A model of the cost of delay in spraying weeds in cereals

Using a previous model as a base, data derived in field trials in wheat ( Triticum aestivuort L.) and bailey ( Hordeum vulgare L.) were assessed to estimate the yield penalty, and resulting reduction in economic benefit, from progressive spraying of herbicides up to late crop tillering. Compared with early post-emergence application, yield penalties from delayed spraying began at early tillering. For median values of weed-free yield and weed density in the data set. the loss in potential yield increase when spraying at late tillering compared with early post-emergence was 71%, Crops with higher weed-free yield potential and with greater initial weed density showed a proportionately (as well as absolutely) larger yield penalty from a moderate delay in spraying, indicating an earlier and more intense onset of competition with weeds.     

3种茎叶处理除草剂在胡麻田的最佳施药期研究

为了筛选出对胡麻安全、对杂草防效优良的茎叶除草剂最佳喷施时期,田间测定了400 g/L 2甲·溴苯腈EC 1 500 mL/hm~2、56%2甲4氯钠SP 1 200 g/hm~2和40%2甲·辛酰溴EC 1 275 mL/hm~2在不同时期喷施对胡麻生长发育的影响及对田间杂草的防效。通过对胡麻株高、鲜重、产量及控草效果综合分析看出：400 g/L 2甲·溴苯腈EC在胡麻株高5 cm、56%2甲4氯钠SP在胡麻株高2.5～5 cm、40%2甲·辛酰溴EC在胡麻株高5～10 cm喷施,对胡麻株高的抑制作用均能在成熟期降至微弱或无影响,对胡麻鲜重的抑制作用均能提早减轻至微弱甚至无影响;胡麻生物产量分别较人工除草增加9.66%、-6.25%～-1.77%和7.19%～9.97%,胡麻籽粒产量分别较人工除草增加5.39%、-0.86%～-0.47%和-0.56%～5.45%;对阔叶杂草株防效分别达到81.82%、51.46%～73.88%和51.91%～67.21%,对阔叶杂草鲜重防效分别达到98.99%、88.96%～96.33%和91.26%～94.47%。可见,参试除草剂在上述时期喷施对...     

植保无人机喷施对玉米田土壤处理除草剂的减量效应

在陇东旱塬条件下,以40%乙·莠SE为指示除草剂,测定了植保无人机喷施对玉米田土壤处理除草剂的减量效应。结果表明:通过植保无人机喷施,40%乙·莠SE的控草效果随施药量的减少呈逐渐降低的趋势,玉米果穗有效长度、果穗粗、穗粒数、百粒重、产量及纯收益均随施药量的减少呈先增后降的态势,当施用量降至2 400 mL/hm~2,即较推荐用量(4 500 mL/hm~2)减少用药46.67%时,对藜、狗尾草和总草的株防效仍分别高达93.31%、65.51%和86.40%,鲜重防效分别高达99.12%、78.61%和93.44%;对玉米穗部性状、产量及纯收益的影响程度亦降至较低或最低,其产量较人工除草和背负式喷雾器以药剂常用量喷施分别减产0.17%和增产5.61%,其纯收益较人工除草和背负式喷雾器以药剂常用量喷施分别增加652.08元/hm~2和1 076.85元/hm~2。可见,植保无人机喷施对玉米田土壤处理除草剂的减量效应显著,具有大面积推广应用的价值。     

A spraying rig for the experimental application of herbicides to the floating leaves of water plants

A spraying rig is described for the accurate application of herbicides to the floating leaves of water plants in experimental plots which may be inaccessible to land-based machinery. The rig, constructed of aluminium angle and supported by polystyrene floats, carries one operator who controls the sprayer. Apparatus for priming and washing out the sprayer is incorporated into the rig to prevent contamination of the water. The rig is towed along a guide rope from one bank to the other and sprays a swath up to 4 m wide at a speed of 0–5 m/sec and has been used to spray plots up lo 100 m in length. A total number of four persons is required to operate the rig. Un équipement de pulvérisation pour I'application expérimentale d'herbicides aux feuilles flottantes des plantes aquatiques Un équipement de pulvarisation est décrit pour I'application precise d'herbicides aux feuilles flottantes des plantes aquatiques, dans des parcelles experimentales qui peuvent etre inaccessible A des appareils opérant depuis la terre. Cet équipement construct en corniére d'aluminium et supporté par des flotteurs en polystiréne transporte un opérateur qui fait fonctionner le pulvérisateur. Un appareil permettant le remplissage et le nettoyage du pulvérisateur est incorporé a l'équipement dans le but de prévenir toute contamination de I'eau. L'équipement est propulso par touage sur un cable de guidage tendu d'une rive a l'autre; il traite une bande jusqu'a 4 métres de large a une vitesse de 0,5 m/sec; il a été utilisé pour traiter des parcelles allant jusquà 100 m de long. Un nombre total de 4 personnes est nécessaire pour manoeuvrer Iéquipement. Ein Sprilzgeriit zur Durckfiihrung von Herbizidversucben hei Wasserpfianzen Es wird ein Spritzgeriit fiir die genaue Ausbringung von Herbiziden auf die Schwimmblatter von Wasserpflanzen in Versuchsparzellen beschrieben die mit vom Land aus betriebenen Geräten nicht erreichbar sind. Das Gerät. eine Altiminiumkonstruktion mit Polyslyrol-Schwimmkörpern. Trägt eine Person, die die Spritze bedient. Um eine Verun-reinigungdes Wassers zu vermeiden. sind GerSte zum Fiillen und zum Reinigen der Sprilze in das Spritzgerfll eingebaut. Das Gerät ist an ein Führungsseil von Ufer zu Ufer befestigt und hat cine Spritzbreite bis zu 4 m, bei einer Geschwindigkeit von 0,5 m/sec. Es wurde zur Behandlung von Parzellen bis zu 100 m Lännge eingesetzt. Um das Gerilt zu bedienen, werden insgesamt 4 Personen benötigt.     

Effect of ammonium sulphate and related salts on the phytotoxicity of dichlorprop and other herbicides used for broadleaved weed control in cereals

In glasshouse experiments, additions of 10–100 g 1^?1 ammonium sulphate enhanced the phytotoxicity to broadleaved weeds and cereals of several water-soluble herbicides applied post-emergence in 75–300 1 ha^?1 with hydraulic nozzles. Studies with dichlorprop potassium salt and chickweed Stellaria media (L.) Vill. examined interactions between ammonium sulphate and environmental, application and formulation factors. Simulated rainfall immediately after spraying greatly reduced dichlorprop activity, whether or not ammonium sulphate was present. However, when there was an interval of 2–24 h between spraying and rainfall, the additive increased phytotoxicity. Surfactants tended to reduce dichlorprop phytotoxicity to Stellaria media, both in the presence and absence of ammonium sulphate. Certain other inorganic salts including sodium sulphate also enhanced phytotoxicity. Applications by rotary atomizer in very low spray volume (15 1 ha^?1, 250–280 μm drops) were less effective than conventional 150 1 ha^?1 applications. When very low volume application was used, addition of ammonium sulphate or nitrate tended to reduce activity further. In the field, ammonium sulphate significantly increased the effects against weeds of a commercial dichlorprop potassium salt formulation applied conventionally in 200 1 ha^?1 spray volume. Neutralized phosphoric acid had a similar effect but a mixture of this additive and ammonium sulphate reduced phytotoxicity. Both additives slightly increased dichlorprop injury to barley.     

稻田鼠害空间格局及其防治指标研究

本文通过对稻田鼠害空间格局的调查，结合稻田鼠害防治成本，提出了适合目前农业生产水平的防治指标，晚稻孕穗期捕鼠率为5.5172%，黄熟期为6.8658%。     

A stochastic simulation model for evaluating the concept of patch spraying

The long-term economic benefits of `patch' spraying are likely to be related to the initial spatial distribution of the target weeds, the demographic characteristics of the species and the weed control and crop husbandry practices to which they are subjected. This paper describes a stochastic simulation model developed to investigate the interaction between weed seed dispersal and patch spraying. Simulated weed plant and seed populations are generated and compared with data from field observations. Lloyd's Patchiness index is used to quantify the patchiness of the weed density distribution, and the parameter k of the negative binomial distribution is used as a measure of distribution shape. A method of assessing the spatial scale of weed aggregation is proposed, in which spatial weed density information is transformed into the frequency domain, using a discrete two-dimensional Fourier transform. In this paper, we simulate `on/off' patch spraying (full or zero herbicide application rate). A quantitative analysis of the effects of sprayer resolution and weed seed dispersal range on the herbicide reduction and yield benefits from patch spraying is performed for three initial spatial seedbank distributions. The model is parameterized for the grass weed Alopecurus myosuroides Huds. Herbicide is applied in square areas (whose size is defined by the spatial resolution of the sprayer) in which mean weed density is greater than or equal to one plant m^–2. For a system conforming to this specification we show that for the control of A. myosuroides , it is unlikely that patch spraying would be profitable in the long term if the control area is larger than 6 m × 6 m. In some circumstances higher resolution may be required.     

将病虫防治指标转化为防治决策依据--农民防治决策的一种新模式

在病虫害综合防治中,提倡优先使用生物防治、物理防治和栽培防治等技术.但是在许多情况下,使用化学农药防治病虫是必须的.问题是一般农民很难掌握合理使用化学农药的时机和条件,不可避免地过多地使用化学农药.     

The effect on yield of mixtures and sequences of herbicides for the control of Alopecurus myosuroides Huds. and broad-leaved weeds in winter cereals

Mixed infestations of Alopecurus m yosuroides Huds. and broad-leaved weeds in winter cereals were controlled with a commercial formulation of ioxynil + bromoxynil + mecoprop. used in mixtures or as sequences with isoproturon or clofop-isobutyl. As well as controlling A. myosuroides the mixtures, applied in the autumn, gave good control of Veronica persica Poir., Galium aparine L. Lilhospermum arvense L. and Viola arvensis Murr. weeds which were resistant to isoproturon used alone. A. myosuroides had the major influence on crop yield in three experiments. High infestations of A. myosuroides reduced the broad-leaved weeds so that crop yields were only slightly improved when all the weeds were controlled compared with the control of A. myosuroides alone. In the remaining experiment. V. persica was very competitive with wheat; additional control of A. myosuroides improved yields considerably. Ioxynil + bromoxynil + mecoprop gave better final control of broad-leaved weeds when applied in the spring rather than the autumn but the sequence of a spring application following isoproturon or clofop-isobutyl in the autumn did not improve yields compared with the mixtures applied in the autumn. In all experiments, the highest yields were obtained from controlling both A. myosuroides and broad-leaved weeds in the autumn, provided that good control of A. myosuroides was obtained.     

Breeding cereals for rust resistance in Australia

Rust diseases have caused significant losses to Australian cereal crops, and continue to pose a serious threat. Because Australian cereal crop yields are generally low, genetic resistance remains the most economical means of rust control. Resistant cultivars also contribute significantly to reducing over-summer rust survival. A policy of releasing only rust resistant wheats in northern New South Wales and Queensland has resulted in industry-wide protection from rust in this region for the past 40 years. The Australian Cereal Rust Control Program conducts annual pathogenicity surveys for all cereal rust pathogens, undertakes genetic research to identify and characterize new sources of resistance, and provides a germplasm screening and enhancement service to all Australian cereal breeding groups. These three activities are interdependent, and are closely integrated with particular emphasis on linking pathology and genetics to ensure breeding outcomes. Recent changes in the wheat rust pathogens, including the development of virulences for Yr17 , Lr24 , Lr37 and Sr38 resistance genes, and the introduction of a new pathotype of the wheat stripe rust pathogen, have provided new and significant challenges for wheat rust resistance breeding. Similar challenges exist in breeding barley and oats for rust resistance. Examples are discussed to illustrate the ways in which rust isolates are providing information that can be used in breeding for rust resistance. In future, as more markers linked to durable rust resistance sources become available, it is likely that the use of marker-assisted selection will become more common-place in rust resistance breeding.     

节水型小麦施肥模型与经济效益分析

采用正交旋转组合设计试验研究了节水麦田N、P2O5、K2O施用量与小麦产量、经济效益及成本的关系。结果表明,增施氮磷肥是小麦高产高效优化栽培的关键,合理的配比施肥量为每公顷施纯N 259.26~318.84kg,P2O5121.52~154.61 kg,K2O 71.42~130.22 kg,并对不同条件下的肥料配比和施肥量进行了经济技术分析。     

Cross-resistance pattern and alternative herbicides for Cyperus difformis resistant to sulfonylurea herbicides in Korea

A Cyperus difformis L accession from Chonnam province, Korea was tested for resistance to the sulfonylurea herbicide, imazosulfuron. The accession was confirmed to be resistant (R) and was cross-resistant to other sulfonylurea herbicides, bensulfuron-methyl, cyclosulfamuron and pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, the pyrimidinyl thiobenzoate herbicide, bispyribac-sodium, and the imidazolinone herbicide imazapyr, but not to imazaquin. Multiple resistance was tested using twelve herbicides with target sites other than acetolactate synthase (ALS). The R biotype could be controlled by other herbicides with different modes of action such as butachlor, carfentrazone-ethyl, clomeprop, dithiopyr, esprocarb, mefenacet, oxadiazon, pretilachlor, pyrazolate and thiobencarb, applied to soil at recommended rates. Several sulfonylurea herbicide-based mixtures can control both the R and S biotypes of C difformis, except sulfonylurea plus dimepiperate, molinate or pyriftalid, and pyrazolate plus butachlor. Although mixtures of sulfonylurea herbicides might be more effective, they should be avoided and used only in special cases. In terms of in vitro ALS activity, the R biotype was 1139-, 3583-, 1482-, 416-, 5- and 9-fold more resistant to bensulfuron-methyl, cyclosulfamuron, imazosulfuron, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, bispyribac-sodium and imazapyr, respectively, than the S biotype. The in vivo ALS activity of the R biotype was also less affected by the sulfonylurea herbicides, imazosulfuron and pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, than the S biotype. Results of in vitro and in vivo ALS assays indicated that the resistance mechanism of C difformis to ALS inhibitor herbicides was primarily due to an alteration in the target enzyme, ALS. Greenhouse experiments showed delayed flowering and reduced seed production of the R biotype, which could possibly result in reduced fitness. This unusual observation needs to be confirmed in field situations.     

稻田害鼠空间格局及防治指标研究

近年来由于农田害鼠发生面积不断扩大，导致粮食产量损失严重。为此，笔者于２００１年对稻田害鼠的空间格局及防治指标进行了研究。确定了适合安源区目前农业生产水平的稻田害鼠防治指标：即晚稻孕穗期捕鼠率为５％，黄熟期为７％。１调查与方法１．１空间格局２００１年晚稻成熟前，选择连片大畈稻田８块，连续逐丛逐株调查１００００丛，记载并统计每丛受田鼠为害株数。然后以每组１０００～２０００丛为单位，整理出每丛受害株数频次分配表，计算受害株平均数（X）与方差（S２）（表１）。１．２防治指标２００１年晚稻孕穗期和黄熟期…     

西藏飞蝗食性及其防治指标

采用室外笼罩法测定西藏飞蝗Locusta migratoria tibetensisChen的食性、食量及其对青稞和牧草造成的产量损失,并初步制定其防治指标。结果表明:西藏飞蝗1～2龄蝗蝻喜食牧草,3龄后喜食青稞和冬小麦;其在草地(亚高山草甸)、青稞和冬小麦3种植被上均能获得必需的营养并完成发育,而在沙棘Hippophae rhamnoides和白菜地则不能完成整个生活史;西藏飞蝗的取食量在1～3龄时很小,5龄和成虫期为暴食期;西藏飞蝗取食青稞和牧草的防治指标分别为3.01和4.44头/m2。     

Promising herbicides for weed control in chickpea

Abstract

Chickpea suffers severe competition due to Chenopodium album L. infestation. Two to three hoeings are generally given to check C. album but increasing labour costs and scarcity of farm labour make the manual weeding difficult. Usage of herbicides appears to be a logical solution. Pre‐emergence applications of pendimethalin or ametryn alone at 1.5 kg ai ha^?1 or one handweeding at 35–40 days after seeding following either 1 kg ai ha^?1 of pendimethalin, ametryn or fluchloralin or metribuzin at 0.3 kg ai ha^?1 applied pre‐emergence gave effective control of C. album and seed yields similar to clean‐weeded chickpeas. There was an 84% reduction in seed yield of chickpea without weeding.     

杂草对冬小麦的危害损失及经济防除阈值

1997—1999年在山东省桓台县的田间试验表明，荠菜 播娘蒿杂草群落有两个萌发出苗高峰期，除草临界期为小麦苗后的125-175天。杂草发生密度(株／m^2)与冬小麦产量(kg／hm^2)、有效穗数(万穗／hm^2)及秸秆生物量(kg/hm^2)的最佳模型均为直线函数关系，方程分别为Y3=-5．4545X 5995．5，Y4=-0．0293X 31．098和Y5=-8．329X 6987．1。使用巨星除草的经济防除阈值为20株／m^2，人工除草的经济防除阈值为70株／m^2。考虑到杂草群落的生长动态，本区秋季用巨星防除的最低密度为12株／m^2，并认为可以用步测法来粗略测定田间杂草防除密度。     

Population dynamics of Apodemus agrarius Pallas and its economic threshold in the paddy region

Abstract

Investigations were conducted in the double or middle season paddy regions from 1988 to 1990; main results showed that the population of Apodemus agrarius reached maximal reproductive rate between April and May, and between September and October each year. Their maximal population size occurred in July and between October and November each year. At different stages of the rice, mouse density (X) was significantly related to loss rate of the rice (Y). Studies on imitation mouse damage on rice indicated that the rice, damaged by the mice in tillering stage, possessed a certain capacity for compensation. When the mouse damage rate approached yield loss rate in the booting or spiked stage the rice plant lost this compensatory capacity. It will be seen from the above that early spring is the most available, feasible time for mice control. Under the current production level the economic thresholds of mouse density are 3% in spring, 5% for early and middle‐season rice and 7% for later rice.     

稻象甲的防治指标和防治适期研究

根据稻象甲虫量与水稻产量的关系 ,结合现行的稻谷价格 ,产量水平和防治费用等因素 ,进行了稻象甲危害损失的测定 ,制定了稻象甲的防治指标。采用累积虫日作为防治指数 ,确定了在江西境内稻象甲的防治适期     

Estimation of thresholds for weed control in Australian cereals

A non-linear model relating crop yield to the density of weeds was fitted to nine Victorian weeds to evaluate their competitive abilities. The weeds were: Acroptilon repens (L.) DC. (creeping knapweed), Chondrilla juncea L. (Skeleton weed, Raphanus raphanistrum L. (Wild radish), lolium rigidum Gaud. (Annual ryegrass), Lithospermum arvense L. (White iron weed), Brassica tournefortii Gouan (Wild turnip), Lamium amplexicaule L. (Deadnettle), Fumaria parviflora Lam. (White fumitory) and Amsinckia hispida (Ruiz & Pav.) I.M. Johnston (Amsinckia). Where more than one experiment was available for a weed, the net return for a herbicide treatment over a range of weed densities was calculated to obtain the economic threshold density. Generally, the economic threshold densities within a weed species were the same order of magnitude, except for the perennial Chondrilla Juncea L., For this species data were collected in years of contrasting rainfall. The model used here is discussed in view of the threshold approach currently used in continental Europe.