Effect of cellulose and glucose on the proliferation of PCP (pentachlorophenol)-degrading microorganisms in soil suspension

The pesticide pentachlorophenol (PCP) of which application to rice fields was prohibited in Japan after the 1970s is still used as a fungicide for upland crops or timber. In many cases the pesticide dropped into soil is microbially degraded, and microbial degradation of PCP in soil was studied by many authors (Watanabe and Hayashi 1972; Kuwatsuka and Igarashi 1975; Watanabe 1977). The PCP-degrading microorganisms so far isolated are common ones which are not nutritionally fastidious (Watanabe 1973; Suzuki 1983a, b). It is, therefore, plausible that PCP-degradability of the microorganisms is influenced by the presence of some nutrients because, in general, the microorganisms may preferentially use nutrients to pesticides which are biostatic or biocidal to the microorganisms.     

紫外线降解水果中农药残留设备的设计与试验

为探讨高效降解水果中农药残留的方法,设计了紫外线降解农药残留的设备,利用紫外线照射水果表面,使水果中的农药残留发生降解。同时以乔纳金苹果和砀山酥梨为试验材料,研究了该设备的使用效果情况。研究结果表明：用波长为253.7 nm,有效强度为2243 μW/cm2的紫外光分别照射农药残留超标的苹果和梨3、2、1、0.5 min, 与未经照射的对照组相比,经处理的水果农药残留均大幅度下降;综合来看处理1 min的效果较好。苹果和梨处理1 min后残留乐果的降解率分别是57.40%、60.12%;残留氰戊菊酯的降解率分别是42.23%、41.25%;处理后的苹果和梨中的农药残留均远低于国家标准。     

紫云英与化肥配施对稻田土壤养分和微生物学特性的影响

在安徽沿江双季稻区,通过4年田间定位试验研究了不同用量紫云英绿肥与化肥配施对水稻产量、土壤肥力和土壤微生物数量及活度的影响。结果表明,施用紫云英绿肥比不施肥增产40.75%~92.10%,比单施化肥处理增产26.30%~36.49%;与纯施化肥相比较,施用紫云英处理的微生物总量增加了48.26%~115.78%,微生物活度增加了5.88%~29.41%,且施用紫云英土壤全N、碱解N、有效P、速效K和有机质含量均较高。简单相关分析表明,土壤微生物特性与土壤全N、碱解N之间具有极显著的相关性。施肥土壤有机质含量与细菌总数之间无直接相关性,而与真菌、放线菌数量及微生物活度正相关。土壤微生物及土壤养分分析发现,化肥量70%与紫云英22 500 kg·hm-2配施比较适宜于安徽沿江双季稻区早稻生产。     

Assessment of pesticide effects on non-target soil microorganisms

Agricultural pesticides should be free of side effects that may cause a lasting disruption of microbial processes that are essential for continued soil fertility. A test program is described here for the assessment of the potential effects of newly-developed pesticides on non-target soil micro-organisms. The pesticides to be tested are applied at the equivalent of their recommended field application concentration and, for a margin of safety, also at the tenfold thereof. The measurement of pesticide effects on the microbial cycling of C, N and S constitute the core of the test program. These measurements are, in some cases, complemented by evaluation of pesticide effects on total and viable microbial numbers, on the abundance of specific components of the soil microbial community, and on the growth rates of selected soil microorganisms. The above test program was applied to evaluate the safety of the herbicides N-(1-ethylpropyl)-3,4-dimethyl-2,6-clinitrobenzeneamine(pendimethalin) l,2-dimethyl-3,5-diphenyl-1H pyrazolium (difenzoquat), S-(4-chlorophenyl)-N,N-diethyldithiocarbamate (thiobencarb), and the fungicides N-[(trichloromethyl) thio]-phthalimide (folpet) and cis-N-[(l,l,2,2-tetrachloroethyl) thio]-4-cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboximide (captafol). No detectable adverse effects were caused by any of the tested herbicides. The fungicides inhibited some of the C cycling activities, but the inhibition was temporary and was associated with their effect on soil fungi.     

转笼式生物农药雾化喷头的性能试验

化学农药对生态环境的危害和人类健康的威胁使得低毒、低残留、不易产生抗药性的生物农药日益受到重视,但与之相配套的喷施机具的缺乏限制了生物农药的推广使用。为了研究保证生物农药存活率的专用喷施器械与操作方法,该文研究了喷施生物农药的专用转笼式离心喷头,并测试了其雾化性能和生物活性保持率。该文建立性能测试系统,利用粒子图像测速系统和激光粒度仪研究生物农药离心雾化喷头的转笼直径、丝网目数等结构参数,流量、转速等操作参数和生物农药制剂选择对于雾滴流场均匀性、雾滴粒径分布、生物农药活性的影响。量化分析了喷头结构和操作参数对雾滴体积中径和苏云金杆菌、白僵菌2种生物农药存活率的影响程度,采用SPSS软件通过相关信息和逐步回归分析建立了包含转笼直径、丝网目数、输药流量、转笼转速因素的转笼喷头雾化性能多元线性回归拟合模型,并检验其拟合度,通过实测数据对其进行验证发现该模型精度较高。综合各因素,提出了转笼式生物农药雾化喷头结构和操作参数的优化配置为:转笼直径100mm、丝网目数60、转笼转速3000r/min、输药流量80L/h。结果表明,转笼输液装置的双侧对称进液比单侧进液时雾滴流场均匀性提高,为了保证生物农药活性,转笼式喷头的转速不宜太高。该文的研究为设计生物农药喷施机具、制定确保活性成分的操作规范、提高生物农药防治病虫害效果提供了理论依据和技术支持。     

不同基肥对黄瓜根际土壤微生物群落多样性的影响

分别以RAPD分子生物学方法和BIOLOG生理学方法,研究了不同基肥对黄瓜根际土壤微生物群落DNA序列多样性和群落功能多样性的影响。结果表明,在本试验条件下,基肥为75000 kg/hm2有机肥处理和75000 kg/hm2有机肥加300 kg/hm2复合肥处理最好;基肥为600 kg/hm2复合肥处理而使土壤微生物群落DNA序列丰富度指数和多样性指数显著下降,与对照的DNA序列相似系数最低;有机肥处理有利于土壤微生物群落DNA序列多样性、均匀度和黄瓜产量的提高。此外,不同基肥处理改变了土壤微生物对单一碳源的利用能力。     

生物有机肥改良设施蔬菜土壤的研究进展

近年来,设施蔬菜土壤生态环境退化严重。随栽培年限的延长,土壤出现了板结、酸化、盐渍化和连作障碍等一系列问题。生物有机肥在修复设施蔬菜土壤障碍方面提供了一种新的途径,长期施用生物有机肥可以提高土壤肥力,改善土壤理化性质,调控土壤微生物群落结构,加速退化土壤生态系统的恢复。本文综述了当前设施蔬菜土壤存在的问题,生物有机肥对退化土壤的改良效果及作用机理,探讨了生物有机肥今后的研究和发展方向。     

马铃薯连作栽培对土壤微生物多样性的影响

马铃薯是宁夏回族自治区南部山区重要的粮菜兼用作物,随栽培面积持续扩大,轮作倒茬困难,由此带来的连作障碍问题日渐突出。为探明马铃薯连作障碍机制,分别采集马铃薯正茬、连作1年、6年和10年的根际土壤样本,利用末端标记限制性片段长度多态性(terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism,T-RFLP)技术研究连作栽培对根际土壤微生物多样性的影响,以期揭示马铃薯根际土壤主要菌群动态变化规律及连作障碍的可能原因。结果表明:连作栽培后马铃薯土壤细菌和真菌DNA仍具有较高的T-RFLP多态性,但不同连作年限根际土壤中优势T-RFs片段发生变化,多年连作使某些T-RFs消失;随连作年限增加,根际土细菌Shannon-Wienen指数、Simpson指数和Sorenson指数下降,而真菌Shannon-Wienen指数和Simpson指数上升。菌群分析发现,土壤细菌中以厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)芽孢杆菌纲(Bacilli)和梭菌纲(Clostridia)所占比例最大。连作使细菌和真菌菌群发生变化,芽孢杆菌纲、鞘氨醇纲(Sphingobacteria)等比例下降甚至消失,β-变形菌纲(Beta proteobacteria)和异常球菌纲(Deinococci)比例上升;土壤真菌中座囊菌纲(Dothideomycetes)煤炱目(Capnodiales)随连作年限增加比例下降,粪壳菌纲(Sordariomycetes)肉座菌目(Hypocreales)随连作年限增加比例上升。马铃薯连作使根际土壤中芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)等有益菌属的细菌减少,罗尔斯通菌属(Ralstonia)等致病菌属的细菌增加。连作导致马铃薯根际土壤细菌多样性水平降低,真菌多样性水平升高,根际土壤微生物多样性存在明显差异,连作破坏了根际土壤微生物群落的平衡,使其根际土壤微生态环境恶化。连作障碍可能是多因素综合互作用的结果,持续的研究有利于做出较合理的解释。     

施肥措施对红壤结构的影响

利用长期定位试验研究红壤开垦利用后不同施肥措施下红壤结构的变化结果表明,红壤开垦利用后,＞1mm机械稳定性大团聚体有所增加,而1mm水稳定性团聚体含量有所下降,但施用有机肥可缓冲1mm大团聚体含量下降的趋势,增加＞0.25mm大团聚体总量.红壤开垦利用后土壤容重变小,土壤孔隙度增加.施用有机肥可使土壤毛管孔隙度增加50%,有效水库容增加64%,而施用化肥仅分别比荒草地红壤增加27%和33%.施用绿肥、稻草或秸秆还田有利于提高土壤的持水性能,而施用化肥对土壤持水性能似无明显改善作用.     

连续施用无害化污泥对沙质潮土土壤肥力和微生物学性质的影响

以小麦-玉米轮作体系下的沙质潮土为研究对象,选用经无害化处理后的城市污泥产物,通过2013~2015年田间定位试验,研究了不同城市污泥施用量对土壤肥力的影响,以期为城市污泥资源化利用提供理论基础和技术依据。设置单施化肥(CK)、CK+污泥15 t·hm~(-2)(CS1)、CK+污泥30 t·hm~(-2)(CS2)和CK+污泥45 t·hm~(-2)(CS3)共4个处理。主要研究结果如下:(1)连续定位试验结果表明,同一施用量污泥处理的土壤p H值随施用时间的增加呈下降趋势;土壤有机质(SOM)和养分含量如全氮(TN)、有效磷(AP)和速效钾(AK)随施用时间的增长呈上升趋势;(2)与CK比较,在2015年玉米季施用污泥各处理的土壤p H值显著降低了0.34~0.83个单位(P0.05),且与污泥施用量呈反比,以高施量污泥45 t·hm~(-2)下降最多;土壤SOM、TN、AP和AK分别显著提高了52.1%~166.9%、77.3%~177.8%、215.7%~486.3%和167.2%~379.0%(P0.05),且与污泥施用量呈正比,以高施量污泥45 t·hm~(-2)效果最显著;(3)试验所用污泥施用量范围内不会造成土壤和植物籽粒重金属污染,能够保持土壤环境健康;(4)与CK比较,施用污泥各处理土壤微生物量碳(MBC)、氮(MBN)含量均显著提高(P0.05),且与污泥施用量呈正比,并且季节不同也显著影响土壤MBC、MBN含量(P0.05);施用污泥能够显著提高土壤MBC/MBN(P0.05),说明施用污泥能够改变土壤微生物群落组成;(5)施用污泥,尤其是高施量污泥45 t·hm~(-2),在保证土壤和植物籽粒质量安全下,其土壤培肥效果最优。     

我国东南部地区土壤养分的退化

A total of 2 190 soil nutrient data in the Second National Soil Survey of China were collected to assess the degradation of soil nutrients in the hilly region of Southeast China. The definition of soil nutrient degradation is suggested firstly, then the evaluation criteria are set up and the current status of degradation of red soil and latosol is assessed. The percentages of areas in four grades of soil nutrient degradation, i.e., slightly deficient, medium deficient, severely deficient and extremely deficient, were 21.3%, 43.3%, 16.2% and 3.0% for soil total N; 0.7%, 6.4%, 16.7% and 76.2% for soil available P; and 25.4%, 26.3%, 8.6% and 5.0% for soil available K, respectively. The severity of soil nutrient degradation was in the order of P > N > K. The major factors leading to the degradation of soil nutrients in quantity include soil erosion, leaching and the consumption by crops. And the principal factor affecting the degradation of soil nutrients in availability is the fixation of N, P and K, especially the fixation of phosphorus. The average amount of P fixed by soils is 408 mg kg^-1, and upland soils can fix more P than paddy soils.     

不同退耕还林模式对土壤生物学性质的影响效果评价

在测定土壤微生物、土壤酶活性基础上,应用主成分因子分析法建立了不同退耕还林模式下的土壤生物学性质评价体系。结果表明,土壤放线菌、真菌数量与转化酶、脲酶、纤维素酶、过氧化氢酶活性之间的相关性达到了极显著或显著水平优势微生物中的微球菌与转化酶,芽孢杆菌与纤维素酶,木霉和游动放线菌与过氧化氢酶,酵母菌与脲酶呈显著正相关关系放线菌、真菌及其微生物优势类群多样性指标在评价土壤生物学肥力质量时具有十分重要的作用4种土壤酶活性是土壤生物学肥力质量评价的重要指标而细菌、酵母等生物量较小的微生物对土壤生态肥力评价的贡献较小。用土壤综合肥力指标值(IFI)进一步评价各样地的土壤生物学肥力质量的顺序依次为:苦竹林表层>桦木林表层>农耕地表层>农耕地亚表层>农耕地深层>桦木和苦竹林亚表层>桦木林深层>苦竹林深层。苦竹对退耕地的生态改善效果,如水土保持、水源涵养和土壤生态肥力的增加等方面要优于桦木。     

外源营养物质对表征土壤质量的生物学指标的影响

土壤微生物指标(土壤微生物组成和多样性、土壤微生物生物量、土壤微生物活性)、土壤酶活性和土壤动物是表征土壤质量的三大重要生物学指标。这些指标极易受土壤环境因素和人为活动的影响。诸如土壤水分、温度、耕作制度以及外源有机、无机物质等均对它们有较大的影响。本文就外源有机、无机营养物质对上述生物学指标的影响进行了综述。     

金沙江干热峡谷中退化的土壤生态系统生物学特征初探

Distribution characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity were studied in the dry red soil and Vertisol ecosystems with different degradation degrees in the Yuanmou dry hot valley of the Jinsha River,China.Results showed that Hymenoptera,Araneae and Collembola were the dominant groups of soil animals in the polts studied.The numbers of groups and individuals and density of soil animals in the dry red soil series were higher than those in the Vertisol series,and the numbers of individuals and density of soil animals decreased with the degree of soil degradation.Bacteria dominated microbiococnosis not only in the dry red soils but also in the Vertisols.Microbial numbers of the dry red soil series were higher than those of Vertisol series,and decreased with the degree of soil degradation.The activities of catalase,invertase,urease and alkaline phosphatase declined with the degradation degree and showed a significant decline with depth in the profiles of both the dry red soils and the Vertisols,but activities of polyphenol oxidase and acid and neutral phosphatase showed the same tendencies only in the Vertisols.It was concluded that the characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity could be used as the bio-indicators to show the degradation degree of the dry red soils and Vertisols.Correlation among these soil bio-indicators was highly significant.     

Effect of soil microorganisms on the sorption of zinc and lead compounds by goethite

The objectives of this study were (1) to determine the effect of microorganisms during in‐vitro incubation on the amount of Zn and Pb from solution retained on goethite precipitated as coatings on a sand matrix and (2) to evaluate accumulation of heavy metals in the biomass of soil microorganisms in the fresh soil samples using an extractive approach. A mixture of colonies of cultivated microorganisms extracted from a Haplic Luvisol (Russia) and an Antropi‐urbic Regosol (Germany) were used to prepare the cell and the microbial‐debris suspensions. The concentrations of Zn and Pb in the studied solutions supplied with microbial suspensions and/or goethite coated sand were 0.1 mM (130.8 and 414 mg kg^–1 of sand, respectively). Exchangeable forms of metals were determined by extraction with 10 mL of 1.0 M KNO₃. Nonexchangeable forms of Zn and Pb were recovered using 40 mL of 0.3 M NH₂OH‐HCl in 1 M HNO₃. Concentrations of Pb increased in the solutions and decreased on the surface of the Fe‐mineral due to living microorganisms. In comparison to incubation of heavy‐metal solutions with goethite only, the absolute concentrations of nonexchangeable forms of metal were reduced by microbial suspension to a greater extent than those of the exchangeable forms, whereas the relative content of both fractions decreased by a factor of almost two. Sorption of Pb by goethite was inversely correlated with the concentration of organic C in the solution. Microorganisms clearly influenced the Zn sorption by goethite at concentrations of C_org > 400 mg L^–1. The amount of Zn retained was decreased primarily due to decreasing Zn portions in the exchangeable fraction. Microbial debris prepared by autoclaving reduced the Pb sorption by goethite similar to the results for living cells. Living microorganisms accumulated more Zn than did microbial debris. The data of this paper show that a direct determination of heavy‐metal accumulation in soil microorganisms by extraction with 2.0 M KCl as well as by extraction with 1 M CH₃COONH₄ at the natural pH of the soils after chloroform fumigation of fresh soils samples with different concentrations of organic C was not possible.     

树形识别与精确对靶施药的模拟研究

该文分析了我国森林病虫害发生的特点，介绍了农药使用及植保机械发展现状，分析了精确对靶施药系统和树形识别系统的主要内容，重点对树形识别系统及其与精确对靶施药系统之间的关系进行了理论分析，提出了将树形识别系统应用于林业精确施药中，试验表明树形识别系统能根据不同的树形输出不同的农药喷洒控制量，从而为农药的精确使用和新型植保机械的设计奠定基础。     

番茄连作对日光温室土壤微生物及土壤理化性状的影响

对大庆地区具有代表性的温室进行调查研究,了解不同种植年限对番茄温室土壤微生物及土壤理化性状的影响,为解决温室土壤连作障碍问题奠定理论依据。结果表明,随着种植年限增加,细菌、真菌的数量及土壤速效钾、有效磷、碱解氮、有机质、盐分的含量呈增加趋势,种植年限为10年分别是对照(露地菜田)的2.14、1.33、2.18、2.09、1.96、2.86、9.5倍,土壤p H值相反,种植年限为10年比对照下降了0.64,但放线菌数量与B/F值[(细菌+放线菌)/真菌]在第5年与第7年达到最高,呈现先增高再降低的趋势,分别比对照增加了34.12%、44.26%;随着土壤深度的增加,土壤微生物数量及土壤速效钾、有效磷、碱解氮、有机质、盐分含量降低,土壤含水量、p H值增加。综合分析番茄连作对土壤微生物和土壤理化性状的影响,番茄连作6年后出现一定程度的连作障碍问题。     

黄河三角洲退化湿地土壤养分、微生物与土壤酶特性及其关系分析

为了揭示黄河三角洲湿地退化与土壤的关系,为湿地生态修复和有效利用湿地资源提供理论依据,对黄河三角洲退化湿地不同演替阶段的土壤酶活性、土壤养分和土壤微生物特性及土壤酶与养分和微生物的关系进行分析。结果表明:随着湿地由白茅群落到光板地的逆向演替,土壤脲酶、蛋白酶活性呈逐渐下降趋势,碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性变化规律与其相似;不同演替阶段土壤酶活性表现出差异性,各种酶之间蛋白酶活性最高;土壤养分质量含量基本都随着湿地逆向演替的进行而递减,不同演替阶段土壤养分质量分数差异显著;退化湿地土壤中各种微生物数量存在明显差异性,在土壤微生物群落中,细菌数量所占比例最大,在各类微生物中占绝对优势,其次为放线菌,真菌数量最少;白茅群落阶段细菌和真菌数量最多,柽柳群落阶段放线菌数量最多;土壤酶与土壤养分、土壤微生物存在密切正相关关系;细菌与脲酶和过氧化氢酶有密切关系,真菌与脲酶、过氧化氢酶和碱性磷酸酶都具有显著的相关性。     

Effect of Glucose on Proliferation of PCP (Pentachlorophenol) - Degrading Microorganisms in Soil

Although it was prohibited to apply the pesticide pentachlorophenol (PCP) in rice fields in Japan after the 1970s, it is still used as a fungicide for upland crops or timber. In many cases the pesticide incorporated into soil is subjected to microbial degradation in soil as reported by many authors (Watanabe and Hayashi 1972; Kuwatsuka and Igarashi 1975; Watanabe 1977). The PCP-degrading microorganisms so far isolated are common ones which are not nutritionally fastidious (Watanabe 1973; Suzuki 1983a, b). It is, therefore, plausible that the PCP-degradability of the microorganisms is influenced by the presence of some nutrients because in general, the microorganisms may prefer to use the nutrients rather than the pesticides which are biostatic or biocidal to the microorganisms.     

空间电场对土壤水分和大麦生长的影响

该文以大麦为种植品种,研究了不同异极距（2.5、2.0、1.5 m）下空间电场对土壤水分和大麦生长发育的影响规律。试验结果表明：晴天施加正向空间电场可以有效地抑制大麦根系周围土壤水分的蒸发,当电压及间歇工作时间保持不变时,不同异极距下其电场强度不同,表现出的抑蒸聚水促生效果不同。空间电场异极距为2.0 m时抑蒸效果最好,同时也证实了空间电场对大麦的苗鲜质量和株高的增长有良好的促进作用,与大气电场相比分别提高了26%～53%、24%～68%,且异极距为2.0 m时植株的生长优势表现最为明显。该文说明适宜的正向空间电场可以抑制土壤水分的蒸发,促进植物生长。