共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Squyres SW Arvidson RE Bell JF Brückner J Cabrol NA Calvin W Carr MH Christensen PR Clark BC Crumpler L Des Marais DJ D'Uston C Economou T Farmer J Farrand W Folkner W Golombek M Gorevan S Grant JA Greeley R Grotzinger J Haskin L Herkenhoff KE Hviid S Johnson J Klingelhöfer G Knoll A Landis G Lemmon M Li R Madsen MB Malin MC McLennan SM McSween HY Ming DW Moersch J Morris RV Parker T Rice JW Richter L Rieder R Sims M Smith M Smith P Soderblom LA Sullivan R Wänke H Wdowiak T Wolff M Yen A 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,305(5685):794-799
The Mars Exploration Rover Spirit and its Athena science payload have been used to investigate a landing site in Gusev crater. Gusev is hypothesized to be the site of a former lake, but no clear evidence for lacustrine sedimentation has been found to date. Instead, the dominant lithology is basalt, and the dominant geologic processes are impact events and eolian transport. Many rocks exhibit coatings and other characteristics that may be evidence for minor aqueous alteration. Any lacustrine sediments that may exist at this location within Gusev apparently have been buried by lavas that have undergone subsequent impact disruption. 相似文献
2.
Greeley R Squyres SW Arvidson RE Bartlett P Bell JF Blaney D Cabrol NA Farmer J Farrand B Golombek MP Gorevan SP Grant JA Haldemann AF Herkenhoff KE Johnson J Landis G Madsen MB McLennan SM Moersch J Rice JW Richter L Ruff S Sullivan RJ Thompson SD Wang A Weitz CM Whelley P 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,305(5685):810-813
Wind-abraded rocks, ripples, drifts, and other deposits of windblown sediments are seen at the Columbia Memorial Station where the Spirit rover landed. Orientations of these features suggest formative winds from the north-northwest, consistent with predictions from atmospheric models of afternoon winds in Gusev Crater. Cuttings from the rover Rock Abrasion Tool are asymmetrically distributed toward the south-southeast, suggesting active winds from the north-northwest at the time (midday) of the abrasion operations. Characteristics of some rocks, such as a two-toned appearance, suggest that they were possibly buried and exhumed on the order of 5 to 60 centimeters by wind deflation, depending on location. 相似文献
3.
Bertelsen P Goetz W Madsen MB Kinch KM Hviid SF Knudsen JM Gunnlaugsson HP Merrison J Nørnberg P Squyres SW Bell JF Herkenhoff KE Gorevan S Yen AS Myrick T Klingelhöfer G Rieder R Gellert R 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,305(5685):827-829
The magnetic properties experiments are designed to help identify the magnetic minerals in the dust and rocks on Mars-and to determine whether liquid water was involved in the formation and alteration of these magnetic minerals. Almost all of the dust particles suspended in the martian atmosphere must contain ferrimagnetic minerals (such as maghemite or magnetite) in an amount of approximately 2% by weight. The most magnetic fraction of the dust appears darker than the average dust. Magnetite was detected in the first two rocks ground by Spirit. 相似文献
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Grant JA Arvidson R Bell JF Cabrol NA Carr MH Christensen P Crumpler L Des Marais DJ Ehlmann BL Farmer J Golombek M Grant FD Greeley R Herkenhoff K Li R McSween HY Ming DW Moersch J Rice JW Ruff S Richter L Squyres S Sullivan R Weitz C 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,305(5685):807-810
The Mars Exploration Rover Spirit has traversed a fairly flat, rock-strewn terrain whose surface is shaped primarily by impact events, although some of the landscape has been altered by eolian processes. Impacts ejected basaltic rocks that probably were part of locally formed lava flows from at least 10 meters depth. Some rocks have been textured and/or partially buried by windblown sediments less than 2 millimeters in diameter that concentrate within shallow, partially filled, circular impact depressions referred to as hollows. The terrain traversed during the 90-sol (martian solar day) nominal mission shows no evidence for an ancient lake in Gusev crater. 相似文献
6.
Arvidson RE Anderson RC Bartlett P Bell JF Blaney D Christensen PR Chu P Crumpler L Davis K Ehlmann BL Fergason R Golombek MP Gorevan S Grant JA Greeley R Guinness EA Haldemann AF Herkenhoff K Johnson J Landis G Li R Lindemann R McSween H Ming DW Myrick T Richter L Seelos FP Squyres SW Sullivan RJ Wang A Wilson J 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,305(5685):821-824
The precise location and relative elevation of Spirit during its traverses from the Columbia Memorial station to Bonneville crater were determined with bundle-adjusted retrievals from rover wheel turns, suspension and tilt angles, and overlapping images. Physical properties experiments show a decrease of 0.2% per Mars solar day in solar cell output resulting from deposition of airborne dust, cohesive soil-like deposits in plains and hollows, bright and dark rock coatings, and relatively weak volcanic rocks of basaltic composition. Volcanic, impact, aeolian, and water-related processes produced the encountered landforms and materials. 相似文献
7.
Bell JF Squyres SW Arvidson RE Arneson HM Bass D Blaney D Cabrol N Calvin W Farmer J Farrand WH Goetz W Golombek M Grant JA Greeley R Guinness E Hayes AG Hubbard MY Herkenhoff KE Johnson MJ Johnson JR Joseph J Kinch KM Lemmon MT Li R Madsen MB Maki JN Malin M McCartney E McLennan S McSween HY Ming DW Moersch JE Morris RV Dobrea EZ Parker TJ Proton J Rice JW Seelos F Soderblom J Soderblom LA Sohl-Dickstein JN Sullivan RJ Wolff MJ Wang A 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,305(5685):800-806
Panoramic Camera images at Gusev crater reveal a rock-strewn surface interspersed with high- to moderate-albedo fine-grained deposits occurring in part as drifts or in small circular swales or hollows. Optically thick coatings of fine-grained ferric iron-rich dust dominate most bright soil and rock surfaces. Spectra of some darker rock surfaces and rock regions exposed by brushing or grinding show near-infrared spectral signatures consistent with the presence of mafic silicates such as pyroxene or olivine. Atmospheric observations show a steady decline in dust opacity during the mission, and astronomical observations captured solar transits by the martian moons, Phobos and Deimos, as well as a view of Earth from the martian surface. 相似文献
8.
Squyres SW Arvidson RE Bell JF Calef F Clark BC Cohen BA Crumpler LA de Souza PA Farrand WH Gellert R Grant J Herkenhoff KE Hurowitz JA Johnson JR Jolliff BL Knoll AH Li R McLennan SM Ming DW Mittlefehldt DW Parker TJ Paulsen G Rice MS Ruff SW Schröder C Yen AS Zacny K 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2012,336(6081):570-576
The rover Opportunity has investigated the rim of Endeavour Crater, a large ancient impact crater on Mars. Basaltic breccias produced by the impact form the rim deposits, with stratigraphy similar to that observed at similar-sized craters on Earth. Highly localized zinc enrichments in some breccia materials suggest hydrothermal alteration of rim deposits. Gypsum-rich veins cut sedimentary rocks adjacent to the crater rim. The gypsum was precipitated from low-temperature aqueous fluids flowing upward from the ancient materials of the rim, leading temporarily to potentially habitable conditions and providing some of the waters involved in formation of the ubiquitous sulfate-rich sandstones of the Meridiani region. 相似文献
9.
Herkenhoff KE Squyres SW Arvidson R Bass DS Bell JF Bertelsen P Cabrol NA Gaddis L Hayes AG Hviid SF Johnson JR Kinch KM Madsen MB Maki JN McLennan SM McSween HY Rice JW Sims M Smith PH Soderblom LA Spanovich N Sullivan R Wang A 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,305(5685):824-826
The Microscopic Imager on the Spirit rover analyzed the textures of the soil and rocks at Gusev crater on Mars at a resolution of 100 micrometers. Weakly bound agglomerates of dust are present in the soil near the Columbia Memorial Station. Some of the brushed or abraded rock surfaces show igneous textures and evidence for alteration rinds, coatings, and veins consistent with secondary mineralization. The rock textures are consistent with a volcanic origin and subsequent alteration and/or weathering by impact events, wind, and possibly water. 相似文献
10.
McSween HY Arvidson RE Bell JF Blaney D Cabrol NA Christensen PR Clark BC Crisp JA Crumpler LS Des Marais DJ Farmer JD Gellert R Ghosh A Gorevan S Graff T Grant J Haskin LA Herkenhoff KE Johnson JR Jolliff BL Klingelhoefer G Knudson AT McLennan S Milam KA Moersch JE Morris RV Rieder R Ruff SW De Souza PA Squyres SW Wänke H Wang A Wyatt MB Yen A Zipfel J 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,305(5685):842-845
The Spirit landing site in Gusev Crater on Mars contains dark, fine-grained, vesicular rocks interpreted as lavas. Pancam and Mini-Thermal Emission Spectrometer (Mini-TES) spectra suggest that all of these rocks are similar but have variable coatings and dust mantles. Magnified images of brushed and abraded rock surfaces show alteration rinds and veins. Rock interiors contain =25% megacrysts. Chemical analyses of rocks by the Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer are consistent with picritic basalts, containing normative olivine, pyroxenes, plagioclase, and accessory FeTi oxides. M?ssbauer, Pancam, and Mini-TES spectra confirm the presence of olivine, magnetite, and probably pyroxene. These basalts extend the known range of rock compositions composing the martian crust. 相似文献
11.
Christensen PR Ruff SW Fergason RL Knudson AT Anwar S Arvidson RE Bandfield JL Blaney DL Budney C Calvin WM Glotch TD Golombek MP Gorelick N Graff TG Hamilton VE Hayes A Johnson JR McSween HY Mehall GL Mehall LK Moersch JE Morris RV Rogers AD Smith MD Squyres SW Wolff MJ Wyatt MB 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,305(5685):837-842
The Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometer (Mini-TES) on Spirit has studied the mineralogy and thermophysical properties at Gusev crater. Undisturbed soil spectra show evidence for minor carbonates and bound water. Rocks are olivinerich basalts with varying degrees of dust and other coatings. Dark-toned soils observed on disturbed surfaces may be derived from rocks and have derived mineralogy (+/-5 to 10%) of 45% pyroxene (20% Ca-rich pyroxene and 25% pigeonite), 40% sodic to intermediate plagioclase, and 15% olivine (forsterite 45% +/-5 to 10). Two spectrally distinct coatings are observed on rocks, a possible indicator of the interaction of water, rock, and airfall dust. Diurnal temperature data indicate particle sizes from 40 to 80 microm in hollows to approximately 0.5 to 3 mm in soils. 相似文献
12.
Gellert R Rieder R Anderson RC Brückner J Clark BC Dreibus G Economou T Klingelhöfer G Lugmair GW Ming DW Squyres SW D'Uston C Wänke H Yen A Zipfel J 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,305(5685):829-832
The alpha particle x-ray spectrometer on the Spirit rover determined major and minor elements of soils and rocks in Gusev crater in order to unravel the crustal evolution of planet Mars. The composition of soils is similar to those at previous landing sites, as a result of global mixing and distribution by dust storms. Rocks (fresh surfaces exposed by the rock abrasion tool) resemble volcanic rocks of primitive basaltic composition with low intrinsic potassium contents. High abundance of bromine (up to 170 parts per million) in rocks may indicate the alteration of surfaces formed during a past period of aqueous activity in Gusev crater. 相似文献
13.
Bishop JL Dobrea EZ McKeown NK Parente M Ehlmann BL Michalski JR Milliken RE Poulet F Swayze GA Mustard JF Murchie SL Bibring JP 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2008,321(5890):830-833
Observations by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter/Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars in the Mawrth Vallis region show several phyllosilicate species, indicating a wide range of past aqueous activity. Iron/magnesium (Fe/Mg)-smectite is observed in light-toned outcrops that probably formed via aqueous alteration of basalt of the ancient cratered terrain. This unit is overlain by rocks rich in hydrated silica, montmorillonite, and kaolinite that may have formed via subsequent leaching of Fe and Mg through extended aqueous events or a change in aqueous chemistry. A spectral feature attributed to an Fe2+ phase is present in many locations in the Mawrth Vallis region at the transition from Fe/Mg-smectite to aluminum/silicon (Al/Si)-rich units. Fe2+-bearing materials in terrestrial sediments are typically associated with microorganisms or changes in pH or cations and could be explained here by hydrothermal activity. The stratigraphy of Fe/Mg-smectite overlain by a ferrous phase, hydrated silica, and then Al-phyllosilicates implies a complex aqueous history. 相似文献
14.
McEwen AS Hansen CJ Delamere WA Eliason EM Herkenhoff KE Keszthelyi L Gulick VC Kirk RL Mellon MT Grant JA Thomas N Weitz CM Squyres SW Bridges NT Murchie SL Seelos F Seelos K Okubo CH Milazzo MP Tornabene LL Jaeger WL Byrne S Russell PS Griffes JL Martínez-Alonso S Davatzes A Chuang FC Thomson BJ Fishbaugh KE Dundas CM Kolb KJ Banks ME Wray JJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,317(5845):1706-1709
Water has supposedly marked the surface of Mars and produced characteristic landforms. To understand the history of water on Mars, we take a close look at key locations with the High-Resolution Imaging Science Experiment on board the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, reaching fine spatial scales of 25 to 32 centimeters per pixel. Boulders ranging up to approximately 2 meters in diameter are ubiquitous in the middle to high latitudes, which include deposits previously interpreted as finegrained ocean sediments or dusty snow. Bright gully deposits identify six locations with very recent activity, but these lie on steep (20 degrees to 35 degrees) slopes where dry mass wasting could occur. Thus, we cannot confirm the reality of ancient oceans or water in active gullies but do see evidence of fluvial modification of geologically recent mid-latitude gullies and equatorial impact craters. 相似文献
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Squyres SW Arvidson RE Bell JF Brückner J Cabrol NA Calvin W Carr MH Christensen PR Clark BC Crumpler L Marais DJ d'Uston C Economou T Farmer J Farrand W Folkner W Golombek M Gorevan S Grant JA Greeley R Grotzinger J Haskin L Herkenhoff KE Hviid S Johnson J Klingelhöfer G Knoll AH Landis G Lemmon M Li R Madsen MB Malin MC McLennan SM McSween HY Ming DW Moersch J Morris RV Parker T Rice JW Richter L Rieder R Sims M Smith M Smith P Soderblom LA Sullivan R Wänke H Wdowiak T Wolff M Yen A 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,306(5702):1698-1703
The Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity has investigated the landing site in Eagle crater and the nearby plains within Meridiani Planum. The soils consist of fine-grained basaltic sand and a surface lag of hematite-rich spherules, spherule fragments, and other granules. Wind ripples are common. Underlying the thin soil layer, and exposed within small impact craters and troughs, are flat-lying sedimentary rocks. These rocks are finely laminated, are rich in sulfur, and contain abundant sulfate salts. Small-scale cross-lamination in some locations provides evidence for deposition in flowing liquid water. We interpret the rocks to be a mixture of chemical and siliciclastic sediments formed by episodic inundation by shallow surface water, followed by evaporation, exposure, and desiccation. Hematite-rich spherules are embedded in the rock and eroding from them. We interpret these spherules to be concretions formed by postdepositional diagenesis, again involving liquid water. 相似文献
17.
Irwin RP Maxwell TA Howard AD Craddock RA Leverington DW 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2002,296(5576):2209-2212
At 8 to 15 kilometers wide, Ma'adim Vallis is one of the largest valleys in the martian highlands. Although a groundwater source was previously suggested, the channel originates at a spillway in the divide of a approximately 3,000,000-square-kilometer closed drainage basin. The interior morphology of this source basin, including likely shoreline features following topographic contours, suggests that Ma'adim Vallis was created through catastrophic overflow of a approximately 1,100,000-square-kilometer highland lake. The size, constant levels, and interior morphology of three regional paleolake basins require a warmer paleoclimate and a long-term, recharged, stable highland water table more than approximately 3.5 billion years ago. 相似文献
18.
Squyres SW Grotzinger JP Arvidson RE Bell JF Calvin W Christensen PR Clark BC Crisp JA Farrand WH Herkenhoff KE Johnson JR Klingelhöfer G Knoll AH McLennan SM McSween HY Morris RV Rice JW Rieder R Soderblom LA 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,306(5702):1709-1714
Sedimentary rocks at Eagle crater in Meridiani Planum are composed of fine-grained siliciclastic materials derived from weathering of basaltic rocks, sulfate minerals (including magnesium sulfate and jarosite) that constitute several tens of percent of the rock by weight, and hematite. Cross-stratification observed in rock outcrops indicates eolian and aqueous transport. Diagenetic features include hematite-rich concretions and crystal-mold vugs. We interpret the rocks to be a mixture of chemical and siliciclastic sediments with a complex diagenetic history. The environmental conditions that they record include episodic inundation by shallow surface water, evaporation, and desiccation. The geologic record at Meridiani Planum suggests that conditions were suitable for biological activity for a period of time in martian history. 相似文献
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linbin@faas.cn。 《勤云标准版测试》2006,(3)
短低温桃解决了南亚热带低海拔地区由于低温量不足而产生的桃不结果的问题;短低温桃的成熟期可提早2~3个月,提高桃的经济效益。美国、巴西为短低温桃的育种强国,早在1907年美国就培育出短低温桃,目前已培育出60多个短低温桃。国外引进的短低温桃大部分酸度高,在中国生产上无法大面积推广。中国短低温桃研究起步较迟,品种缺乏,国内近十年来通过省品种认定委员会认定的短低温桃品种只有2个。 相似文献
20.
Color observations from the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment on board the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter reveal zones of localized fluid alteration (cementation and bleaching) along joints within layered deposits in western Candor Chasma, Mars. This fluid alteration occurred within the subsurface in the geologic past and has been exposed at the surface through subsequent erosion. These findings demonstrate that fluid flow along fractures was a mechanism by which subsurface fluids migrated through these layered deposits. Fractured layered deposits are thus promising sites for investigating the geologic history of water on Mars. 相似文献