A common variant on chromosome 9p21 affects the risk of myocardial infarction

The global endemic of cardiovascular diseases calls for improved risk assessment and treatment. Here, we describe an association between myocardial infarction (MI) and a common sequence variant on chromosome 9p21. This study included a total of 4587 cases and 12,767 controls. The identified variant, adjacent to the tumor suppressor genes CDKN2A and CDKN2B, was associated with the disease with high significance. Approximately 21% of individuals in the population are homozygous for this variant, and their estimated risk of suffering myocardial infarction is 1.64 times as great as that of noncarriers. The corresponding risk is 2.02 times as great for early-onset cases. The population attributable risk is 21% for MI in general and 31% for early-onset cases.     

A genome-wide association study of type 2 diabetes in Finns detects multiple susceptibility variants

Identifying the genetic variants that increase the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in humans has been a formidable challenge. Adopting a genome-wide association strategy, we genotyped 1161 Finnish T2D cases and 1174 Finnish normal glucose-tolerant (NGT) controls with >315,000 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and imputed genotypes for an additional >2 million autosomal SNPs. We carried out association analysis with these SNPs to identify genetic variants that predispose to T2D, compared our T2D association results with the results of two similar studies, and genotyped 80 SNPs in an additional 1215 Finnish T2D cases and 1258 Finnish NGT controls. We identify T2D-associated variants in an intergenic region of chromosome 11p12, contribute to the identification of T2D-associated variants near the genes IGF2BP2 and CDKAL1 and the region of CDKN2A and CDKN2B, and confirm that variants near TCF7L2, SLC30A8, HHEX, FTO, PPARG, and KCNJ11 are associated with T2D risk. This brings the number of T2D loci now confidently identified to at least 10.     

Genome-wide association analysis identifies loci for type 2 diabetes and triglyceride levels

New strategies for prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D) require improved insight into disease etiology. We analyzed 386,731 common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 1464 patients with T2D and 1467 matched controls, each characterized for measures of glucose metabolism, lipids, obesity, and blood pressure. With collaborators (FUSION and WTCCC/UKT2D), we identified and confirmed three loci associated with T2D-in a noncoding region near CDKN2A and CDKN2B, in an intron of IGF2BP2, and an intron of CDKAL1-and replicated associations near HHEX and in SLC30A8 found by a recent whole-genome association study. We identified and confirmed association of a SNP in an intron of glucokinase regulatory protein (GCKR) with serum triglycerides. The discovery of associated variants in unsuspected genes and outside coding regions illustrates the ability of genome-wide association studies to provide potentially important clues to the pathogenesis of common diseases.     

The mutational landscape of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a common, morbid, and frequently lethal malignancy. To uncover its mutational spectrum, we analyzed whole-exome sequencing data from 74 tumor-normal pairs. The majority exhibited a mutational profile consistent with tobacco exposure; human papillomavirus was detectable by sequencing DNA from infected tumors. In addition to identifying previously known HNSCC genes (TP53, CDKN2A, PTEN, PIK3CA, and HRAS), our analysis revealed many genes not previously implicated in this malignancy. At least 30% of cases harbored mutations in genes that regulate squamous differentiation (for example, NOTCH1, IRF6, and TP63), implicating its dysregulation as a major driver of HNSCC carcinogenesis. More generally, the results indicate the ability of large-scale sequencing to reveal fundamental tumorigenic mechanisms.     

CHD蛋白家族两类染色质域CD1和CD2的进化差异研究

[目的]研究CHD蛋白家族2类染色质域CD1和CD2的进化差异。[方法]对获得的19个CHD蛋白基因的2类染色质域CD1和CD2进行氨基酸序列多态性、GC含量、密码子偏性差异和相对进化速率分析,并构建NJ系统进化树,研究不同CHD基因之间和CD1、CD2之间的发生关系。[结果]发现2类染色质域之间存在进化的差异是由所受选择性压力的不同造成的,其中CD1由于功能上的选择压力小而比CD2进化的快。[结论]在不同的物种和基因中CD1和CD2的进化差异存在普遍性。     

Exome sequencing of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma reveals inactivating mutations in NOTCH1

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most common cancer worldwide. To explore the genetic origins of this cancer, we used whole-exome sequencing and gene copy number analyses to study 32 primary tumors. Tumors from patients with a history of tobacco use had more mutations than did tumors from patients who did not use tobacco, and tumors that were negative for human papillomavirus (HPV) had more mutations than did HPV-positive tumors. Six of the genes that were mutated in multiple tumors were assessed in up to 88 additional HNSCCs. In addition to previously described mutations in TP53, CDKN2A, PIK3CA, and HRAS, we identified mutations in FBXW7 and NOTCH1. Nearly 40% of the 28 mutations identified in NOTCH1 were predicted to truncate the gene product, suggesting that NOTCH1 may function as a tumor suppressor gene rather than an oncogene in this tumor type.     

Replication of genome-wide association signals in UK samples reveals risk loci for type 2 diabetes

The molecular mechanisms involved in the development of type 2 diabetes are poorly understood. Starting from genome-wide genotype data for 1924 diabetic cases and 2938 population controls generated by the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium, we set out to detect replicated diabetes association signals through analysis of 3757 additional cases and 5346 controls and by integration of our findings with equivalent data from other international consortia. We detected diabetes susceptibility loci in and around the genes CDKAL1, CDKN2A/CDKN2B, and IGF2BP2 and confirmed the recently described associations at HHEX/IDE and SLC30A8. Our findings provide insight into the genetic architecture of type 2 diabetes, emphasizing the contribution of multiple variants of modest effect. The regions identified underscore the importance of pathways influencing pancreatic beta cell development and function in the etiology of type 2 diabetes.     

A common variant in the FTO gene is associated with body mass index and predisposes to childhood and adult obesity

Obesity is a serious international health problem that increases the risk of several common diseases. The genetic factors predisposing to obesity are poorly understood. A genome-wide search for type 2 diabetes-susceptibility genes identified a common variant in the FTO (fat mass and obesity associated) gene that predisposes to diabetes through an effect on body mass index (BMI). An additive association of the variant with BMI was replicated in 13 cohorts with 38,759 participants. The 16% of adults who are homozygous for the risk allele weighed about 3 kilograms more and had 1.67-fold increased odds of obesity when compared with those not inheriting a risk allele. This association was observed from age 7 years upward and reflects a specific increase in fat mass.     

频域心电图对冠心病诊断价值的初步探讨

对５０例冠心病和５０例随机做平板运动试验（ＴＥＴ）者作频域心电图（ＦＣＧ）对比分析探讨ＦＣＧ对冠心病的诊断价值。结果表明：单纯根据ＦＣＧ异常诊断冠心病有较高假阳性（６５．２２％）。如将ＦＣＧ的阳性指标作综合判断，虽然敏感性降低（８８．００％降至７０．００％）。假阳性都明显降低（６５．２２％降至２６．００％）。认为ＴＥＴ的特异性较ＦＣＧ高。若两者均为阴性，则冠心病可能性很小。     

Complement factor H polymorphism in age-related macular degeneration

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a major cause of blindness in the elderly. We report a genome-wide screen of 96 cases and 50 controls for polymorphisms associated with AMD. Among 116,204 single-nucleotide polymorphisms genotyped, an intronic and common variant in the complement factor H gene (CFH) is strongly associated with AMD (nominal P value <10(-7)). In individuals homozygous for the risk allele, the likelihood of AMD is increased by a factor of 7.4 (95% confidence interval 2.9 to 19). Resequencing revealed a polymorphism in linkage disequilibrium with the risk allele representing a tyrosine-histidine change at amino acid 402. This polymorphism is in a region of CFH that binds heparin and C-reactive protein. The CFH gene is located on chromosome 1 in a region repeatedly linked to AMD in family-based studies.     

油菜主花序角果密度及其相关性状的全基因组关联分析

【目的】油菜高产是育种工作的主要研究目标之一。角果密度、主花序有效角果数等性状与产量都有显著或极显著的正相关关系,是油菜高产育种考查的主要性状。为揭示油菜角果密度及其相关性状的遗传机理和分子机制奠定基础。【方法】以不同遗传背景和地理来源的213份甘蓝型油菜品种（系）构成的自然群体为研究对象,利用芸薹属60K Illumina Infinium SNP芯片对该群体进行基因型分型。分别于2015年和2016年在成熟期调查该群体主花序有效长和主花序有效角果数,计算主花序角果密度。利用Structure 2.3.4软件对该群体进行群体结构分析,Tassel 5.1.0软件分析亲缘关系和染色体连锁不平衡的衰减;然后基于最优模型对主花序角果密度及其相关性状进行全基因组关联分析（genome-wide association analysis,GWAS）,依据关联SNP位点的LD区间序列,预测与性状相关的重要关联候选基因。【结果】群体结构分析显示,213份甘蓝型油菜分为P1和P2亚群,P1亚群包含50份材料（23.5%）,P2亚群包含163份材料（76.5%）,基本上和油菜的地理栽培属性一致;亲缘关系发现约89.74%材料之间的亲缘关系值小于0.2,其中约有59.91%材料的亲缘关系值为0。总体来看,整个自然群体材料之间的亲缘关系比较远。对A、C基因组进行连锁不平衡分析发现,A和C基因组的r2随着遗传距离的增加而下降,A基因组的衰减距离整体比C基因组的衰减距离小。GWAS分析两年数据共检测到17个SNP位点与主花序角果密度及其相关性状关联。其中与主花序角果密度和主花序有效长相关的SNP标记分别有7个和9个,并分别解释11.34%—15.96%和9.67%—13.10%的表型变异;与主花序有效角果数相关联的标记有1个,解释11.56%的表型变异。通过分析关联SNP位点的LD区间与甘蓝型油菜对应的区间序列,找到22个与主花序角果密度及其相关性状有关的候选基因,其中BnaA01g16940D、BnaC01g38800D和BnaA04g09170D等主要通过调控赤霉素和生长素等内源激素的合成和信号转导来控制主花序角果密度及其相关性状;BnaA01g16970D、BnaA03g29180D、BnaA03g29810D、BnaC01g39680D和 BnaC03g32770D通过对分生组织的调控来改变表型;BnaC09g18690D和 BnaC09g09210D等主要通过控制细胞分裂生长等过程改变表型。【结论】检测到17个SNP标记与油菜主花序角果密度、主花序有效长和主花序有效角果数关联,筛选出22个与主花序角果密度及其相关性状有关的候选基因。     

谷子生育期及穗相关性状的QTL定位

【目的】谷子生育期及穗部性状是影响谷子品种适应性及产量的关键因素。通过对相关性状进行QTL定位分析,为探明谷子复杂产量性状的分子遗传机制奠定基础。【方法】以优良品种豫谷18和冀谷19为亲本构建的包含400个家系的RIL群体为试验材料,于2018—2019年分别在4个不同环境下调查谷子抽穗期、抽穗-成熟天数、全生育期及穗长、穗粗和单穗重等穗相关性状的表型值。同时,利用已构建的由1 304个bin标记组成的全长为2 196 cM,标记间平均距离为1.68 cM的高密度遗传连锁图谱。采用复合区间作图法（composite interval mapping,CIM）对生育期及穗部性状进行QTL定位分析,并对所获得的QTL置信区间进行候选基因的预测。【结果】重组自交系群体生育期及穗部性状在4个环境中均表现为连续分布且存在双向超亲分离现象,符合数量性状的遗传特征,适宜进行QTL分析。相关分析表明,谷子抽穗期与全生育期呈极显著正相关,与抽穗-成熟天数呈显著负相关,穗长与穗粗呈显著正相关。共检测到88个与谷子生育期及穗部性状相关的QTL,分布在第1、3、5、6、8和9染色体上。其中45个QTL与抽穗期相关,单个QTL能够解释表型变异的1.61%—27.60%;7个QTL与抽穗-成熟天数相关,单个QTL能够解释表型变异的2.65%—12.14%;20个QTL与全生育期相关,单个QTL能够解释表型变异的1.98%—16.97%;9个QTL与穗长相关,单个QTL能够解释表型变异的3.51%—11.65%;5个QTL与穗粗相关,单个QTL能够解释表型变异的3.74%—8.34%;2个QTL与单穗重相关,单个QTL能够解释表型变异的5.16%—5.20%。本研究共检测到12个主效QTL,其中,qEHD-9-1、qEHD-9-2、qHMD-9-2、qGRP-9-2和qPL-5-1在至少2个环境和BLUP值中被重复检测到。控制生育期的主效QTL（qEHD-9-1、qHMD-9-1、qGRP-9-1）与控制穗长的主效QTL（qPL-9-1）在第9染色体重叠;qEHD-9-2、qHMD-9-3、qGRP-9-2和qPL-9-3也在第9染色体重叠;控制穗长的主效QTL（qPL-5-1）和控制穗粗的QTL（qPD-5-1）在第5染色体重叠。对3个QTL簇的置信区间进行基因注释,筛选出5个与生育期及穗部性状相关的候选基因,其中,2个候选基因在谷子生育期调控和穗部性状发育中均发挥重要作用。【结论】共检测到88个与谷子生育期及穗部性状相关的QTL,12个为主效QTL,其中5个主效QTL在多个环境被重复检测到,且成簇分布。基于基因注释,共筛选了5个与谷子生育期和穗部性状相关的候选基因。     

大豆开花盛期快速叶绿素荧光参数的QTL分析

 【目的】定位大豆R2时期（开花盛期）快速叶绿素荧光参数（JIP参数）QTL,分析不同参数间的遗传关系,比较参数在R2和R6时期（鼓粒盛期）遗传基础的异同。【方法】以大豆品种科丰1号和南农1138-2及其杂交衍生的184份重组自交系为材料,在盆栽条件下测定R2时期JIP参数,检测其QTL。【结果】检测到16个JIP参数QTL,分布在连锁群A1、C2、D2、I、M、N和O上,单个QTL的LOD值为2.40—5.65,贡献率为4.40%—20.06%;检测到3个同时控制多个参数的染色体区间,分别是连锁群C2上标记区间Satt286—Satt316、连锁群I上标记区间Sat_418—Satt650和连锁群O上标记区间Sat_231—Sat_196。【结论】不同JIP参数间既有共同的控制基因（QTL）,也有各自独特的控制基因;JIP参数多数QTL不能在R2和R6时期重复检测到,控制其表达的遗传机制较为复杂;连锁群O上标记区间Sat_231—Sat_196在大豆R2和R6时期均检测到,该区间可能存在稳定表达的控制光合器官内禀结构和功能的基因,具有一定的育种价值。     

粳稻粒形性状的数量性状基因座检测

 【目的】通过对粳稻粒形性状的QTL检测,为粳稻粒形性状相关QTL的精细定位和分子标记辅助选择育种提供理论依据。【方法】利用大粒粳稻DL115与小粒粳稻XL005杂交获得的F2代200个个体为作图群体,在北京进行稻谷粒长、粒宽、粒厚、长宽比、千粒重等粒形性状的鉴定。采用复合区间作图法,利用SSR标记对上述粒形性状进行数量性状基因座检测。【结果】上述粒形性状在F2群体均呈正态连续分布,表现为由多基因控制的数量性状。共检测到与粒形性状相关的QTL 16个,分布于第2、3、5和12染色体上。其中qGL3a、qGW2、qGW5、qGT2、qRLW2、qRLW3、qGWT2和qGWT3对表型变异的贡献率分别为15.42%、40.89%、13.54%、33.43%、13.82%、13.61%、12.51%和10.1%,为主效QTL。其中,qGW2、qGT2、qRLW2和qGWT2均位于第2染色体上的RM12776－RM324 区间。在所检测到的16个QTL中,4个QTL的增效等位基因来源于小粒亲本XL005,而其余QTL的增效等位基因均来源于大粒亲本DL115。基因作用方式主要表现为加性或部分显性。【结论】粳稻粒形性状是由多基因控制的数量性状。第2染色体RM12776－RM324区间是分别与粒宽、粒厚、长宽比和千粒重相关的4个主效QTL的共同标记区间,与其相邻的2个标记（RM12776和RM324）应在分子标记辅助选择育种中探讨其利用价值。大粒亲本对稻谷粒长、粒宽、粒厚和千粒重等性状的增效作用显著。     

结合基因关联和转录组分析鉴定小麦成株期抗条锈病位点YrZ501-2BL的候选基因

【目的】小麦条锈病是小麦的主要病害之一,每年都会对小麦产量安全造成严重危害,挖掘小麦抗条锈病基因,为小麦抗条锈病种质创新和揭示小麦抗条锈病遗传机制奠定基础。【方法】利用多组学手段结合全基因关联分析（GWAS）开展对小麦成株期抗条锈病性状的解析。首先对411份来自CIMMYT和ICARDA的春小麦进行全基因组关联分析,在小麦2BL染色体上定位到一个主效的成株期抗条锈病位点,并利用含有该位点的抗病材料Z501及感病亲本晋麦79的双亲群体进行连锁作图,成功验证了该位点抗性的稳定性,暂命名为YrZ501-2BL。在此基础上,通过基因注释、比较基因组分析、转录组分析和候选基因的关联分析对目标区间筛选候选基因。【结果】综合GWAS和连锁作图结果,将YrZ501-2BL锁定在小麦2B染色体0.26 Mb(575.706—576.587 Mb)范围内,根据中国春参考基因组注释信息分析,该区间含有12个基因,其中,高可信基因6个;利用在线网站,将目标区间所在的中国春参考基因组与其他已公布的不同倍性小麦基因组进行比较,发现该区间的6个高可信小麦基因基本都能在其他小麦材料中找到同源基因,且基因排列顺序相同,...     

甘蓝型油菜株高QTL定位及主效QTL区间候选基因预测

为了研究油菜株高的遗传基础,以2个甘蓝型油菜株系DH-7-9(矮杆)×DH-G-42(高杆)杂交后代连续自交的重组自交系群体(190个家系)为材料,在西宁和武汉2种环境下进行株高性状鉴定,结果显示,该重组自交系群体的株高表现连续变异并且符合正态分布。利用前期构建的遗传连锁图,结合2种环境下株高性状鉴定数据,采用Win QTLcart 2.5软件复合区间作图法(CIM)进行QTL定位和效应估计,结果表明,在2种环境下共检测到11个与株高性状相关的QTL,单个QTL可解释的表型变异为1.17%~10.45%。在A10连锁群上,主效QTL(q PH-X-A10或q PHW-A10)在两环境下可重复检测到,可解释10.24%~10.45%的表型变异。将156个拟南芥株高基因与该主效QTL置信区间对应的油菜基因组上的723个基因进行同源比较分析,在主效QTL区域内预测到2个株高候选基因Bna A10g07740D和Bna A10g12020D,其对应的拟南芥同源基因分别为ATGA20ox2、GA5/ATGA20ox1和STA1,均与拟南芥株高相关。     

高龄老年患者心律失常与心率变异性分析

目的 观察高龄老年住院患者心律失常和心率变异性(HRV).方法 收集心内科住院75岁以上的老年患者121例,其中高血压病22例,冠心病51例,冠心病合并症19例,其他疾病及无器质性疾病患者为对照组(29例),分析其心律失常及HRV时域指标.结果 高危室性早搏仅见于高血压病和冠心病患者.全部窦性心搏RR间期的标准差(SD...     

Strong association of de novo copy number mutations with autism

We tested the hypothesis that de novo copy number variation (CNV) is associated with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). We performed comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) on the genomic DNA of patients and unaffected subjects to detect copy number variants not present in their respective parents. Candidate genomic regions were validated by higher-resolution CGH, paternity testing, cytogenetics, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and microsatellite genotyping. Confirmed de novo CNVs were significantly associated with autism (P = 0.0005). Such CNVs were identified in 12 out of 118 (10%) of patients with sporadic autism, in 2 out of 77 (3%) of patients with an affected first-degree relative, and in 2 out of 196 (1%) of controls. Most de novo CNVs were smaller than microscopic resolution. Affected genomic regions were highly heterogeneous and included mutations of single genes. These findings establish de novo germline mutation as a more significant risk factor for ASD than previously recognized.     

苯磺隆胁迫下油菜萌发期相关性状的全基因组关联分析

目的 研究苯磺隆残留对油菜种子萌发的影响,运用全基因组关联分析（genome-wide association analysis,GWAS）揭示苯磺隆胁迫下油菜萌发期相关性状的遗传因子和候选基因,探究油菜在苯磺隆逆境胁迫下的生理形态所反映的基因调控机制,为耐苯磺隆油菜品种的研究提供参考。方法 以241份甘蓝型油菜品种（系）为材料、25 mg·L ^-1苯磺隆溶液为处理液、蒸馏水为对照进行发芽试验。发芽7 d测定并计算相对发芽率、相对根长和相对鲜重。结合芸薹属60K SNP芯片分析群体基因型,通过STRUCTURE软件和TASSEL软件分别对该群体进行群体结构分析以及亲缘关系和LD衰减分析。为有效排除假关联的影响,采用一般线性模型（GLM）和混合线性模型（MLM）中的6种模型进行比较,确定每个性状GWAS分析的最优模型。同时,利用TASSEL软件在最优模型下对241份材料的3个性状分别进行全基因组关联分析,根据关联SNP位点的LD区间序列预测候选基因。 结果 241份品种（系）群体可分为P1（94份材料）和P2（147份材料）2个亚群,其中约56.28%的材料之间的亲缘关系值为0。全基因组关联分析（K+PCA模型）共检测到16个与性状显著关联的SNP位点,这些位点可解释9.42%—13.14%的表型变异率。通过分析显著SNP位点的LD区间与甘蓝型油菜对应的区间序列,筛选出25个候选基因可能与油菜耐苯磺隆有关,其中9个为细胞色素P450家族基因,5个参与谷胱甘肽合成或代谢过程,2个为多药耐药相关蛋白基因。同时发现与相对发芽率显著相关的基因ATGSTU19编码谷胱甘肽转移酶,参与毒素分解过程,在各种胁迫反应中起重要作用。在相对根长和相对鲜重共同鉴定到的候选基因BnaC02g27690D功能未知。结论 共检测到16个SNP位点与耐苯磺隆性状显著关联,筛选出25个候选基因可能与油菜耐苯磺隆有关。     

大豆豆腐和豆乳得率的遗传分析与QTL定位

【目的】优质高产豆腐与豆乳专用品种的选育是现代大豆品质育种的重要方向,本研究欲通过对大豆同一重组自交系群体2004和2005两年的豆腐与豆乳得率进行相关的遗传分析与QTL定位,为豆腐与豆乳专用品种选育提供遗传学依据。【方法】以干豆腐与干豆乳得率均差异极显著的大豆品种科丰1号与南农1138-2及其构建的184个重组自交系的群体为试验材料,应用主基因＋多基因混合遗传模型进行遗传分析;以该群体所构建,由488个分子标记组成,覆盖4226.40 cM,平均图距8.66 cM的遗传连锁图谱为基础,应用软件Cartographer V 2.5的复合区间作图(CIM)程序检测QTL。【结果】两个年份两个性状均存在双向超亲变异,年份间、群体各家系间、以及年份与家系互作间的差异均极显著;干豆腐得率的遗传,两个年份及两年平均值均属两对具有累加作用的连锁主基因加多基因混合遗传模型,重组率均为0.00,主基因遗传率为13.23%～26.84%,多基因遗传率为73.15%～86.77%;各年份及两年平均干豆乳得率的遗传均为两对连锁主基因加多基因混合遗传模型,重组率均为0.00,主基因遗传率为17.27%～22.29%,多基因遗传率为77.71%～82.73%。CIM检测的QTL结果显示,在C2连锁群STAS815T～A676I标记区间检测到与干豆腐得率相关的2个紧密连锁的QTL,能在不同年份稳定表达,对表型变异的贡献率累计为16.23%～23.18%;在M连锁群satt728～K24I标记区间定位到1个控制干豆乳得率的QTL,在不同年份稳定表达,距离其左侧标记0.01 cM,对表型变异的贡献率为4.73%～7.14%。【结论】豆腐与豆乳得率均属主基因加多基因遗传,主基因遗传贡献不大,多基因占主要部分(≥73.15%),遗传分析和QTL定位的结果可以相互验证,遗传改良需要更多地依靠多基因积聚。