Genetic evidence for local retention of pelagic larvae in a Caribbean reef fish

The pelagic larvae of many marine organisms can potentially disperse across hundreds of kilometers, but whether oceanographic or behavioral mechanisms can constrain dispersal over periods sufficient for the evolution of genetic differentiation remains unclear. Here, we concurrently examine larval duration and genetic population differentiation in a cleaner goby, Elacatinus evelynae, a member of the most species-rich genus of Caribbean reef fishes. Despite evidence for extended pelagic duration (21 days), populations of E. evelynae show strong genetic differentiation: among color forms (1.36 to 3.04% divergent at mitochondrial cytochrome b) and among island populations within color forms (Phi(ST) up to 70%). These results suggest that marine populations can remain demographically closed for thousands of generations despite extended larval duration, and that recognition cues such as color may promote speciation when geographic barriers are transient or weak.     

Localized dispersal and recruitment in great barrier reef corals: the helix experiment

To examine the problem of how far coral larvae disperse from their natal reef, coral recruitment densities were experimentally determined at distances up to 5 kilometers from a small, relatively isolated platform reef, Helix Reef, on the central Great Barrier Reef for 7 months. High concentrations of recruits, accounting for up to 40 percent of all recruitment, were found downstream of the reef in areas of high water residence time, suggesting that near-field(proximal) circulation has a profound influence on dispersal and recruitment of coral larvae. Coral recruitment declined logarithmically with distance from the reef, decreasing by an order of magnitude at radial distances of only 600 to 1200 meters. On an ecological time scale, advective dispersal of semipassive marine larvae with relatively short planktonic lives(minimally days) may be extensive, but success of recruitment is highly limited. Through evolutionary time, sufficient dispersal occurs to ensure gene flow to reef tracts hundreds or possibly thousands of kilometers apart. In the short term, however, coral reefs appear to be primarily self-seeded with respect to coral larvae.     

Wind Speed and Mortality Rate of a Marine Fish, the Northern Anchovy (Engraulis mordax)

Large variability in recruitment of marine fishes creates challenging management problems. In northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax), there is a significant linear relation between larval mortality rate and the frequency of calm, low wind speed periods during the spawning season, possibly because calm winds permit maintenance of concentrated patches of larval food. Neither cannibalism on larvae nor offshore transport contributed significantly to interannual variation in early larval mortality. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that wind-driven turbulent mixing affects variability in survival of young fish larvae. However, abundance of recruits does not necessarily reflect abundance of larvae surviving through this early stage.     

Homeward sound

Despite spending weeks at sea as larvae, potentially scattered over many kilometers, young coral reef fish find suitable settlement habitat and in some cases return to their natal reefs. We report that some dominant families of larval reef fish use the sounds made by fish and shrimp resident on reefs to help them locate and settle on reefs and that some fish groups use specific components of the reef sound to guide their behavior. These findings could offer potential for active management of reef fisheries.     

The cryptic filtering house of an invertebrate larva

Planktonic larvae of the annelid Pectinaria californiensis construct and inhabit cryptic houses through which they filter seawater to concentrate food. Although filtering houses may be unique to pectinariid larvae, other transparent and ephemeral structures are secreted by the larvae of many marine invertebrates and may be involved in the performance of a variety of critical larval functions.     

Comparative Analyses of Proteome Complement Between Worker Bee Larvae of High Royal Jelly Producing Bees （A. m. ligustica） and Carniolian Bees （A. m. camica）

This study is to compare the protein composition of the high royal jelly producing bee （A. m. ligustica） with that of Carniolian bee （A. m. carnica） during their worker larval developmental stage. The experiment was carried out by two- dimensional gel electrophoresis. The results showed that significant higher numbers of total proteins （283） were detected in larvae of high royal jelly producing bees （Jelly bee） than those of Carniolian bees （152） on 2-d-old larvae. Among them, 110 proteins were presented on both strains of bee larvae, whereas 173 proteins were specific to larvae of Jelly bees, and 42 proteins were exclusive to Carniolian larvae. However, on the 4th d, a significant higher number of total proteins （290） were detected in larvae of Jelly bees than those of Carniolian bees （240）, 163 proteins resolved to both bee larvae, and 127 proteins were specific to Jelly bees and 77 proteins to Camiolian bees. Until the 6th d, also a significant higher number of total proteins （236） were detected in larvae of Jelly bees than those of Carniolian bees （180）, 132 proteins were constantly expressed in two bee larvae, whereas 104 and 48 proteins are unique to Jelly bee and Carniolian bee larvae, respectively. We tentatively concluded that the metabolic rate and gene expression of Jelly bees larvae is higher than those of Carniolian bees based proteins detected as total proteins and proteins specific to each stage of two strains of bee larvae. Proteins constantly expressed on 3 stages of larval development with some significant differences between two bee strains, and proteins unique to each stage expressed differences in term of quality and quantity, indicating that larval development needed house keeping and specific proteins to regulate its growth at different development phage, but the expression mold is different between two strains of larval development.     

Recruitment dynamics in complex life cycles

Organisms living in the marine rocky intertidal zone compete for space. This, together with predation, physical disruption, and differing species tolerances to physiological stress, explains the structure of the ecological communities at some sites. At other sites the supply of larvae is limiting, and events in the offshore waters, such as wind-driven upwelling, explain the composition of intertidal communities. Whether the community ecology at a site is governed by adult-adult interactions within the site, or by limitations to the supply of larvae reaching the site, is determined by the regional pattern of circulation in the coastal waters. Models combining larval circulation with adult interactions can potentially forecast population fluctuations. These findings illustrate how processes in different ecological habitats are coupled.     

轮虫中n-3HUFA含量对大黄鱼仔鱼生长与存活的影响

分别使用n-3HUFA强化剂A（A1：0.05g/L;A2：0.15g/L;A3：0.45g/L）和强化剂B（B1：0.05mL/L;B2：0.15mL/L;B3：0.45mL/L）及海水小球藻对褶皱臂尾轮虫（Brachionusplicatilis）进行营养强化后投喂大黄鱼仔鱼（3～21日龄）,测定分析各强化组轮虫的脂肪酸相对含量与仔鱼的生长和存活率之间的相互关系,并与对照组（酵母轮虫）进行比较.结果显示：1）用强化剂A和海水小球藻强化的轮虫,其n-3HUFA含量明显高于对照组和强化剂B组,各组仔鱼的存活率从高到低顺序为：A2组（22.2%）〉小球藻组（16.7%）〉A1组（13.9%）〉A3组（13.8%）〉B1组（2.1%）〉B2组（1.8%）〉B3组（0.7%）〉对照组（0.5%）;2）强化剂A各水平强化组和海水小球藻组仔鱼生长优于强化剂B各水平强化组和对照组;3）本实验条件下,在强化水体中强化剂A适宜的强化剂量为0.15g/L.     

Larval bivalve shell morphometry: a new paleoclimatic tool?

The shells of the pelagic larvae of bivalve mollusks may be useful as paleoclimatic indicators. An inverse relationship between temperature and maximum size of larval shells within a particular population is reported for a number of Recent species. Changes in the dimensions of the prodissoconch-dissoconch boundary on juvenile specimens may reflect changes in the ambient temperature of marine environments.     

等边浅蛤人工育苗试验初报

2006年6月～2007年1月,对等边浅蛤的人工繁殖、胚胎发育和幼虫培育、变态附着及稚贝培育进行了研究。结果表明：等边浅蛤胚胎繁殖盛期是每年的7~8月,在盐度20～25,水温24～29℃,pH8.0的条件下,受精卵经过15h发育成D形幼虫。盐度20～25,水温24～29℃时,胚胎的孵化率和D形率最高。温度和盐度对幼虫的生长发育影响明显,浮游幼虫生长最适温度为24～29℃,最适盐度为20～25,34℃试验组,幼虫几乎不能存活,19℃组存活率最高,但生长速度慢于24℃组。幼虫在盐度15～25时存活率最高,但盐度20～25时生长速度最快,在盐度35时,幼虫几乎不能存活。研究发现金藻和角毛藻是等边浅蛤浮游幼虫生长的适宜饵料。     

呋喃虫酰肼对舞毒蛾生长发育和保护酶活性的影响

为进一步揭示呋喃虫酰肼对舞毒蛾的杀虫活性,分别采用叶片药膜法、质量法和酶活性测定法研究了呋喃虫酰肼对舞毒蛾幼虫的毒力、对舞毒蛾食物利用以及对其保护酶活性的影响。结果表明:呋喃虫酰肼对舞毒蛾幼虫24 h致死中质量浓度（LC50）分别为3龄0.369 mg/L和5龄0.842 mg/L。用LC10和LC30剂量呋喃虫酰肼连续处理3龄幼虫后,其发育时间均明显延长,幼虫的成活率明显降低;其幼虫相对生长率（RGR）、相对取食量（RCR）、食物利用率（ECI）和食物转化率（ECD）均显著低于对照。舞毒蛾3龄和5龄幼虫经LC50剂量呋喃虫酰肼处理后,其体内的酚氧化酶（PO）、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、几丁质酶和5龄幼虫体内过氧化物酶(POD)均表现为先激活后抑制再激活的作用;3龄和5龄幼虫体内超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）表现为先激活后抑制的作用;3龄幼虫体内过氧化物酶(POD)则表现为显著的抑制作用。以上结果表明,呋喃虫酰肼通过影响舞毒蛾生长发育、食物利用及幼虫体内保护酶的活性,表现其杀虫活性。      

王浆高产蜜蜂与意大利蜜蜂卵期蛋白质组比较

 【目的】比较王浆高产蜜蜂（Apis mellifera L.浆蜂）与原种意大利蜜蜂（Apis mellifera L.原种意大利蜜蜂）工蜂卵期3 d发育阶段蛋白质组。【方法】采用双向电泳的方法比较两个蜂种卵期发育蛋白质组。【结果】结果显示，两个蜂种卵期3 d所得6张胶图检测到的蛋白点均具有相同的分子量与等电点范围，分子量范围为11.00～94.00 kD，等电点范围为3.40～8.60。在工蜂卵3 d的发育过程中，浆蜂分别检测到502、523和516个蛋白点，而原种意大利蜜蜂分别检测到349、361和354个蛋白点。同时，卵期3天发育过程中，两个蜂种分别检测到180、151和197个共有的表达蛋白。此外，浆蜂还检测到322、372和319个特有蛋白，而原种意大利蜜蜂也分别检测到169、210、157个特有蛋白，这些蛋白90%以上都是低表达量蛋白。【结论】在工蜂胚胎发育过程中，浆蜂有更多的基因参与表达调控，特有蛋白可能与调节王浆产量相关的基因相关。     

田岙沙滩碎波带仔稚鱼群落结构的昼夜变化

为了探明田岙沙滩碎波带仔稚鱼群落结构的昼夜变化规律,2010年10月-2011年9月每月用小型拖网(1 m×4 m,网目1 mm)在田岙沙滩进行昼夜调查。全年共采集到仔稚、幼鱼484尾,隶属于22科33种,其中海洋鱼类14种,河口鱼类11种,洄游鱼类6种,淡水鱼类2种。(Liza haematocheila)为最优势种,占仔稚鱼总个体数的29.5%。仔稚鱼白天的CPUE和种类数显著高于夜间(P<0.01)。仔稚鱼丰度在6:00-8:00和14:00-18:00两个时间段较高,种类数在6:00-8:00和12:00-18:00两个时间段较多。研究结果表明:仔稚鱼白天倾向于在碎波带浅水区活动,夜间选择碎波带浅水区生活的可能性不大。研究亮点:本研究首次对沙滩碎波带浅水区的鱼类早期资源进行了昼夜调查,得出了该水域仔稚鱼群落结构的昼夜变化规律和移动模式,为鱼类早期发育阶段的行为学研究和渔业早期资源的利用提供基础科学依据。     

Comparative Analyses of Proteome Complement Between Worker Bee Larvae of High Royal Jelly Producing Bees (A. m. ligustica) and Carniolian Bees (A. m. carnica)

This study is to compare the protein composition of the high royal jelly producing bee (A. m. ligustica) with that of Carniolian bee (A. m. carnica) during their worker larval developmental stage. The experiment was carried out by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The results showed that significant higher numbers of total proteins (283) were detected in larvae of high royal jelly producing bees (Jelly bee) than those of Camiolian bees (152) on 2-d-old larvae. Among them, 110 proteins were presented on both strains of bee larvae, whereas 173 proteins were specific to larvae of Jelly bees, and 42 proteins were exclusive to Carniolian larvae. However, on the 4th d, a significant higher number of total proteins (290) were detected in larvae of Jelly bees than those of Camiolian bees (240), 163 proteins resolved to both bee larvae, and 127 proteins were specific to Jelly bees and 77 proteins to Camiolian bees. Until the 6th d, also a significant higher number of total proteins (236) were detected in larvae of Jelly bees than those of Carniolian bees (180), 132 proteins were constantly expressed in two bee larvae, whereas 104 and 48 proteins are unique to Jelly bee and Camiolian bee larvae, respectively. We tentatively concluded that the metabolic rate and gene expression of Jelly bees larvae is higher than those of Carniolian bees based proteins detected as total proteins and proteins specific to each stage of two strains of bee larvae. Proteins constantly expressed on 3 stages of larval development with some significant differences between two bee strains, and proteins unique to each stage expressed differences in term of quality and quantity, indicating that larval development needed house keeping and specific proteins to regulate its growth at different development phage, but the expression mold is different between two strains of larval development.     

盐度对克氏双锯鱼仔鱼活力和仔稚鱼培育效果的影响

[目的]为提高克氏双锯鱼人工育苗技术提供科学依据。[方法]研究不同盐度梯度海水对克氏双锯鱼仔鱼盐度耐受力及仔稚鱼培育效果的影响。[结果]盐度为15 psu时,仔鱼的生存活力指数（SAI）最高,为（5.67±0.27）;盐度为5 psu和40 psu时,SAI较低,分别为（0.20±0.17）和（1.25±0.25）。培育结果表明,盐度对克氏双锯鱼仔稚鱼存活率存在显著影响,盐度在10~35 psu,存活率呈现中间高两边低的趋势;盐度为15 psu和20 psu时,存活率最高,分别为（50.37±3.35）%和（48.52±4.46）%;盐度10 psu时,存活率最低,为（12.04±2.31）%。各盐度组仔稚鱼全长和体重的增长呈现随盐度上升而下降的趋势,盐度15 psu时生长最快,全长增长12.46 mm,体重增长84.34 mg;盐度35 psu时生长最慢,全长增长9.20 mm,体重增长33.44 mg。[结论]克氏双锯鱼在盐度15~20 psu存活率最高,盐度10~15psu生长最快,因此,壳氏双锯鱼仔稚鱼培育的最佳盐度是15~20 psu。     

1株虾夷扇贝苗种培育用益生菌的筛选及其对幼体存活和生长的影响

为筛选出虾夷扇贝Patinopecten yessoensis苗种培育用潜在益生菌,采用培养方法从虾夷扇贝幼体及养殖水环境中共分离出300株细菌,经过产淀粉酶、纤维素酶和蛋白酶能力测定,及以灿烂弧菌为指示菌株的拮抗活性测定,从中筛选出既能产酶又拮抗灿烂弧菌Vibrio splendidus的W115菌株。溶血试验结果显示,W115菌株不产生溶血素,不具有潜在的致病性;以终浓度为1×106cells/m L的W115菌株浸浴感染受精后48 h的扇贝幼体49 d,结果显示,该菌株对扇贝幼体是安全的;16S rRNA基因序列同源性分析表明,W115菌株与埃氏假交替单胞菌Pseudoalteromonas espejiana相似性为100%;将该菌株以终浓度1×104cells/m L和1×106cells/m L添加在虾夷扇贝苗种培育水体中,以不加潜在益生菌为对照组,每组设3个平行,养殖扇贝幼体至出库(共49 d),在第11天(壳顶幼体期)、26天(匍匐幼体期)、49天(稚贝期)时测定并计算幼体存活率和特定生长率(SGR),结果显示,1×104cells/m L组3个时期幼体的存活率和第26天匍匐幼体及第49天稚贝的SGRs均显著高于对照组(P0.05),而1×106cells/m L组3个时期幼体的存活率和SGRs与对照组均无显著性差异(P0.05)。研究表明,埃氏假交替单胞菌W115菌株可促进虾夷扇贝幼体的存活和生长。     

美洲斑潜蝇幼虫取食行为及龄期划分

对美洲斑潜蝇幼虫取食行为和龄期划分开展了研究,结果表明：１）幼虫头咽骨长度是其分龄的依据;２）不同温度下,幼虫取食道长度有显著差异,但取食道面积没有显著差异;３）取食不同寄主的幼虫,其取食道长度和面积均有不同程度的差异;４）３龄幼虫是幼虫为害的主要虫龄,其取食面积占幼虫总取食面积的８２％以上;５）用取食道长度来估计龄期具有更实用的意义。文章不研究了几种寄主作物取食道长度与龄期间的关系。     

辛基酚对家蚕（Bombyx mori L.）生长发育的影响

为探讨辛基酚对鳞翅目模式昆虫家蚕生长发育的影响,使用添加0.01～0.08 g·kg~(-1)辛基酚(4-tert-octylphenol,4-t-OP)的人工饲料饲养家蚕(Bombyx mori L.),研究了4-t-OP对家蚕幼虫和蛹的生长发育速度、生长量、发育整齐度和生命力等影响。结果表明:连续取食0.01 g·kg~(-1)以上浓度4-t-OP的饲料,家蚕幼虫和蛹的生长发育速度(幼虫期和蛹期发育经过时间)、生长量(幼虫期体质量和蛹期茧层量)、生命力(3龄起蚕绝食生命时数、4龄起蚕结茧率、蚕茧的死笼率和羽化率)等都明显下降,抑制眠蚕体质量。4-t-OP对家蚕幼虫生长发育后期、化蛹及羽化等发育变态期的影响更加明显,其在家蚕体内可能有累积效应。添食0.08 g·kg~(-1)4-t-OP的家蚕不能完成生活史。研究表明,4-t-OP对家蚕生长发育毒性影响有显著的浓度效应和时间效应。     

中间球海胆幼体及稚海胆生长性状的遗传参数估计

为估计中间球海胆Strongylocentrotus intermedius幼体及稚海胆生长性状的遗传参数,采用巢式不平衡设计方法建立了44个中间球海胆全同胞家系,并测量了各家系海胆四腕幼体、六腕幼体和八腕幼体等各期浮游幼体的体长以及受精后30 d的稚海胆壳径,采用动物模型和约束性最大似然法(REML)估计了中间球海胆幼体和稚海胆生长性状的遗传参数。结果表明:中间球海胆四腕幼体和八腕幼体体长的遗传力分别为0.705±0.373和0.538±0.444,为高度遗传力,六腕幼体体长和稚海胆壳径的遗传力均接近于0,为低度遗传力;各阶段幼体体长和稚海胆壳径的共同环境效应为0.048~0.352;各阶段幼体体长间遗传相关为正相关(0.300~0.518),各阶段幼体体长与稚海胆壳径间的遗传相关为负相关(-0.152~-0.435)。本研究结果可为制定中间球海胆的早期选择和间接选择选育方案提供参考依据。     

温度和盐度对古蚶幼虫发育的影响

研究温度和盐度对古蚶孵化率、畸形率和发育速度等的影响,结果表明,在水温为28℃,盐度为28的条件下,古蚶从受精卵发育至D型幼虫的时间约为22h 45min;古蚶幼虫发育的最适温度为25～29℃,在此温度范围内,古蚶胚胎发育速度较快,孵化率较高,畸形率较低。古蚶幼虫发育最适盐度为22～30,在此盐度范围内,古蚶孵化率高,发育速度较快,且孵化出幼虫的活力良好。