广适性有机栽培基质筛选试验研究

利用菇渣、畜禽粪、枯枝落叶等农林废弃物为主要原料研制有机环保型栽培基质,既可以减少农业面源污染,变废为宝,又可节省土壤、草炭等难再生资源。经3批田间栽培试验表明:以菌苞为主要原料发酵的基质处理均效果良好,而以枯枝落叶发酵的基质处理均出现异常,表现不及对照。3批栽培试验中综合表现最好的基质配方为处理1:菌苞60%+畜禽粪30%+草炭10%+发酵菌1。     

有效利用木屑资源 持续发展食用菌产业

随着食用菌生产规模的不断扩大，对木屑需求越来越多，有限的木屑资源难以承受以木屑为栽培主料的生产形式所产生的压力。这一问题得不到缓解，势必对食用菌产业发展造成一定影响。为了更经济、有效地利用木屑资源，本文在分析食用菌营养生理的基础上，提出两项改进意见；（1）木屑培养料配方中，木屑量的50％－70％可用玉米芯、豆秆粉等农作物秸秆代替；（2）木屑污染料经过退发酵、补充营养、常压灭菌后可以再利用，以减少木屑浪费。     

利用林木落叶林间栽培食用菌研究

阔叶林的枯枝落叶是丰富的生物资源，几年来，利用林木遮荫并能调温保湿的小气候环境，进行林下栽培平菇等食用菌的试验，结果表明，发酵料较为不发酵料林间栽培的平菇每平方米鲜菇产量可提高３．５￣４．５ｋｇ，生物效率提高４０￣４５％；供试菌种以０６较好，坡我界处产量高于谷中；每公顷可获纯收入８１９６元，经济效益显著，为枯枝落叶开发利用提供科学依据。     

黑木耳废菌渣栽培白金针菇技术

利用黑木耳废菌渣替代部分阔叶木屑进行白金针菇生产,通过废菌渣发酵处理、栽培生产时间安排、栽培种培养基配方、栽培种制作、催蕾与抑制管理、生长期管理等方面,详细阐述了白金针菇优质、高产培育技术.     

大棚三菇两菜高效栽培模式

一、"三菇两菜"的茬口安排 秋季气温下降后,于10月上旬备料,发酵,装袋栽培白鲍菇,或其它平菇,元旦至春节前后上市销售,3月上旬及时清除前茬菇残渣,栽培鸡腿菇,6月出菇后及时清除废料,利用夏季空闲再栽培一季草菇,在白鲍菇第一茬菇采收后及时撒播茼蒿等速生菜,鸡腿菇第二茬收后撒播叶用油菜.     

大球盖菇林下栽培技术

盘山县林场利用本地充足廉价的稻草、稻壳资源,将合成培养料堆积发酵后接菌,林下栽培大球盖菇获得成功。其栽培过程包括确定主栽品种和栽培季节、配制培养料、铺床接种、发菌管理、出菇采收等几个主要环节,效益分析表明林下种植可收益12～18万元/hm2,适宜林区推广栽培。     

利用玉米芯棚室地床栽培双孢菇技术

从品种选择、栽培季节安排、培养料堆置发酵、播种、养菌、覆土处理、出菇管理、转潮管理、采收等方面技术集成在黑龙江省利用玉米芯地床栽培双孢菇技术,经过多年试验示范,产量达到10kg/m2,获得较好的经济效益。     

寒地双孢蘑菇栽培管理技术

从备料、场地选择、菇棚搭建、建堆发酵、播种、覆土、出菇管理、采收等方面介绍了在寒地利用当地丰富的稻草和畜禽粪资源,采用二次发酵方法处理培养料栽培双孢菇技术,供栽培者借鉴。     

玉米芯发酵法栽培平菇的研究

介绍了以玉米芯为原料,采用发酵法栽培平菇的高产技术。在采用玉米芯发酵法栽培平菇的试验中,对栽培的季节安排、原料的准备、辅料的选用、发酵处理方法、培养料处理、接菌方法及发菌管理等都做了系统研究。其结果表明,利用玉米芯为原料,采用发酵法,每500 g干料产鲜菇一般都在300~600 g,生物转化率稳定在150%以上。     

经济林多用途栽培的研究与应用

根据森林资源多样性潜力和多用途利用理论，提出经济林的生态经济型栽培、用材利用和观赏利用等多用途栽培利用技术，拓展了经济林在森林生态、用材林生产和园林绿化领域的应用外延，丰富了经济林的栽培理论。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.