秸秆固态发酵回转筒内颗粒混合状态离散元参数标定

为解决秸秆碎料在发酵过程中积热和触氧条件不均的问题,采用离散元法研究回转筒内秸秆颗粒的运动特性。为利用实验值定量对比仿真,基于图像处理法,定量分析实验法和离散元法的滚筒内颗粒混合状态。通过虚拟堆积实验和滚筒内颗粒混合仿真与实验现象进行对比,标定离散元法的颗粒物性参数。结果表明:图像法表征混合状态时,子域大小的划分与颗粒尺寸相关;影响堆积角的主要因素为颗粒间静摩擦因数和密度;影响回转筒内颗粒混合的主要因素为颗粒与壁面粘性系数和颗粒与壁面滚动摩擦因数;验证标定参数结果表明,颗粒参数能用于离散元法描述回转筒内秸秆碎料的运动特性。     

转筒内D型二元颗粒物料滚落模式的径向分离

针对D型二元颗粒物料在转筒内的分离问题,以粘土颗粒和木制颗粒组成的物料为对象,采用离散单元法模拟了滚落运动模式下物料在转筒内的运动与分离过程。通过颗粒接触数定义物料混合指数,并结合Hong的渗流与凝聚竞争理论定量分析了物料的径向分离。结果表明:滚落运动模式下物料在转筒截面上分为平流层与活动层两部分,颗粒之间的分离运动发生在活动层;颗粒密度差异引起凝聚作用,使木制颗粒向转筒内壁分散而粘土颗粒向中心聚集,物料形成"月亮模式"分离形态;通过配置2种颗粒的半径可引入渗流机理,当渗流作用与凝聚作用相互平衡时,可避免物料发生径向分离;渗流机理的引入不受转筒尺寸的影响。     

回转筒内秸秆碎料回转周期和料层完全混合时间研究

基于试验和理论分析,研究了回转筒型固态发酵罐内秸秆粉碎料的料床回转周期,建立了数学模型,其计算准确度达95%以上;结合图像分析法和料床回转周期,发现筒内上下料层完全混合时料层所转圈数与筒体转速关系不大,与筒内料体积填充率呈线性关系。由此回归并推导出只需知道筒内料体积填充率和筒体转速,便可预测上下料层完全混合的公式,其计算准确度达90%以上。提出了以上研究成果在工业级发酵罐中应用的方法。     

基于离散元法的番茄秸秆立式螺旋混合机理

对番茄秸秆碎料的本征参数和接触参数进行测定,以物料自然休止角为判断依据,通过正交试验法标定离散元仿真参数组合,并分别进行仿真试验和样机试验,分析发现:桶内物料颗粒宏观上为对流混合过程;物料颗粒与叶片表面法向方向形成一定角度做发散运动,距离叶片越远,颗粒速度越小;上下叶片之间存在很多湍流区域,无明显直径方向上扩散运动过程;叶片转速提高、螺距增大、填充高度降低都有利于物料混合均匀,揭示的高效混合机理为后期设备的开发与优化提供理论基础.     

三回程有机肥颗粒转筒干燥设备中筒抄板设计与试验

为实现有机肥颗粒物料的高效干燥,提出了专用三回程转筒干燥工艺,着重对影响有机肥颗粒运动的中筒内抄板设计参数进行研究。分析了抄板的作用原理,设计出在中筒可以实现物料逆向"爬坡"的组合式抄板;应用EDEM离散元软件,通过正交试验设计,确定物料在中筒内停留时间的显著性影响因素为转筒安装倾角和组合抄板平面滑板角;通过试验验证,完成了转筒倾角和组合抄板平面滑板角对物料停留时间影响的单因素试验,建立了相应的数学模型;通过对试验结果和仿真分析结果对比分析,经偏移修正后的仿真模型可以很好地预测物料在中筒内的停留时间;根据试验结果,转筒安装倾角不超过5°、组合抄板平面滑板角不小于40°时干燥效果好。     

水平转筒内大豆颗粒随机运动与混合特性模拟

基于离散单元法,利用EDEM软件对水平转筒内大豆颗粒运动的随机性与混合特性进行了模拟研究,分析了转筒转速与装载量对颗粒随机运动及混合特性的影响.结果表明:转筒转速的提高有利于改善颗粒的随机运动过程,而且颗粒的混合效果增强,混合速度加快.装载量的影响相反,随着装载量的增大,颗粒在转筒径向方向的随机运动虽有增大,但堆积现象比较明显,沿转筒轴向方向的随机运动明显降低,颗粒的混合速度变慢,混合效果变差.     

回转式日粮混合机混合机理分析与性能试验优化

针对我国日粮混合机机理研究及自主设计不足的问题,结合我国畜牧业发展的实际需要,设计了一种在筒体内壁安装抄板的回转式日粮混合机,实现日粮的均匀混合。为揭示其混合机理,利用回转式日粮混合试验装置,借助高速摄像技术对其混合过程进行了观察和分析,结果可知:按筒体内物料颗粒群运动特征可将物料分布区域划分为提料区、抛落区、回料区,其中抛落区是主混合区,其物料以剪切混合为主、以扩散与对流混合为辅,且各个区域的位置、大小、形状受结构和运行参数的影响很大;同时,以筒体转速、物料装载率、混合时间、抄板安装角和抄板高度为试验因素,以变异系数、净功耗为评价指标,采用五因素五水平(1/2部分实施)正交旋转组合试验方法进行了性能优化试验,并确定其最佳参数组合为:筒体转速23.5 r/min、物料装载率65%、混合时间4 min、抄板安装角11°、抄板高度109 mm,此时变异系数、净功耗分别为2.09%、33.734 kJ,比优化前分别降低了64.4%和15.1%。     

基于图形界面的回转式烘干机整体参数优化系统开发

以消除回转式烘干机筒体内气流"短路"形成"风洞"的问题,基于对扬料板结构参数、安装参数以及工艺参数的分析和数值计算结果,开发回转式烘干机整体参数可视化优化分析软件。该软件以烘干机和扬料板的几何参数为输入,以获得瀑落料幕均匀性和最大撒落物料量为目标,以扬料板安装参数实时计算、终止和起始扬料角优化、扬料板升举量和数量计算三个模块分别显示计算和优化结果,结合生产中扬料板的常用几何参数,并根据整体优化结果,组合出两种方案六组最佳匹配参数,终止扬料角可达270°,为回转式烘干机的在不同转速、不同要求下的设计及改造提供理论依据。     

直热式转筒干燥的活动折弯抄板设计研究

研究了在转筒干燥机内活动折弯抄板作用下的撒料特性及设计方法。通过分析颗粒性物料在抄板作用下随着转筒转动产生的分布状态变化,导出了理想状态下颗粒物料密度分布和撒落规律。在此基础上,导出抄板的理想表面轮廓方程,提出了一种直热式转筒干燥机活动折弯抄板的设计方法。     

蚯蚓堆肥处理有机废弃物的研究——基于红薯秸秆、牛粪和污泥的混合物料

为了探明蚯蚓堆肥处理红薯秸秆、牛粪和污泥混合物料的最佳配比,在实验室条件下进行了模拟培养实验。实验共设不同配比混合物料5个处理,研究了处理前后物料的理化性质变化,从处理后物料速效养分的含量来确定蚯蚓处理混合物料的最佳配比。结果表明:经蚯蚓堆肥处理后,各种配比物料的pH值、有机质和全氮(处理1与处理2除外)含量均下降,EC值、速效氮、全磷、速效磷、全钾及速效钾含量均升高;总体上,10%红薯秸秆+60%牛粪+30%污泥的处理速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量最高。因此,蚯蚓堆肥处理红薯秸秆、牛粪和污泥混合物的最佳配比是10%红薯秸秆+60%牛粪+30%污泥,此配比的混合物料经蚯蚓处理后可以得到高品质的有机肥。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。