我国开发建设项目水土流失监测技术进展

 在总结评价近几年来我国开发建设项目水土流失监测技术进展的基础上,指出建设项目水土流失监测的难点和不足,包括合理的监测频率难以确定,水土流失动力因子监测不深入和高新技术引入及应用不足;展望建设项目水土流失监测的发展趋势,为实际的水土保持监测工作提供一定的理论与实践指导。     

Conservation tillage: Short- and long-term effects on soil carbon fractions and enzymatic activities under Mediterranean conditions

Short- and long-term field experiments are necessary to provide important information about how soil carbon sequestration is affected by soil tillage system; such systems can also be useful for developing sustainable crop production systems. In this study, we evaluated the short- and long-term effects of conservation tillage (CT) on soil organic carbon fractions and biological properties in a sandy clay loam soil. Both trials consisted of rainfed crop rotation systems (cereal–sunflower–legumes) located in semi-arid SW Spain. In both trials, results were compared to those obtained using traditional tillage (TT). Soil samples were taken in flowering and after harvesting of a pea crop and collected at three depths (0–5, 5–10 and 10–20 cm). The soil organic carbon fractions were measured by the determination of total organic carbon (TOC), active carbon (AC) and water soluble carbon (WSC). Biological status was evaluated by the measurement of soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and enzymatic activities [dehydrogenase activity (DHA), o-diphenol oxidase activity (DphOx), and β-glucosidase activity (β-glu)].The contents of AC and MBC in the long-term trial and contents of AC in the short-term trial were higher for CT than TT at 0–5 cm depth for both sampling periods. Furthermore, DHA and β-glucosidase values in the July sampling were higher in the topsoil under conservation management in both trials (short- and long-term). The parameters studied tended to decrease as depth increased for both tillage system (TT and CT) and in both trials with the exception of the DphOx values, which tended to be higher at deeper layers.Values of DHA and β-glu presented high correlation coefficients (r from 0.338 to 0.751, p ≤ 0.01) with AC, WSC and TOC values in the long-term trial. However, there was no correlation between either TOC or MBC and the other parameters in the short-term trial. In general, only stratification ratios of AC were higher in CT than in TT in both trials. The results of this study showed that AC content was the most sensitive and reliable indicator for assessing the impact of different soil management on soil quality in the two experiments (short- and long-term).Conservation management in dryland farming systems improved the quality of soil under our conditions, especially at the surface layers, by enhancing its storage of organic matter and its biological properties, mainly to long-term.     

偏最小二乘法回归在水利工程安全监测中的应用

针对常规最小二乘法回归难以有效识别和消除自变量因子间的多重相关性影响这一不足,对偏最小二乘法回归在水利工程安全监测数据分析中的应用进行了研究。采用偏最小二乘法进行回归建模分析,将模型拟合与非模型式的数据内涵分析有机结合,同时实现回归建模、数据结构简化以及因子间的多重相关性分析,并通过交叉有效性检验来确保模型精度。对绕坝渗流地下水位实测资料的建模分析表明,偏最小二乘回归法能有效克服因子间的多重相关性影响,所分离出的因子变量对实测结果具有更好的物理成因解释能力,因而在水利工程安全监测及有关数据的统计分析方面具有广阔的应用前景。     

生产建设项目用地土壤风蚀量监测方法与预报模型分析

准确掌握生产建设项目用地土壤风蚀量是合理编制水土流失治理方案的必要前提和有效防控人为水土流失的重要基础;但目前对监测方法和预报模型的研究比较薄弱,一些研究中监测方法的适用性和模型参数的准确性还有待商榷。文章系统总结土壤风蚀的观测方法和预报模型,根据这些方法和模型的各自特点,分析它们在生产建设项目中的适用性。认为测扦法、调查法、扫描法、风蚀盘法、集沙仪法、核素示踪法以及Pasak模型和风蚀流失量公式都可以根据不同项目的实际情况和地区特征应用到生产实践中。在此基础上,讨论相关研究的发展方向。本文结果可为生产建设项目土壤风蚀量测算模型的构建提供参考。     

开发建设项目水土保持监测点布局

开发建设项目水土流失是一种典型的人为加速侵蚀现象,其发生发展的机理较为复杂,水土保持监测工作的开展也具有一定的难度。监测点布局是水土保持监测的基础性工作,其合理性直接影响水土流失动态变化状况、水土保持措施实施及效果监测的科学性与客观性。目前尚缺乏统一的监测点布局规范,给监测设计工作带来了不确定性。综合考虑了自然条件和项目工程特性,采用分层抽样的基本思想,提出利用水土流失类型、地形地貌类型、土地利用类型和工程功能单元类型进行4级分区控制的开发建设项目水土保持监测点布局方法,构建了项目区-监测分区-监测点逐层细化的监测点布局方法,提出了不同项目水土保持监测的重点地段,旨在解决因自然条件、工程特性的差异而导致监测点布局困难的问题。     

Promoting community-based bird monitoring in the tropics: Conservation,research, environmental education,capacity-building,and local incomes

Long-term, locally-based biodiversity monitoring programs are essential for understanding and mitigating the effects of global change on tropical biodiversity while providing capacity-building, environmental education, and public outreach. However, these programs are lacking in most tropical countries. Birds are the best-known major group of organism, comprise excellent environmental indicators, are relatively easy to monitor, and are met with enthusiasm and interest by people worldwide. Bird monitoring programs using mist nets and bird banding (ringing) are especially valuable, as these well-established techniques enable the use of capture-mark-recapture (CMR) models to measure population change and other demographic parameters. Equally important for conservation, the ability to capture and release birds makes it possible to provide hands-on ornithological training and educational activities to students, conservationists, villagers, decision-makers, journalists, and other local people. Bird banding programs provide local jobs for research assistants, who often go on to productive careers in conservation, education, research, or ecotourism. Long-term bird banding stations also provide the nuclei, infrastructure, and staff for monitoring, education, and conservation programs focused on other taxa. As successful examples from Costa Rica and Ethiopia show, bird monitoring programs that integrate conservation, ecological research, environmental education, capacity-building, and income generation are cost-effective tools to achieve the goals of community-based biodiversity conservation and poverty reduction in the developing world. Therefore, locally-based and long-term bird monitoring programs should be encouraged, established, and funded throughout the tropics.     

Threatened deer of the world: Conservation status

IUCN is launching a programme for the study and management of Cervidae threatened with extinction throughout their world range. The objectives are to improve the status of the deer by more effective management, and to stimulate and provide experience in sustained scientific and governmental involvement in threatened taxa. This paper reviews and analyses the conservation status of the threatened deer. It provides the basis for a second paper which it is hoped to publish shortly and which will described a research programme that has been designed to provide data to guide conservation practices.     

无人机遥感技术在生产建设项目水土保持监测中的应用——方法构建

无人机遥感为水土保持监测提供了新的技术支撑手段,但这一技术在水土保持监测工作中的应用尚处于起步阶段,还未形成统一、有效的方法与标准.研究将无人机遥感技术与水土保持监测现行的规范规程相结合,从基础数据获取、监测信息提取及信息在水土保持监测中的应用等3方面,构建基于无人机遥感的生产建设项目水土保持监测方法,并将其应用于工程实例.基础数据获取包括飞行规划设计、原始数据获取及原始数据处理3个步骤,最终生成DEM和DOM成果;监测信息提取可在DEM或DOM成果的基础上进行,通常包括土地利用类型、监测对象位置、长度、面积及体积等;信息应用主要是结合相关规程规范,将提取出的有效信息,逐一应用到生产建设项目水土保持监测工作中.应用结果表明,研究构建的方法简单实用,可提高无人机遥感在水土保持监测中应用的技术水平,为生产建设项目水土流失防治提供技术支撑.     

Conservation in the face of climate change: The roles of alternative models, monitoring, and adaptation in confronting and reducing uncertainty

The broad physical and biological principles behind climate change and its potential large scale ecological impacts on biota are fairly well understood, although likely responses of biotic communities at fine spatio-temporal scales are not, limiting the ability of conservation programs to respond effectively to climate change outside the range of human experience. Much of the climate debate has focused on attempts to resolve key uncertainties in a hypothesis-testing framework. However, conservation decisions cannot await resolution of these scientific issues and instead must proceed in the face of uncertainty. We suggest that conservation should precede in an adaptive management framework, in which decisions are guided by predictions under multiple, plausible hypotheses about climate impacts. Under this plan, monitoring is used to evaluate the response of the system to climate drivers, and management actions (perhaps experimental) are used to confront testable predictions with data, in turn providing feedback for future decision making. We illustrate these principles with the problem of mitigating the effects of climate change on terrestrial bird communities in the southern Appalachian Mountains, USA.     

Conservation of the Dartford warbler on english lowland heaths: A review

The Dartford warbler Sylvia undata is a rare bird of lowland heaths in southern England. Based on the results from a recent study, the present essay aims to describe the practical steps conservationists might take to promote its future in the British avifauna. There is a need for greater safeguarding of sites by acquisition or protection from undesirable developments, while on surviving heaths encroachment of birch, bracken and pines will have to be resisted or even reversed. The maintenance of an ideal age range of vegetation is considered and selective propagation of gorse is suggested as a way to improve some sites for Dartford warblers. Consideration is given to translocating birds and to providing food artificially in winter, though both these possibilities are not considered to be ideal. Recommendations are made for the maintenance and development of sufficient knowledge on the Dartford warbler to aid its conservation.     

Conservation justice in metropolitan Cape Town: A study at the Macassar Dunes Conservation Area

Conservation justice, a concept analogous to environmental justice, suggests that local communities are entitled to receive fair treatment and meaningful involvement in the development and implementation of conservation policy. In this study, of an urban conservation project in Cape Town, South Africa, we contribute to the ongoing conversation about the importance of community-based conservation approaches. Conservationists must work to plan and implement projects in ways that are not only acceptable to stakeholders, but inspire local community involvement in achieving conservation goals. Given its location in the impoverished Cape Flats region of metropolitan Cape Town and its unique ecological and conservation value, the Macassar Dunes Conservation Area warrants a conservation justice approach. We conducted semi-structured interviews with members of interested and affected communities, then analyzed stakeholder perspectives on biodiversity protection, fencing, and informal housing. The results suggest that despite disparity among groups in needs and perspectives, conservation projects have potential to deliver tangible benefits to all stakeholder groups. A belief in conservation is universal across stakeholder lines, but contrasting needs and perspectives of the studied groups lead to conflicting views on important issues of implementation. An understanding of different stakeholder groups’ specific needs and interests is therefore essential for successful implementation of sustainable urban conservation projects.     

依托水土保持科教园平台,开展《水土保持学》直观教学

《水土保持学》包含了土壤侵蚀基本规律、水土保持措施和水土保持动态监测三个方面的内容。由于学生的生活阅历和实践经验不足,教学难点集中在土壤侵蚀类型的演变过程和各侵蚀类型的辨析以及对治理措施的水土保持原理的理解和施工要点的掌握等方面。依托金山水土保持科教园的径流小区、人工降雨区、山边沟试验区和护坡措施区等设施进行直观教学,有利于讲透难点,帮助学生理解掌握。几年来的实践证明教学效果很好。     

我国城市水土保持探讨

随着社会经济发展和城市化水平的提高,大规模的基础设施建设如雨后春笋般兴起,导致大量的水土流失和植被破坏,给人民的生产生活带来严重影响。本文通过分析城市水土流失的成因及特点,对城市水土保持的工作内涵等方面作了阐述,并提出了相应的防治对策,为有效地防治城市水土流失,提高人们对城市水土保持工作的重视程度提供参考资料。     

“3S”在水土保持上的应用——以闽东南沿海遥感调查为例

本文利用闽东南沿海遥感调查实例解析“3S”在水土流失遥感调查中的作用,并具体分析GIS与RS,GIS与GPS如何相互结合,为水土流失遥感调查服务。     

长期野外监测红壤裸露坡地侵蚀性降雨分布及产沙分析

侵蚀性降雨及其侵蚀泥沙分布特征研究是掌握土壤侵蚀规律的基础,同时也可为水土保持综合治理提供理论依据。研究选择红壤裸地坡面径流小区为研究对象,利用实际观测法收集到2001-2016年的565次长序列侵蚀性降雨及其径流泥沙资料,运用数理统计方法分析侵蚀性降雨及其泥沙的发生频率和强度的分布特征,在此基础上分析降雨类型对侵蚀产沙的影响。研究结果表明,研究区侵蚀性降雨量占总降雨量的87.82%,主要分布在降雨量为25 mm以上和降雨强度5mm/h以下的降雨事件。次降雨侵蚀强度小于100t/km~2的侵蚀次数占总次数的76.81%,而其侵蚀总量只占总量的7.28%;侵蚀强度大于500t/km~2的降雨侵蚀次数只占总次数的6.36%,但其侵蚀泥沙量可占总量的60.96%,次降雨侵蚀产沙量分布极为不均。降雨量25～100mm且平均雨强小于20mm/h的降雨类型造成研究区土壤侵蚀量最大。次降雨量100 mm和降雨强度20 mm/h可作为红壤裸露坡地水土流失防御的设计暴雨特征值。研究结果有助于揭示红壤坡地次降雨侵蚀规律和水土保持措施布设。     

三种长期定量降水产品在淮河流域干旱监测中的潜力

融合地面实测、卫星遥感等信息的定量降水产品能为干旱监测提供时空分布式降水数据源.为评估定量降水产品在淮河流域的干旱监测潜力,该研究利用淮河流域27个气象站点实测降水数据,检验多源集成降水(Multi-Source Weighted-Ensemble Precipitation,MSWEP)产品、气候灾害组融合站点的红外...     

长期定位监测黑土结构质量指标的分异研究

长期定位监测研究不同施肥处理黑土结构指标的分异结果表明 ,长期施用有机肥有利于 0 .0 5～ 0 .0 2mm和 0 .0 2～ 0 .0 0 2mm土壤粒级微团聚体形成及 >0 .2 5mm团聚体水稳性 ,并一定程度促进小粒级微团聚体的团聚 ;单施N肥处理土壤容重最大 ,对照处理土壤结构已明显退化且团聚体水稳性较低 ,而休闲地团聚体水稳性明显较高 ,表明有机质在土壤结构的形成和保持过程中起决定性作用     

Automated sampling system for long-term monitoring of nitrous oxide and methane fluxes from soils

We describe an automated gas sampling system for monitoring trace gas fluxes from soils. The sampling system allows automated collection of gas samples in glass vials using a syringe pump connected to an automated static chamber installed in the field. The gas samples are transferred to a laboratory and then analyzed using a gas chromatography system. Comparisons between manual and automated sampling of standard gases showed good agreement ( r ² = 0.99996 for N₂O, r ² = 0.999 for CH₄ and r ² = 0.998 for CO₂). In a field test, replicated flux measurements using two chambers generally showed good agreement. The sampling system allows frequent and long-term monitoring of fluxes under a wide range of weather conditions (tested temperatures ranged from –6.5 to 40°C; 127 mm day⁻¹ max precipitation). The major advantages of the system are its increased portability, ease of operation and cost effectiveness compared with on-line automated sampling/analytical systems.