云南松木材乙醚提取物含量变异研究

研究了云南松2个试验点和2个优良林分的31个种源木材乙醚提取物即松脂含量的变异.28个12年生种源值的方差分析得出,种源内单株间F=3.7118＞F.0.05=3.1682;种源间F=2.0057＞F0.05=1.6930,表明云南松木材的乙醚提取物在种源间和单株间差异都显著;其广义遗传力为0.453;石屏2个天然优良林分中优树的林分差异水平为α=0.1,单株间差异不显著、广义遗传力为0.727,有利于良种选育.t检验结果,云南永平、昆明两试验林6个同种源的木材乙醚提取物有5个种源差异不显著,1个显著.相关检验结果同试验点28个云南松种源单株木材的乙醚提取物与主干轴向树脂道面积比、树高、种源原产地经度和海拔高度的相关关系分别为0.4393**、-0.2228*、0.3306**、-0.2785*.云南松木材的松脂含量主要决定于遗传因素,但又受生长地理位置变异的影响.     

Pilodyn评估大花序桉活立木木材基本密度

以广西东门林场33株17年生大花序桉为研究对象,测定活立木南北向Pilodyn测定值,生长锥钻取过髓心南北向木芯,木芯分为内部、中部、外部3部分测定木材基本密度,Pilodyn测定值与木材基本密度建立的回归方程。结果表明：指数函数方程拟合效果最好;Pilodyn测定值与树干外部基本密度呈极显著的负相关关系,树干外部决定系数R2值（0.568）最大,且回归方程拟合度好;Pilodyn测定值与中部基本密度呈显著的负相关关系,与内部基本密度负相关关系不显著;南向的回归方程拟合度好于北向。预测模型的建立,为今后快速无损评估活立木木材基本密度提供新的方法。     

无损检测技术Pilodyn在桉树无性系木材基本密度预测中的应用

以6年生9个桉树（Eucalyptus spp．）无性系为研究对象，测定活立木胸径处的Pilodyn测定值，钻取木芯测定木材基本密度，研究木材密度与无损检测技术Pilodyn测定值之间的关系。研究结果表明：生材密度变化范围为1026-1090kg／m’，最大的是无性系DH167-2，最小的是DH33-27；木材基本密度变化范围为473～588kg／m。，最大的是无性系DH184-1，最小的是DH32-26；Pilodyn测定值变化范围为11．7～13．9Innl，最大的是无性系DH201-2，最小的是GU9。行向和株向Pilodyn测定值差异不显著。方差分析表明，生材密度、木材基本密度和Pilodyn测定值在9个无性系间存在极显著的差异。Pilodyn测定值和木材基本密度之间存在极显著的负相关关系（P〈0．01），与生材密度存在不显著的负相关关系（P〉0．05）；株向Pilodyn测定值与木材基本密度的决定系数（R^2=0．5254）大于行向决定系数（R^2=0．5833）。预估方程经精度检验，表明用该方程来预测桉树无性系木材基本密度是可行和可靠的。以胸径为横坐标，Pilodyn测定值为纵坐标，将9个无性系分为4类，根据无性系利用目的，选择合适的无性系类型。     

黑木相思木材物理性质株内变异研究

研究我国黑木相思木材主要物理性质的株内变异规律。结果表明:黑木相思木材各项物理性质在树干南北向差异不显著,径向差异均明显大于纵向差异,株内变异主要是径向差异引起。生材含水率自心材区到边材区递减,木材密度的径向变化趋势则基本相反。木材干缩和湿胀率自心材向边材递增;而差异干缩在外部心材处最大。木材吸湿平衡含水率的径向变化趋势与吸湿滞后系数相反。实际生产应考虑黑木相思木材物理性质株内径向差异,制定科学合理干燥工艺。     

云南松地径一元材积表的编制

本文利用1038株地径测定样木,采用9个函数形式分别研究了云南松树干基部三个不同部位直径(地表直径D_(0.00)、0.05米高处直径D_(0.05)、0.10半高处直径D_(0.10)与胸径(D_(1.3))的关系,结果表明抛物线函数为描述云南松地径与胸径关系的最佳函数形式,D_(0.05)与D_(1.3)相关关系最为紧密。并以此为依据编制了云南松地径一元材积表,对于云南松林区进行盗伐木材积估计、科学研究和监测森林资源消耗量有较大参考价值。     

桉树制浆造纸潜力及其材性变异分析

东门桉树研究项目对桉树木材材性进行了较系统的研究：东门桉树在造纸性能上有较好的适合性；桉树木材基本密度随年龄的增加而增加，树木的不同部位的密度有较好的相关性，通过测定树干中部的样心基本密度就可很好地估算整株立木的基本密度，项目测定了树种、优树、无性系的基本密度；初步制定了东门优树与材质筛选标准；分析了尾叶桉木材的主要化学成分含量和木才pH值在树干高度上的差异和变化趋势；pH值由树基向上，有逐渐增加的趋势；施肥对纤维长度没有显著影响，对纤维宽度有显著增大作用。     

邓恩桉木材灰分和抽提物含量及其变异规律

为给制浆造纸原料培育提供参考,以11年生邓恩桉（Eucalyptus dunnii）木材为研究对象,研究邓恩桉木材灰分、水、苯醇溶液和1%NaOH抽提物含量及其在不同树干部分和株间的变异规律,分析其制浆造纸的性质。结果表明,灰分、冷水抽提物、热水抽提物、苯醇抽提物和1%NaOH抽提物含量分别为0.46%、1.89%、2.39%、1.15%和12.23%。邓恩桉木材灰分、热水抽提物和苯醇抽提物含量在不同树干部位均差异极显著,冷水抽提物和1%NaOH抽提物含量均差异不显著;灰分、冷水抽提物、热水抽提物和苯醇抽提物含量在株间差异不显著,1%NaOH抽提物含量差异极显著。邓恩桉木材灰分和不同抽提物含量均保持在平均或较低水平,符合制浆造纸原料的要求。     

邓恩桉生材含水率、年轮宽度及木材密度研究

为了解邓恩桉的木材性质,本研究采用排水法和《GB/T 1930-2009》方法测定邓恩桉的生材含水率、年轮宽度以及木材密度。结果表明：全树生材含水率、年轮宽度、生材密度和基本密度均值分别为114.61%、4.73 mm、1.164 g·cm-3、0.522 g·cm-3。随着树高的增加,年轮宽度、木材密度呈-大-小-大‖趋势,生材含水率呈-小-大-小‖趋势;由髓心向外,木材密度逐渐减小,生材含水率逐渐增大,年轮宽度先增加后减小。4个材性指标在树干径向不同位置间差异极显著,在不同树高间差异不显著（除年轮宽度外）。基本密度与3个材性指标间存在极显著或显著相关。     

马尾松种子园家系木材化学组分的株内纵向变化规律

利用3个22年生马尾松初级种子园自由授粉家系1.3 m、5.3 m和10.0 m 3个高度圆盘,研究3个家系纵向木材化学组分的变化规律。结果表明:综纤维、酸不溶木素、冷水抽提物、热水抽提物、苯醇抽提物、1%NaOH抽提物、灰分和水分等8个化学组分含量指标在树干纵向高度间差异显著。纤维素、综纤维、酸不溶木素、热水抽提物、苯醇抽提物、1%NaOH抽提物、灰分和水分等8个化学组分含量均随着树干高度的增加不断下降。混合取样数据接近整株化学组分的平均水平,因而宜采用混合样分析马尾松化学组分变化。不同家系木材化学组分的纵向均匀性以169号最好,159次之,162最差。     

云斑天牛对五年生南方四季杨木材性质的影响

对受云斑天牛危害和未受云斑天牛危害的5 a生南方四季杨木材性质的对比研究表明:云斑天牛对杨树木材性质产生了一定的影响.云斑天牛导致生材含水率增加,全干生材含水率差异相对值增加了11.89%;健康材与危害材在1%NaOH抽提物含量显著差异,健康材1%NaOH抽提物含量明显小于危害材,差异相对值达27.29%;健康木与云斑天牛危害杨木基本密度、全干密度差异显著;危害材的干缩湿胀均比健康材要大,而且差异显著;云斑天牛对南方四季杨纤维长度的影响有极显著差异,危害材与健康材差异相对值为8.32%.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.