强化管理 整体推进南阳水土保持工作

河南省南阳市通过大力宣传 ,加强领导与管理 ,深化改革 ,加大执法力度 ,抓好重点项目建设和示范工程建设 ,整体推进了全市水保工作 ,已有 2个县、15条小流域达到全国“十百千”示范工程标准。     

Conservation in the face of climate change: The roles of alternative models, monitoring, and adaptation in confronting and reducing uncertainty

The broad physical and biological principles behind climate change and its potential large scale ecological impacts on biota are fairly well understood, although likely responses of biotic communities at fine spatio-temporal scales are not, limiting the ability of conservation programs to respond effectively to climate change outside the range of human experience. Much of the climate debate has focused on attempts to resolve key uncertainties in a hypothesis-testing framework. However, conservation decisions cannot await resolution of these scientific issues and instead must proceed in the face of uncertainty. We suggest that conservation should precede in an adaptive management framework, in which decisions are guided by predictions under multiple, plausible hypotheses about climate impacts. Under this plan, monitoring is used to evaluate the response of the system to climate drivers, and management actions (perhaps experimental) are used to confront testable predictions with data, in turn providing feedback for future decision making. We illustrate these principles with the problem of mitigating the effects of climate change on terrestrial bird communities in the southern Appalachian Mountains, USA.     

依法强化水土保持监管扎实推进黄河流域水土保持专项整治行动

黄河流域水土保持专项整治行动是贯彻落实习近平总书记重要讲话精神、严控黄河流域人为水土流失的重大举措,具有涉及范围广、基础项目多、整治难度大、标准要求高等特点,由水利部统一组织,黄委和流域内地方各级水行政主管部门上下协同开展。自2020年8月启动部署以来,黄委通过研发建立信息平台,对违法违规项目“查认改罚”全过程实施统一监管;印发工作手册,开展线上线下同步统一培训;建立平台机制,强化答疑解难;强化过程督导,确保各项工作依法合规等,推动流域9省71市450县全面启动专项整治工作,完成近3万个生产建设项目建设状况核实和问题排查认定,建立项目和问题清单,形成工作台账;推动各级主管部门集中约谈1000多个违法违规建设单位,对8300多个违法违规项目全部下达责令限期整改通知,并积极运用责任追究、行政处罚、信用监管、挂牌督办等手段进行集中整治,严格纠正了违法违规行为。     

Conservation and landscape maintenance in Germany: Past,present, and future

Three main sources of landscape maintenance and nature conservation in Germany are identified: the British landscape garden, the official conservation activities, and a private association of nature park promoters. Among their achievements are the German Nature Conservation Act of 1935, the establishment of about fifty nature parks and one national park, a well-developed theory and practice of landscape planning, and three university departments of landscape architecture. The three sources, however, have not yet generated one comprehensive stream of activity, and they seem to lack a common basis of work. To overcome these difficulties, the author proposes a landscape strategy based on a pattern of ecosystems in different successional stages. The strategy is derived from the history of land-use in Central Europe and from the resulting Man-Nature relationships. They created a characteristic landscape pattern defined as the ‘European savanna’, the diversity of which provided for a high degree of ecological stability. The diversity can be maintained even in today's land-use, which consists of four main types. In a given area, one of these types is allowed to prevail, but there is repeated inclusion of the three other use-types in a finely-grained mixture. This should result in a diversified make-up of the landscape, which is both productive and ecologically stable enough to provide for an optimum natural environment of balanced Man-Nature relationships.     

A survey of ecological inventory,monitoring, and research in US National Park Service Biosphere Reserves

The investigators conducted a telephone survey of the 14 Biosphere Reserve units managed by the US National Park Service. Questions assessed the completeness of the reserves' baseline resource inventory, long-term monitoring, and long-term ecological research programmes. Geographical features and archives were the most completely represented, and disturbance and aquatic systems the least completely represented items of inventory. In general, long-term ecological research of all types was poorly represented, eight of the areas having 10% or less of the possible research coverage. Carbon and nutrient cycling and exceptionally low ratins of 5 and 6 (of 100) respectively. Temperate and mountain parks tended to have more complete programmes than desert and island parks. Units with in-park research laboratories and resident scientists had more complete programmes than those without.     

Downward trends in Ngorongoro Crater ungulate populations 1986-2005: Conservation concerns and the need for ecological research

The concentration of over 25,000 ungulates inside Ngorongoro Crater on a 250 km² patch of the African plains was a major reason for designating the Ngorongoro Conservation Area as a World Heritage Site in 1979. As one of East Africa’s premier tourist attractions, it is also a major source of foreign exchange for Tanzania. This paper reports the decline of populations of wildebeest, Thomson’s and Grant’s gazelles since the mid-1980s and the rise to dominance of the buffalo, the results of research carried out from 1996 to 2000 on the Crater ungulates, and discusses natural and anthropogenic factors that may be linked to the population changes.Samples comparing young:adult female ratios in Ngorongoro and Serengeti populations indicated higher survival rates of Crater wildebeest and zebra young, and lower survival rates of Thomson’s gazelle. The possibility that predation by lions and spotted hyenas was responsible for reductions in the ungulate populations is belied by corresponding declines in the number of predators.Further research in the Ngorongoro Conservation Area is urgently needed to increase understanding of this complex ecosystem and promote effective stewardship, not only of Ngorongoro Crater but of the Serengeti ecosystem, of which the NCA is an integral part, comprising an International Biosphere Reserve. Our recommendations include establishment of a scientific advisory board and a research center that would attract and accommodate Tanzanian and foreign scientists.     

Growth variation and environmental stresses: Long-term observations on permanent research plots in Southwestern Germany

The annual volume increment of Norway spruce and silver fir stands in the Black Forest varies greatly and is correlated with precipitation during the growing season and to some extent with temperature. Mortality is also correlated with climatic variation. Thus, low precipitation during the growing season is considered to be a main stress factor even at higher elevations in the Black Forest mountains where the average precipitation level is high. By silvicultural treatment, climatic stresses may be reduced to some extent. Increment on fertilized Norway spruce plots reacted moe sensitively to drought when fertilizer effect on increment was high. The high productivity in recent decades may have been caused partly by atmospheric deposition. A higher susceptibility to environmental stresses may be a consequence.     

Growth variation and environmental stresses: Long-term observations on permanent research plots in southwestern Germany

The annual volume increment of Norway spruce and silver fir stands in the Black Forest varies greatly and is correlated with precipitation during the growing season and to some extant with temperature. Mortality is also correlated with climatic variation. Thus, low precipitation ouring the growing season is considered to be a main stress factor even at higher elevations in the Black Forest mountains where the average precipitation level is high. By silvicultural treatment, climatic stresses may be reduced to some extent. Increment on fertilized Norway spruce plots reacted more sensitively to drought when fertilizer effect on increment was high. The high productivity in recent decades may have been caused partly by atmospheric deposition. A higher susceptibility to environmental stresses may be a consequence.     

Evaluating the degree of weathering in landslide-prone soils in the humid tropics: The case of Limbe,SW Cameroon

This study analyses the behaviour and mobility of major and some trace elements during the physical and chemical development of landslide-prone soil profiles in Limbe, SW Cameroon. The soils result from in situ weathering of Tertiary basaltic and picrobasaltic rocks. Textural and chemical characterisations, together with two mass balance models are applied to understand the mobility and redistribution of elements during the weathering of pyroclastic cones and lava flows. Weathering indices are used to estimate the extent of weathering. The chemical composition of the samples is evaluated by Inductively Coupled Plasma–Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP–OES) and their mineralogical composition by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analyses. It is observed that intensive weathering results in thick meta-stable soils in which significant loss of Ca, K, Mg, Na and Sr has taken place. There is a noticeable relative enrichment in all analysed trace elements (Ba, Zr, Y, Sc, V, Ni, and Co). Ti, Fe, Al, Mn, P and Ce tend to be leached in some horizons and concentrated in others. Zr, Ti, and Ce concentrations are greater in the soils than in the bedrock but show slight fluctuations in the soil and saprolites hence cannot be used as immobile elements for mass balance evaluations. Y increases progressively with advanced weathering. Major secondary mineral phases developed through weathering are a mixture of expanding (smectites) and non-expanding clays (kaolinite, halloysite and mica). The profiles show the presence of textural heterogeneities that can be exploited as slip surfaces. Data plotted in Si–Al–Fe diagram point out that the most advanced stage of weathering noted in these profiles is the kaolinisation stage.     

Monitoring land degradation in the semiarid tropics using an inferential approach: the Kabomo basin case study,Nigeria

Lack of baseline data on soil fertility status for most semiarid areas to a very large extent hampers the success of land degradation monitoring. However, this can be overcome by adopting an inferential approach which presupposes that soils of an area of uniform geologic, geomorphic and climatic characteristics differ mainly because of the uses to which they are put. On this basis, soil conditions of a long-standing vegetation community can be used to assess the extent of soil changes resulting from land-use practices, provided that both the vegetation community and the land-use plots are located in an area having the uniform environmental parameters noted above. This approach was adopted in the Kabomo area of Nigeria, a typical semiarid tropical ecosystem, to monitor the extent of soil degradation resulting from 20 years (1972–92) of arable farming, livestock ranching and legume grass farming. Using a systematic sampling procedure, topsoil (0–15 cm) and subsoil (20–30 cm) samples were collected from both the long-standing vegetation community plot (over 80 years old) which was chosen to serve as the control, and the three land-use plots. The collected samples were then analysed for texture, bulk density, water content, water stable aggregates greater than 0·50 mm, organic matter, pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), total nitrogen, available phosphorus and exchangeable bases. The mean value of every property for each plot was then divided by the mean value of the same property for the control plot in order to assess the extent of change (i.e. extent of degradation) in the property. The Student's t-test was then used to assess the significance of such a change. The results obtained revealed that, in general, the mean values of the various soil properties, with the exception of sand and bulk density, have declined by between 3 per cent and 72 per cent, and in most cases the declines are statistically significant. Sand and bulk density, on the other hand, show some increases of between 6 per cent and 78 per cent, though only the increase in respect of the sand fractions are statistically significant. Similarly, it was observed that the extent of degradation was much greater under the arable land and least under the livestock ranching plot. The potential causes of these trends were discussed, while suggestions were offered on how best to utilize this approach in carrying out effective monitoring of land resources in the semiarid tropics. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Manioc peel and charcoal: a potential organic amendment for sustainable soil fertility in the tropics

In tropical areas, where crop production is limited by low soil quality, the development of techniques improving soil fertility without damage to the environment is a priority. In French Guiana, we used subsistence farmer plots on poor acidic soils to test the effect of different organic amendments, bitter manioc peel (M), sawdust (Sw) and charcoal (Ch), on soil nutrient content, earthworm abundance and yard-long bean (Vigna unguiculata sesquipedalis) production. The peregrine Pontoscolex corethrurus was the only earthworm species found. Pod production and plant growth were lowest in unamended soil. The application of a mixture of manioc peel and charcoal (M + Ch) improved legume production compared with other organic mixtures. It combined the favourable effects of manioc peel and charcoal. Manioc peel improved soil fertility through its low C:N ratio and its high P content, while charcoal decreased soil acidity and exchangeable Al and increased Ca and Mg availability, thus alleviating the possible toxic effects of Al on plant growth. The M + Ch treatment was favourable to P. corethrurus, the juvenile population of which reached a size comparable to that of the nearby uncultivated soil. The application of a mixture of manioc peel and charcoal, by improving crop production and soil fertility and enhancing earthworm activity, could be a potentially efficient organic manure for legume production in tropical areas where manioc is cultivated under slash-and-burn shifting agriculture.     

Organic matter, microbial biomass and enzyme activity of soils under different crop rotations in the tropics

Soil organic matter level, soil microbial biomass C, ninhydrin-N, C mineralization, and dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase activity were studied in soils under different crop rotations for 6 years. Inclusion of a green manure crop of Sesbania aculeata in the rotation improved soil organic matter status and led to an increase in soil microbial biomass, soil enzyme activity and soil respiratory activity. Microbial biomass C increased from 192 mg kg^–1 soil in a pearl millet-wheat-fallow rotation to 256 mg kg^–1 soil in a pearl millet-wheat-green manure rotation. Inclusion of an oilseed crop such as sunflower or mustard led to a decrease in soil microbial biomass, C mineralization and soil enzyme activity. There was a good correlation between microbial biomass C, ninhydrin-N and dehydrogenase activity. The alkaline phosphatase activity of the soil under different crop rotations was little affected. The results indicate the green manuring improved the organic matter status of the soil and soil microbial activity vital for the nutrient turnover and long-term productivity of the soil. Received: 7 January 1996     

Gender, environmental tobacco smoke, and pulmonary function in rural children and adolescents: the Humboldt study

We examined the gender-related association between household exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and pulmonary function among 862 children and adolescents aged 6 to 17 years living in the town of Humboldt, Saskatchewan, in 1993. Pulmonary function tests included forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), maximum mid-expiratory flow rate (FEF25-75), and flow rates at 75%, 50%, and 25% of vital capacity (Vmax75, Vmax50, and Vmax25). Each pulmonary function test variable was regressed on age, height, weight, and their quadratic and cubic polynomials, with the terms significant at the alpha level of 0.10 being retained. Residuals for the pulmonary function test variables, which are the differences between the observed and predicted values, were calculated. Estimations of ETS exposure were parental smoking status, number of household smokers, total daily cigarette consumption, and number of cigarettes smoked daily at home by household members. Maternal smoking status was significantly related to residual FEF25-75, Vmax75, Vmax50, and Vmax25. Number of household smokers and daily cigarette consumption by household members were significantly associated with FEV1, FEF25-75, Vmax75, Vmax50, and Vmax25, and the association between ETS exposure and pulmonary function was stronger in girls than in boys. Interaction of gender and number of cigarettes smoked daily at home was significantly related to FEF25-75, Vmax75, Vmax50, and Vmax25 among the non-smoking subjects. We concluded that ETS exposure had a larger effect on pulmonary function in girls than in boys.     

充分利用新媒体做好水土保持宣传工作的实践与思考——以《绿水青山看河北·水保印象》为例

随着水土保持生态建设重要性的不断提高和新媒体的发展,水土保持宣传工作面临新的机遇和挑战。以《绿水青山看河北·水保印象》为例,就如何运用新媒体做好新时期水土保持宣传工作进行了思考和探索。要想利用新媒体做好水土保持宣传工作,在策划与选题阶段应做到六个明确,即明确宣传目标、明确责任分工、明确系列主题、明确主体结构、明确特色定位、明确资金预算;在具体工作中应把握好三个关系,一是把握好传统媒体与新兴媒体的关系,二是把握好自身努力和借助外力的关系,三是把握好大胆创新与小心操作的关系。     

Physiological profiles of restricted endemic plants and their widespread congenors in the North Queensland wet tropics, Australia

Little is known about causes of endemic rarity in plants. This study pioneered an approach that determined environmental variables in the rainforest habitat and generated physiological profiles for light, water, and nutrient relations for three endemically restricted versus widespread congeneric species' pairs. We found no overall consistent differences in the physiological variables between the group of restricted species and the group of widespread species, and congeneric species pairs were therefore examined individually. Availability of soil nutrients did not differ between restricted-widespread species sites suggesting that species grow under comparable nutrient conditions. Under ambient and manipulated higher light conditions, widespread Gardenia ovularis had a greater photosynthetic activity than restricted Gardenia actinocarpa suggesting that the two species differ in their photosynthetic abilities. Differences between Xanthostemon species included lower photosynthetic activity, higher transpiration rate, and a higher foliar manganese concentration in restricted Xanthostemon formosus compared to widespread Xanthostemon chrysanthus. It is suggested that X. formosus is restricted by its high water use to its current rainforest creek edge habitat, while X. chrysanthus grows in a range of environments, although naturally found in riparian rainforest. Restricted Archidendron kanisii had higher electron transport rates, greater dissipative capacity for removal of excess light, and more efficient investment of nitrogen into photosynthetic components, than its widespread relative Archidendron whitei. These observations and previous research suggest that restricted Archidendron kanisii is in the process of expanding its range. Physiological profiles suggest a different cause of rarity for each species. This has implications for the conservation strategies required for each species.     

The role of ants in conservation monitoring: If, when, and how

Ants are increasingly being recognized as useful tools for land managers to monitor ecosystem conditions. However, despite an abundance of studies on ant responses to both environmental disturbance and land management techniques, an analysis of the practice and value of including ants in monitoring is lacking. Consequently, conservation managers are left with little guidance as to if, when, and how ants can be used to assess conservation activities. Based on our review of approximately 60 published studies, we outline five areas where ants provide valuable information for management-based monitoring: (1) to detect the presence of invasive species, (2) to detect trends among threatened or endangered species, (3) to detect trends among keystone species, (4) to evaluate land management actions, and (5) to assess long-term ecosystem changes. We also discuss practical considerations when designing a monitoring framework for ants, including appropriate methods, taxonomic resolution for sampling, and spatial and temporal scale. We find that when integrated with management goals, monitoring ants can provide information over the short-term on topics such as the status of invasive or keystone species, as well as over longer time frames, for instance the impact of climate change. Overall, we conclude that ants merit monitoring based on their inherent ecological qualities, independent of any “indicator” attributes they might have.     

Perspective: big oil, rural poverty, and environmental degradation in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria

The Niger Delta region of Nigeria is richly endowed with both renewable and non-renewable natural resources. It contains 20 billion of Africa's proven 66 billion barrels of oil reserves and more than 3 trillion cubic meters of gas reserves. Oil and gas resources of the Niger Delta account for over 85% of the nation's gross domestic product (GDP), over 95% of the national budget, and over 80% of the nation's wealth. Paradoxically, the Niger Delta remains the poorest region, due largely to the ecologically unfriendly exploitation of oil and gas and state policies that expropriate the indigenous peoples of the Niger Delta of their rights to these natural resources. The ecological devastation occasioned by the activities of oil transnational corporations (TNCs) have rendered farming and fishing useless, previously the main occupations of these rural people. The people of the Niger Delta are deprived of their share of the wealth on which the entire nation depends; they "benefit" only from compensation for incidents of oil pollution. At the same time, occurrences of oil spills in the Niger Delta region have increased. In this article, it is argued that the ecologically unfriendly activities of oil TNCs, and the state's petroleum development policies, lead to poverty in the Niger Delta, and poverty in turn leads to environmental degradation. It is the dynamics of this interconnectedness that we wish to explore.     

Stable carbon and oxygen isotopes in pedogenic carbonate coatings of chernozems in the Southern Cis-Baikalia as indicators of local environmental changes

Carbonate coatings formed on the lower surfaces of pebble inclusions in the Holocene-Late Pleistocene sediments on the Irkutsk-Cheremkhovo Plain have been studied. The coupled analysis of the carbon isotope composition of the soil organic matter and carbonate coatings has indicated the formation of coatings under conditions of phytocenoses with the predominance of C3 plants. A significant effect of the atmospheric CO₂ on the carbon isotope composition in the coatings has been noted, which could be related to their formation under low soil respiration rates. The latter was apparently due to the periodic freezing of the soil, which affected the structure of the coatings and was most manifested in the formation of spherulites in their outer layers. The carbonate coatings consist of two laminae significantly differing in their structure and stable isotope composition, which allows separating two main stages of their formation. The lightening of the carbon isotope composition in the outer (younger) layers of the coatings compared to their inner (older) ones coincides with the increase of the δ¹⁸O values, which points to changes of the environmental conditions in the studied area during the formation of the coatings.     

Conservation Tillage,Rotations, and Cover Crop Affecting Soil Quality in the Tennessee Valley: Particulate Organic Matter,Organic Matter,and Microbial Biomass

Abstract

The impact of conservation tillage, crop rotation, and cover cropping on soil‐quality indicators was evaluated in a long‐term experiment for cotton. Compared to conventional‐tillage cotton, other treatments had 3.4 to 7.7 Mg ha^?1 more carbon (C) over all soil depths. The particulate organic matter C (POMc) accounts for 29 to 48 and 16 to 22% of soil organic C (SOC) for the 0‐ to 3‐and 3‐ to 6‐cm depths, respectively. Tillage had a strongth influence on POMc within the 0‐ to 3‐cm depth, but cropping intensity and cover crop did not affect POMc. A large stratification for microbial biomass was observed varing from 221 to 434 and 63 to 110 mg kg^?1 within depth of 0–3 and 12–24 cm respectively. The microbial biomass is a more sensitive indicator (compared to SOC) of management impacts, showing clear effect of tillage, rotation, and cropping intensity. The no‐tillage cotton double‐cropped wheat/soybean system that combined high cropping intensity and crop rotation provided the best soil quality.