主基因-多基因混合遗传模型对该DH群体的开花期及光周期敏感指数进行遗传分析。结果表明,在和政、武汉和肇庆,开花期分别由3对加性-上位性主基因+多基因、2对加性-上位性主基因+多基因和2对累加作用主基因+多基因的控制;主基因遗传率分别为91.13%、63.05%和62.02%;多基因遗传率分别为4.43%、1.58%和22.71%。光周期敏感指数由2对隐性上位主基因及多基因控制,主基因和多基因遗传率分别为50%和37.5%。同时也估算了该DH群体的其他遗传参数。因此,开花期和光周期敏感性主要由2对或2对以上主基因及多基因控制,不同光周期条件下开花期基因之间的互作模式有所不同。同时也讨论了本研究结果在育种中的意义。     

春小麦光合特性与抗旱性的关系研究

以CIMMYT提供的26份春小麦品系为试验材料,在雨养及灌溉条件下于灌浆初期、灌浆中期测定旗叶的气孔导度(G_s)、光合速率(P_n)和蒸腾速率(T_r),分析这些光合参数与其抗旱性的遗传相关性,并对有关性状及相关遗传力进行分析,旨在为春小麦抗旱育种的光合性状选择提供依据。结果表明:春小麦的多个光合指标与抗旱性显著相关;灌溉条件下灌浆初期T_r和G_s的遗传力较大,分别为54.62%和51.55%,灌浆初期Gs与抗旱指数的相关遗传力较大(0.4329);雨养条件下灌浆中期P_n和T_r、灌浆初期和中期G_s与抗旱指数的相关遗传力较大(0.4168~0.4907)。综合有关指标性状的遗传相关系数及遗传力、相关遗传力的分析结果,在春小麦抗旱育种实践中应注重对雨养条件下灌浆中期P_n和T_r、灌浆初期及中期G_s等光合性状进行考察及选择。     

基于主基因+多基因混合模型的甜高粱茎秆含糖量基因遗传分析

此文以茎秆含糖量（锤度）较低的粒用高粱品系LR625（P1）和茎秆含糖量（锤度）较高的甜高粱品系Rio（P2）及其杂交后代F1、F2群体为研究对象,运用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型对茎秆含糖量的遗传进行了联合分离分析。结果表明：茎秆含糖量性状受2对加性-显性-上位性主基因和加性-显性多基因共同控制。2对主基因的加性效应分别为-4.004和-2.116,显性效应分别为0.084和-0.462,主基因遗传力为83.27%,多基因遗传力为7.38%。这说明锤度性状主要受2对主基因的作用,而且2对主基因均以加性效应为主。这一研究结果为茎杆含糖量性状的基因定位和育种选择提供了理论依据。     

玉米茎秆耐穿刺强度的倒伏遗传研究

以沈单16和郑单958玉米单交种构成的六世代群体为材料,利用自行设计的玉米茎秆穿刺仪,对玉米地上第三茎节中部椭圆形短轴垂直于茎秆进行穿刺,测定玉米茎秆穿刺阻力。通过P₁、P₂、F₁、F₂、BC₁和BC₂ 6个世代联合分析法,以玉米茎秆穿刺阻力为性状,研究控制玉米茎秆倒伏性的基因遗传分离规律。结果表明,该性状在两个单交种的F₂分离世代群体均呈双峰分布,BC₁和BC₂群体分离世代呈多峰分布,说明玉米茎秆耐穿刺性遗传为多基因数量性状控制,且符合一对加-显主基因＋加-显-上位性多基因遗传模型(即D模型);主基因遗传力为34.5%~45.7%,多基因遗传力41.6%~56.3%,两者在控制玉米茎秆耐穿刺遗传特性上都具有重要作用。这一研究结果为玉米抗倒伏性状的有效选择提供方法和理论依据。     

水稻DH群体盐胁迫下苗高的主基因-多基因混合模型遗传分析

为了阐明盐胁迫下水稻苗高的遗传特点,利用两个籼粳杂交的DH群体,在0.40 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下,采用数量性状主基因+多基因多世代联合分析方法对盐胁迫下水稻苗高遗传规律进行了分析.研究结果表明,水稻盐胁迫下的苗高受两对主效基因控制,两个DH群体的两对主基因分别表现为互补作用和累加作用,主基因的遗传力分别为28....     

杂交水稻恢复系桂99的抽穗期基因及其效应分析

以基因型明确的抽穗期主基因近等基因系EG0~EG7、ER~LR、T65系列为测验系（TLs）,在江西南昌（28^o 36’ N）夏季自然高温长日（14 h/d）和人工遮光短日（10 h/d）,以及海南三亚（18^o 14’ N）旱季自然低温短日（11.6 h/d）处理条件下,对籼型杂交水稻恢复系桂99的抽穗期基因及其感温性和基因位点间的互作效应进行了分析。结果表明,桂99在E₁、E₂和E₃位点分别带有感光迟熟等位基因E₁、E₂和E₃,在Se-1位点带有非感光等位基因Se-1^e,在Ef-1位点带有早熟基因Ef-1,由此推断其抽穗期基因型为E₁E₁E₂E₂E₃E₃Se-1^eSe-1^eEf-1Ef-1。迟熟基因E₁、E₃与早熟基因Ef-1同时存在,E₁、E₃与Se-1^e基因位点间的互作使桂99农艺性状表现弱感光性。感光基因Se-1^u（或Se-1ⁿ）的存在能增强E位点感光迟熟基因的感光性,感光基因对“TLs×桂99”F₂植株抽穗的影响,是延长平均抽穗期,增加迟抽穗植株分布频率。分析了感温性对TLs抽穗期的影响,讨论了以桂99为恢复系配置的杂交水稻组合丰产性和广适性的遗传基础。     

小麦抽穗期和开花期性状的全基因组关联分析

为揭示控制小麦抽穗期和开花期性状的遗传位点,利用均匀分布在21条染色体上的106对SSR标记,对205份小麦品种构成的自然群体进行关联分析。结果表明,在106对SSR标记中共检测到879个等位变异,主要等位变异频率的变化范围为0.175~0.986,平均为0.548;多态性信息指数的变化范围为0.028~0.900,平均为0.557。采用混合线性模型共检测到7个与抽穗期和开花期显著关联（P<0.01）的位点,其中1个存在极显著关联（P<0.001）。另外,Xgwm182（5D）在灌溉条件下与抽穗期显著关联,Xbarc42（3D）在雨养条件下分别与抽穗期和开花期显著关联,这两个位点与前人的研究结果一致。Xgwm102（2D）在灌溉条件下与开花期显著关联,而Xgwm124（1B）在雨养条件下与抽穗期显著关联。Xgwm130（7A）在雨养和灌溉条件下均与抽穗期相关联。研究结果为小麦抽穗期和开花期性状的分子标记辅助选择育种提供了信息。     

小麦数量性状选择效果的研究—Ⅰ.遗传力与直接选择

本试验采用广义、狭义、方差分析、回归和相关5种方法估算的性状遗传力。其高低的位次趋势基本一致,即株高的遗传力最高,开花期、主穗长、二百粒重次之,结实小穗数、主穗重、每穗粒数再次之,单株粒重和单株穗数最低。在混合群体中,一般的性状直至 F₄遗传力仍然较低。系谱选择法至 F₄,一般性状系统间较     

高产棉花品种泗棉3号的遗传机制研究Ⅰ.产量及其产量构成因素的遗传分析

利用泗棉3号和CARMEN构建的RIL及其F₂、B₁、B₂、P₁、P₂、F₁两套群体,同时在3个环境中,采用各自的联合世代分析方法,研究了我国长江流域棉区广泛种植的优良品种泗棉3号高产性状的遗传规律。遗传模型分析揭示泗棉3号×Carmen组合的产量及其产量构成因素的最适遗传模型符合主基因+多基因混合遗传模型,说明存在控制这些性状的主基因。所有性状在不同环境中的遗传模型不同。同时,各性状在不同环境中的主基因遗传率变化较大,而多基因遗传率在不同环境中变化相对较小,表明环境对数量性状主基因的表达影响大,对多基因的表达也存在影响。对环境间差异较大性状的研究和选育,要在多个特定的环境中进行,才能提高效率。     

不同水分条件下HMW-GS对小麦品质的影响

以SY95-71 (1, 13+16, 5+10)和CH7034 (1, 14+15, 5'+12)重组自交系研究了高分子量麦谷蛋白(HMW-GS)在不同水分条件下对品质性状的影响。结果表明,Glu-1位点各亚基及组合对品质性状的效应受水分条件影响,当Glu-A1为1, Glu-D1为5'+12时, 14+15面团形成时间(雨养)和最大抗延阻力(灌溉)明显高于13+16,增幅分别为5.10%和6.16%; Glu-A1位点为1, Glu-B1为13+16时,含5+10亚基的沉降值(灌溉),以及雨养条件下拉伸面积和最大抗延阻力显著高于5'+12; 1, 14+15, 5+10组合对沉降值(雨养和灌溉)和拉伸面积(灌溉)的效应大于1, 13+16, 5'+12,增幅分别为7.49%、9.54%和10.39%。各组合的蛋白质含量和延伸性、1, 13+16, 5+10的稳定时间以及1, 14+15, 5+10的稳定时间和拉伸面积受水分影响较大,1,13+16,5+10和1,14+15,5+10的面包体积在雨养条件下大于灌溉条件下,1,14+15, 5'+12和1, 13+16, 5'+12则反之。研究结果对选育和推广符合当地生产用途和栽培模式的品种具有指导作用。     

Genetic and environmental influences on chickpea water‐use efficiency

Chickpea is a major crop grown for its nutritional value, and it is used for both food and feed. However, terminal drought greatly reduces grain yield in many chickpea producing areas. The impacts of drought could be mitigated by adapting chickpea genotypes with higher water‐use efficiency (WUE). To assess genetic variation for WUE, contrasting genotypes were sown in two moisture regimes (well‐watered and water‐limited) and two tillage regimes (tillage and no‐tillage) in north‐western NSW across two consecutive seasons. The well‐watered and no till treatments were higher yielding than their respective rainfed and tillage treatments. Genotypes did not differ (p < 0.05) in their water use but differed significantly in their WUE, and a significant genotype‐by‐moisture treatment effect was observed. The heritability of WUE was higher under tillage (71.3% for tillage under rainfed conditions and 73.0% for tillage and irrigated conditions) than no‐till (43.3% for no till under rainfed conditions and 36.4% for no‐till and irrigated conditions), and no significant genotype‐by‐tillage interaction was observed.     

适度土壤干旱对贪青小麦茎鞘贮藏性糖运转及籽粒充实的影响

选用春性小麦品种扬麦158和扬麦11为材料,设置出穗后高氮和正常氮两个水平及土壤水分胁迫处理(WS),以正常浇水为对照(WW),研究适度土壤干旱对贪青迟熟小麦籽粒灌浆和茎鞘贮藏性碳水化合物分配的影响。结果表明,在始穗期施用过量氮肥(HN)导致小麦贪青迟熟,主要表现为灌浆速率和产量降低,茎鞘中滞留大量贮藏性糖。在灌浆     

Molecular marker assisted tagging of morphological and physiological traits under two contrasting moisture regimes at peak vegetative stage in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Root morphology under well-watered conditions sampled on two occasions and under low-moisture stress was studied in a randomly chosen subset of 56 doubled haploid lines derived from a cross between IR64 and Azucena at two growth stages during the vegetative stage. A molecular map of the same population served as the basis for locating QTLs controlling root morphology and associated traits. The region flanking the RFLP markers RZ730 and RZ801 on chromosome 1 were associated with plant height in all three sampling environments. This position corresponds to sd-1 a semi-dwarfing gene. A total of 15 QTL were detected at the two developmental stages, of which only three QTL were common. Region flanked by RG157 and RZ318 (chromosome 2) contained QTL for root thickness under two different developmental stages. In total, 21 QTL for different traits were detected under low-moisture stress condition. While two QTL for plant height on chromosomes 1 and 3 were common, none of the loci for root morphological traits was common between the two different moisture regimes. The chromosomal segment between RG171 and RG157 contained QTL controlling tiller number per plant, total root length, root volume and total root number per plant. Absence of common QTL for root traits between two developmental stages and two moisture regimes suggests the existence of parallel genetic pathways operating at different growth stages and moisture regimes. Root volume and total root number per plant decreased significantly under stress, whereas maximum root length and plant height exhibited non-significant increases under stress. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Mapping QTLs for seedling root traits in a doubled haploid wheat population under different water regimes

A deep and thick root system has a positive effect on wheat yield, particularly in drought environments. A doubled haploid (DH) population of 150 lines derived from the cross Hanxuan 10?×?Lumai 14 was used to map QTLs for seedling root characteristics. The DH lines were cultivated in an agarose gel-chamber under well-watered (WW) and water-stressed (WS) regimes. Water stress was simulated by adding mannitol to the agarose gel. The seminal root traits, including maximum root length (MRL), seminal root number, total root length, project root area, root surface area, and seminal root angle were measured after 6?days of seedling development. Grain yields (GY) were measured in a field experiment. A total of 29 QTLs were identified for seedlings cultured under WW regimes, and 23 QTLs under WS regimes. Individual QTL accounted for phenotypic variations ranging from 4.98 to 24.31?%. The QTLs were distributed on 17 chromosomes, except 1D, 4D, 6B and 6D. Seven consistently expressed QTLs were detected for all the traits tested except MRL under both water regimes. The QTLs for root traits were unevenly distributed among chromosomes, and clustered in eight loci on seven chromosomes, showing pleiotropic effects on target traits. One region in the interval Xgwm644.2?CP6901.2 on chromosome 3B contained 9 QTLs affecting most root traits. The present data provide an insight into the genetic basis of seedling root development under different water regimes and may benefit breeding programs using marker-assisted selection (MAS) for root traits.     

Genetic potential to improve seed and forage yield simultaneously in smooth bromegrass under water deficit conditions

This study was conducted to assess genetic potential of smooth bromegrass for water stress and to identify the association among different seed and forage production related traits. Thirty-six genotypes were clonally propagated and evaluated in the field under two moisture environments (normal irrigation and water stress) during 2013–2015. High variation was observed among genotypes for all of the measured traits. Water stress had negative effects on seed yield and its components and reduced genotypic variation of measured traits. On average, water stress reduced seed and forage yield by 38 and 14%, respectively. Genetic coefficient of variation for seed yield and its components was higher under stress, providing opportunities for a greater selection differential. The estimates of heritability were higher in normal condition than water stress condition for all of the evaluated traits, which is advantageous for successful selection. Moreover, the majority of seed yield components had higher heritability estimates than seed yield. The higher heritability estimates of some seed yield components, compared to SYP, suggests a potential for indirect selection. The results showed that selection for both forage and seed yield is possible simultaneously in normal irrigation as well as in water stress environment. Genotypes 7, 8, 26 and 27 had high forage yield, while genotypes 23 and 27 had high seed yield under both normal irrigation and water stress condition. Three genotypes ranked among the top three for both seed and forage yield and under both normal irrigation and water stress condition. They are promising parents for further use in developing improved cultivars by cross-breeding.     

不同冬小麦品种的离体叶片失水速率差异及对供水的反应

较低的离体叶片失水速率(RWL)与抗旱性有关已经得到很多研究者的认同.选取8个冬小麦品种为试材,设置干旱(0水)、节水(2水)和足水(4水)的水分条件,研究不同冬小麦品种对供水条件的反应和生育时期的RWL变化特征.结果表明:不同品种间的RWL差异不显著.RWL随着灌水次数的增加而增高.0水处理的衡7228 RWL最低,冀5579和石麦16也较低.2水处理的石麦16最低,石麦14和冀5579也较低.4水处理下,石新618 的RWL最低,石麦14和衡7228较低,综合3种灌水结果,石麦16、冀5579和石麦14抗旱节水性较好.RWL随着生育进程而变化,拔节期较低,逐渐增加,至抽穗期达到峰值,此后明显下降,直至成熟.前期控水对降低小麦离体叶片失水速率,提高抗旱节水性有利.     

Effects of dwarfing genes on yield and yield components under irrigated and rainfed conditions in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Summary Near-isogenic tall (no dwarfing gene), semidwarf (Rht1 or Rht2) and dwarf (Rht1 + Rht2 or Rht3) spring wheat lines were evaluated for yield and yield components under irrigated and rainfed conditions. Under irrigated conditions, the dwarf and the semidwarf lines exhibited a significant yield advantage over the tall lines. Under rainfed conditions, the semidwarf lines outyielded the tall as well as the dwarf lines. Percent yield reduction in response to drought stress was highest with the dwarfs and lowest with the tall lines. Dry matter production of the tall lines and that of the semidwarf lines did not differ significantly and both produced significantly more dry matter than the dwarf lines under irrigated as well as rainfed conditions. Plant height and kernel weight decreased with increasing degree of dwarfness while number of kernels per spikelet, harvest index and days to heading increased under both moisture regimes. The dwarfing genes did not have any significant influence on number of tillers/m² and spikelets per spike in either moisture regime.     

Identification of near-isogenic lines: an innovative approach,validated for root and shoot morphological characters in a mapping population of rice (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza sativa</Emphasis> L.)

Near-isogenic lines (NILs) constitute valuable tools in genetic investigations and plant breeding programs. Conventional methods for developing these are time consuming and tedious. An innovative method for identifying NILs is proposed and validated. The method involves computation of simple correlation coefficients of all possible pairs of genotypes within a mapping population using molecular marker data, and phenotypic characterization of those pairs with very high positive correlation. The pairs having both genomic and phenotypic similarity except for a single trait are considered as NILs. This strategy was tested with a doubled haploid mapping population involving CT9993 and IR62266. This population was saturated with 315 markers and comprised 154 lines. The pairs showing very high correlation coefficients (0.70–0.97) and differing for less than 10% of the markers were considered as Genotypically Closely Related Pairs (GCRPs). Graphical genotyping was employed to visualize the genome of the closely related lines. A total of 39 such pairs were subjected to rigorous evaluation for root and shoot morphological traits in two contrasting moisture regimes. Four GCRPs under well-watered condition and ten GCRPs under low moisture stress condition are statistically significant for a single phenotypic trait and are considered as NILs for their respective traits and would be the valuable materials for genetic studies. Mapped QTLs and candidate genes were employed to explain the probable cause of phenotypic difference in NILs.     

Heterosis and inheritance of drought tolerance in faba bean, Vicia faba L.

Twelve parental lines of faba beans and 27 F₁ hybrids derived from them were field-tested under a dry and a well-watered treatment, at two German locations (Göttingen, Hohenheim) in two years (1995, 1996). Drought was artificially induced using rain shelters from anthesis until maturity. Data were collected on yield under dry (Yd) and well-watered (Yw) conditions. Drought tolerance was assessed as Yd/Yw. The mid-parent heterosis was significant for Yd and Yw, but not for Yd/Yw. Relative heterosis for Yd (52.0%) was greater than for Yw (39.3%). Parental heritability was greater for Yw (0.86) than for Yd (0.61). However, it was similar for both traits in F₁ hybrids (0.65 and 0.66). Principal component analysis showed that F₁ hybrids exhibited the same pattern of adaptation as their parents. The heritability of drought tolerance was 0.48 in F₁ hybrids and 0.70 in parents. Attention should be paid to its negative correlation with yield. Several hybrids combined high tolerance, a favourable pattern of adaptation and appropriate performance.