头塘小流域山地防护林体系营建及防护效益分析

在对头塘小流域山地系统特征了解的基础上，探讨了该区域山地防护林体系结构的调整、配置方式和营建技术。经对小流域所建防护林体系进行防护效益监测分析。结果表明：营建防护林体系后，防护效益显著，土壤侵蚀模数由１８３１ｔ／ｋｍ＾２．ａ下降到１１６５ｔ／ｋｍ＾２．１，减少了３６％；     

头塘山地圣诞树人工防护林群落的结构特征与生物生产力

对金沙江流域头塘山地圣诞树人工防护林群落的结构特征与生物生产力的研究结果表明：５年生的圣诞树人工林具有较高的生物量和生产力，其值分别为４２００ｔ／ｈｍ２和８３０ｔ／ｈｍ２·ａ。乔木根系生物量大，占乔木层总生物量的２９１５％，且根瘤菌发达。圣诞树具有生态幅度宽，生长快，根蘖力强，耐贫瘠，林下植被恢复快等特点，是流域中山地带水土流失严重地区和干旱瘠薄地区植被恢复的优良先锋树种。     

头塘山地圣诞树人工防护林群落的结构特征与生物生产力

对金沙江流域头塘山地圣诞树人工防护林群落的结构特征与生物生产力的研究结果表明：５年生的圣诞树人工林具有较高的生物量和生产力,其值分别为４２．００ｔ／ｈｍ＾２和８．３０ｔ／ｈｍ＾２．ａ。乔木根系生物量大,占乔木层总和物量的２９．１５％,且根瘤菌发达。     

头塘山地系统防护林体系空间配置

针对金沙江流域山地系统特点，在分析头塘小流域山地系统结构及其与土壤侵蚀相互关系的基础上，提出了山地系统防护体系的空间配置原则和依据。依此，配置了头塘试验区的防护林体系。     

太行山闪长岩裸岩山地爆破整地造林效益分析

对太行山闪长岩裸岩山地爆破整地造林作了效益分析，试区由原来的光秃砂石山变成满山的刺槐林，林草覆盖率由不足１０％提高到７０％以上，年平均土壤侵蚀模数由爆破前的１５００ｔ／ｋｍ２·ａ降为５００ｔ／ｋｍ２·ａ，开创了闪长岩山地爆破造林先例，取得了显著的生态效益、经济效益和社会效益。     

阜新市大凌河流域开发果树生产的综合技术措施

大凌河在阜新县的流域总面积为２７２２ｋｍ２，该区水土流失非常严重，平均侵蚀模数１８９１ｔ／（ｋｍ２·ａ），沟壑密度平均２１ｋｍ／ｋｍ２。在１９９３年被列为全国重点治理区的二期工程，其中生物措施治理中，果树用地比例大幅度提高，由过去占林业用地的６％达...     

金沙江流域防护林树种选择与配置

根据金沙江流域山地系统多样性的特点，提出了本流域生态经济型防护林体系建设技术中树种选择、树种配置的依据和方法，介绍并讨论了头塘小流域试验示范区树种选择和配置研究的初步结果。     

海南岛清澜港红树林垂直结构与演变动态规律*

清澜港的红树林在保护较好的条件下具有乔灌两层，乔木层高４～８ｍ，灌木层高０．４～１．２ｍ。上层立木地上部分生物量垂直分布随树体部位增高而减少，０～２ｍ占５０％，２～４ｍ占４０．３％，４ｍ以上占９．７％。乔木群落被破坏后，面积锐减，２７ａ减少１６１１ｈｍ２，且形成仅有单层结构的灌丛，其生物量和生产力很低，分别为９．６～１４．３ｔ／ｈｍ２和１．１～２．０ｔ／（ｈｍ２·ａ）。本项研究测定了木榄林的生物量和净生产量分别为９１．５ｔ／ｈｍ２和４．７ｔ／（ｈｍ２·ａ），预测以后第６年的生物量和年净生产量将是３５０．７ｔ／ｈｍ２和１３．５ｔ／（ｈｍ２·ａ），为红树林造林和经营提供了理论依据。     

不同龄组马尾松人工林生物量及生产力的研究

对桂中丘陵区不同龄组马尾松人工林的生物量及生产力进行了研究．结果表明：幼龄林（８ａ生）生物量为３２．０ｔ／ｈｍ２，中龄林（１４ａ生〕为１０８．０ｔ／ｈｍ２、近熟林（２３ａ生）为１８６．６ｔ／ｈｍ２，成熟林（３８ａ生）为１９７．４ｔ／ｈｍ２；林分平均净生产量分别为４．００ｔ／ｈｍ２·ａ．７．７１ｔ／ｈｍ２·ａ、８．１２ｔ／ｈｍ２·ａ和５．８０ｔ／ｈｍ２·ａ．     

油松林枯落物对坡面土壤侵蚀的影响

本文研究了油松林枯落物对林地坡面土壤侵蚀的影响，即土壤颗粒在雨滴击溅和冲刷作用下，枯落物对侵蚀性降水所引起的土壤流失有抑制作用，并对枯落物防止土壤侵蚀功能作一探讨。研究表明原状枯落物层（２ｃｍ厚）油松林下无溅蚀发生，去掉枯落物层有微量溅蚀发生；其侵蚀径流量由有枯落物覆盖地表的２３１５ｍ￣３／（ｋｍ￣２·ａ）较无枯落物的５９３７．５ｍ￣３／（ｋｍ￣２·ａ）减少６１．２４％，其侵蚀模数由有枯落物层的１．１４４ｔ／（ｋｍ￣２·ａ）较无枯落物层的８．９２ｔ／（ｋｍ￣２·ａ）减少８７．７１％，在该油松林集水区，因原状枯落物保护较好，所以在该流域无水土流失，起到了水土保持的作用。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.