东北鳈繁殖力的研究

2018年6—7月,在乌苏里江抚远江段采集了284尾东北鳈Sarcocheilichthys lacustris,研究其生物学体征、种群年龄组成及繁殖力。结果表明:284尾东北鳈中有雌鱼226尾、雄鱼58尾,雌雄比例为3.9∶1;年龄范围1~5龄,3~4龄年龄组个体为优势年龄组,占总样本量的68%;性腺成熟系数(GSI)为(11.27±5.62)%,绝对繁殖力(F)为(5924.69±2177.01)粒,相对繁殖力(F1)为(60.81±15.25)粒/g,体长相对繁殖力(FL)为(33.02±10.66)粒/mm,体质量相对繁殖力(FW)为(49.41±11.61)粒/g;个体绝对繁殖力与体长(L)、体质量(W)及GSI的关系分别为:F=1170.8L-2.6L2-119577,F=320.65W-0.9W2-18919,F=143.89GSI1.452。     

瓣结鱼生物学特性及生殖力的研究

对从皖南山区河流中采集到瓣结鱼活体样本进行体长、体重测定,通过鳞片鉴定其年龄,研究其性腺发育及繁殖力。结果表明:瓣结鱼体长与体重呈指数函数相关,W=0.0182L~b,b=2.9949;绝对怀卵量6680~38704粒,平均24543粒;雌鱼成熟系数0.74~31.47,平均20.31,雄鱼成熟系数0.18~7.43,平均2.17;体长的相对繁殖力:y=789.19x-918.15,经计算得出体长相对繁殖力(F_M)为760.9粒/cm。     

长江干流长鳍吻鮈(Rhinogobio ventralis)繁殖生物学

2012年3月–2014年12月对长江上游宜宾江段采集的521尾野生长鳍吻鮈进行了繁殖生物学研究。结果显示,长鳍吻鮈种群雌雄比为1.41:1,繁殖期为3–5月,盛期为4月上旬至5月上旬。繁殖季节可通过吻端细小"珠星"鉴别雌雄,雄鱼最小性成熟年龄为2~+龄,最小成熟体长为173 mm,体重为90.4 g,成熟系数为0.36%;雌鱼最小性成熟年龄为3~+龄,最小成熟体长为185 mm,体重为119.6 g,成熟系数为11.30%。繁殖群体中,雌性优势龄组为3~+龄,雄性优势龄组为2~+龄和3~+龄。统计结果显示,长鳍吻鮈绝对繁殖力(F)为16399–39835(26816±7875)粒/尾,体重相对繁殖力(F_W)为162–234(189±23)粒/g,体长相对繁殖力(F_L)为877–1659(1231±246)粒/cm。通过对性腺成熟系数、卵径分布频率以及性腺组织切片结果的综合分析认为,长鳍吻鮈属于完全同步产卵类型。     

濒危中华鲟人工群体的繁殖生物学

以1998―2008年孵出的子一代(F1)中华鲟(Acipensersinensis)为材料,研究了人工养殖中华鲟的繁殖生物学特征。结果表明:年龄10～20龄的492尾人工养殖子一代中华鲟体重为30～169 kg,体长为140～258 cm,肥满度为0.77～1.26,体长(L)与体重(W)之间的关系式为W=1×10~(–5)L~(2.9658) (R~2=0.9076,n=492)。74尾中华鲟性腺发育成熟,成熟比例为15.04%,成熟个体中雄鱼体重[(60.73±14.53)kg]和体长[(172.27±13.46)cm]均小于雌鱼体重[(88.39±29.14)kg]和体长[(193.37±18.90) cm];雄鱼最小性成熟年龄为10龄,平均为(14.96±1.93)龄,雌鱼最小成熟年龄为12龄,平均为(17.84±1.80)龄。雄鱼催产成功率为76.36%,精子快速运动时间为(49.11±13.38) s,精子寿命为(220.75±56.47)s;雌鱼催产成功率为57.89%,产卵量为(13.43±6.79)万粒,卵径(3.97±0.15)mm,卵重(0.046±0.013)g,受精率为(42.72±27.82)%,孵化率为(51.61±32.41)%,出苗量为(4.44±5.67)万尾。与野生中华鲟相比,人工养殖中华鲟成熟个体体格、繁殖力和繁殖效果均有下降趋势,人工保种面临挑战。     

鸭绿江水系(Hemiculter leucisculus)的个体繁殖力

2013年6月初,在鸭绿江水丰水库采捕性成熟(Hemiculter leucisculus)44尾,研究了鸭绿江水系繁殖群体的组成及个体繁殖力与其相关生物学参数。结果表明:优势体质量组为30.00~50.00g,优势体长组为13.00~15.00cm。个体绝对生殖力(F)为11428~32100粒,平均为18632粒;体长相对生殖力(FL)变幅为907.03~1834.29粒/cm,平均为1232.83粒/cm。体质量相对生殖力(Fw)变幅为277.92~601.09粒/g,平均为456.21粒/g。F与FL随体长和体质量的增加而逐渐增大。Fw在体长13~15cm和体质量为30~50g时达到最大。F与卵巢重的决定系数最大(0.8427),F与体长、体质量、空壳重和卵巢重4个生物学指标间均呈正相关(P<0.05);FL与体长、体质量、空壳重和卵巢重呈正相关。FL与卵巢重的决定系数最高(0.7494)。Fw与体长、体质量和空壳重呈负相关。     

长江干流长鳍吻鮈(Rhinogobio ventralis)繁殖生物学

2012年3月-2014年12月对长江上游宜宾江段采集的521尾野生长鳍吻(鱼句)进行了繁殖生物学研究.结果显示,长鳍吻(鱼句)种群雌雄比为1.41∶1,繁殖期为3-5月,盛期为4月上旬至5月上旬.繁殖季节可通过吻端细小“珠星”鉴别雌雄,雄鱼最小性成熟年龄为2+龄,最小成熟体长为173 mm,体重为90.4 g,成熟系数为0.36％;雌鱼最小性成熟年龄为3+龄,最小成熟体长为185 mm,体重为119.6 g,成熟系数为11.30％.繁殖群体中,雌性优势龄组为3+龄,雄性优势龄组为2+龄和3+龄.统计结果显示,长鳍吻(鱼句)绝对繁殖力(F)为16399-39835(26816±7875)粒/尾,体重相对繁殖力(FW)为162-234(189±23)粒/g,体长相对繁殖力(FL)为877-1659(1231±246)粒/cm.通过对性腺成熟系数、卵径分布频率以及性腺组织切片结果的综合分析认为,长鳍吻(鱼句)属于完全同步产卵类型.     

黄海中南部细纹狮子鱼繁殖生物学特征的年际变化

基于1985-1986年和2011-2012年"北斗"号渔业调查船在黄海中南部的底拖网数据,对细纹狮子鱼的绝对繁殖力、相对繁殖力、卵径、性腺成熟度等繁殖生物学特征的年代际变化进行了研究。结果表明,黄海中南部细纹狮子鱼卵径分布由1985-1986年的多峰型转变为2011-2012年的双峰型,但平均卵径由(1.1±0.2)mm增加至(1.2±0.1)mm。2011年1月细纹狮子鱼性成熟系数和肥满度比1986年1月有所下降,均与绝对繁殖力无显著相关(P0.05)。1985-1986年细纹狮子鱼个体绝对繁殖力F为9407-84209粒,平均为(37677±3625)粒,体长相对繁殖力FL为446-1981粒/cm,体重相对繁殖力FW为18-157粒/g,均高于2011-2012年细纹狮子鱼个体绝对繁殖力[2984-81614粒,平均为(24728±2822)粒]和相对繁殖力(FL为114-1690粒/cm,FW为15-106粒/g),但协方差检验两个年代间繁殖力参数发现无显著差异。1985-1986年和2011-2012年细纹狮子鱼F与体长均呈幂正相关,与体重呈线性正相关;体长与FL呈线性正相关,与FW呈线性负相关,体重与FL、FW不存在明显相关性。     

图们江陆封型马苏大麻哈鱼的个体繁殖力

为研究马苏大麻哈鱼(Oncorhynchus masou)资源保护策略和人工繁殖技术,对人工养殖的图们江陆封型马苏大麻哈鱼繁殖力进行了研究。选取122尾不同养殖区域卵巢发育Ⅳ-Ⅴ期的马苏大麻哈鱼样本(其中延吉42尾、山东35尾、北京45尾)进行统计分析。试验马苏大麻哈鱼体重209~845 g,平均为(512±206)g;体长17.0~39.5 cm,平均为(26.81±6.53)cm。结果表明,大麻哈鱼的绝对繁殖力410~3 075粒,平均为(1 485±797)粒;体重相对繁殖力1.93~3.64粒/g,平均为(2.72±0.47)粒/g;体长相对繁殖力23.60~77.85粒/cm,平均为(51.35±17.60)粒/cm;Ⅴ期卵巢性腺指数14.85%~27.93%,平均为(20.97±3.57)%;繁殖力随着体重、体长、性腺指数增加而提高(P0.01)。通过人工驯养和移植培育,改变了马苏大麻哈鱼在自然环境下雌鱼卵巢发育不成熟的现象,而且繁殖力明显提高。移植到北京和山东后,其繁殖力极显著高于原产地(P0.01)。国产陆封型马苏大麻哈鱼具有规模化人工繁育的优势,能够为野生种群资源增殖提供苗种补充。     

繁殖季节黄颡鱼的性腺特征

对繁殖季节的黄颡鱼性腺进行连续观察,结果表明黄颡鱼卵巢为黄色圆筒状,由大小不同的三 种卵粒组成,卵径分别为1． 2～1． 4mm、1． 5～1． 6mm 和1． 7～2． 0mm,直径较大的金黄色卵粒中有大量卵黄 沉积,成熟较好,较小的卵颜色发白。精巢为乳白色,饱满有光泽,靠近生殖孔的部分晶莹透亮。黄颡鱼雌 鱼性成熟系数为21． 48%,雄鱼性成熟系数为0． 60%。体重35～85g 时,雌性个体相对繁殖力为76． 81～ 94． 72粒/ g,平均为84． 35粒/g,绝对繁殖力(Y)与体重(W)、体长(L)的相关方程为：Y=84． 74W- 55． 69、 Y=1416． 92L-14847． 24。     

绰斯甲河大渡裸裂尻鱼的年龄与生长特性研究

以绰斯甲河流域大渡裸裂尻鱼(Schizopygopsis malacanthus chengi)的微耳石和脊椎骨为年龄鉴定材料,对其进行了年龄鉴定,并比较了两种年龄鉴定材料的准确性,结果表明微耳石更适合于年龄鉴定。同时,以微耳石磨片为年龄鉴定和生长推算材料,对大渡裸裂尻鱼种群的生长特性进行了研究。结果显示:在相同年龄组内雌鱼个体显著大于雄鱼。雌、雄鱼体重与体长表现为异速生长:W♂=0.024 5×L2.793 4,W♀=0.021 3×L2.859 3。Von Bertalanffy生长方程为雌鱼Lt=32.319×[1-e-0.087×(t+4.024)],Wt=439.165×[1-e-0.087(t+4.024)]2.859 3;雄鱼Lt=23.195×[1-e-0.213×(t-1.008)],Wt=169.307 2×[1-e-0.213×(t-1.008)]2.793 4。雌、雄鱼的生长拐点年龄分别为8.1龄和6.0龄,对应的雌鱼体长和体重为L=21.06 cm,W=129.12 g;对应的雄鱼的体长和体重为L=15.18 cm,W=51.85 g。     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

Influence of the antibacterial herbs, Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia on the survival, growth and bacterial load of Penaeus monodon post larvae

The indiscriminate use of antibiotics and chemicals in shrimp hatcheries has led to biomagnification and that in turn could lead to rejection of a whole consignment. The application of the bioencapsulation technique as a tool for curative treatment in shrimp larvae was investigated. Herbs having antibacterial properties such as Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia (methanolic extracts) were bioencapsulated in Artemia and fed to Penaeus monodon post larvae PL 1–25. The post larvae were reared in a medium inoculated with pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Vibrio sp. Post larvae reared in the non-inoculated water and fed with non-enriched Artemia exhibited 90% survival, highest specific growth rate (12.43%) and reduced bacterial load. P. monodon reared in the bacterial inoculated water and fed with the non-enriched Artemia exhibited the lowest survival (10–30%), specific growth rate (8.42–9.1%) and increased bacterial load (2.86 × 10³ to 3.76 × 10⁵ cfu/g). The methanolic extracts of the herbs helped to increase survival and specific growth rate and reduced bacterial load in the P. monodon culture system. Among the three herbal extracts, P. corylifolia enriched Artemia fed post larvae showed the tendency to higher survival (>50%), growth rate (11.5 averaged) and low bacterial load (1.12 × 10⁵ cfu/g). This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.