施氮量和时期运筹对超级杂交稻植株氮含量与籽粒产量的影响研究

以当前长江中下游稻区具有代表性的高产超级稻品种Y两优1号为材料,采用不同施N量与施N时期分配的田间试验,研究施N对超级稻植株N含量与籽粒产量的影响,从而明确超级稻高产的穗肥N施用量和比例。结果表明：随着施N量的增加,超级稻茎叶和籽粒N含量均呈线性升高,而且施N量对生殖生长阶段茎叶N含量的影响更为显著;与总施N量相比,穗肥N对生殖生长阶段各时期茎叶N含量的影响斜率要高1.88、1.02、1.86和2.28倍,而对成熟期籽粒N含量的影响斜率要高3.59倍。分蘖盛期至抽穗期的茎叶N含量与籽粒产量呈显著线性相关,而成熟期茎叶和籽粒N均与籽粒产量表现为二次抛物线关系;通过模拟方程和不同施N比例处理的叶片外观特征均推算出超级杂交稻达到最高产量的穗肥N用量为59.0 kg/hm2,占总施肥量32.8%。对4个时期施N比例进一步分析表明,各处理籽粒产量与由方程计算的最高产量接近,10-50-25-15处理的籽粒产量要高1.7%,说明合理分配部分N作为粒肥更有利于提高超级杂交稻产量。超级杂交稻合理穗肥（和粒肥）N有利于优化成熟期茎叶和籽粒N含量,从而构建超级稻最大库容量,使其达到最高产量水平。     

壮秧影响不同节氮水平下早稻产量及氮肥吸收利用

【目的】培育壮秧和施用分蘖肥是促进水稻早发的重要措施,但增施分蘖肥易导致水稻无效分蘖增加和氮素流失。研究双季稻区早稻壮秧和分蘖肥节氮条件下产量形成和氮素吸收利用特性,以期为早稻节氮控污和丰产栽培提供科学依据。【方法】以超级杂交早稻‘淦鑫203’为材料,采用壮苗育秧(状秧)和普通育秧(普秧)两种方式培育秧苗。于2014-2015年进行大田试验,设置壮秧常规施氮(VS+100%N)、节氮10%(VS–10%N)、节氮20%(VS–20%N)、节氮30%(VS–30%N) 4个处理,以普秧常规施氮(NS+100%N)处理和不施氮空白(NS+0N)处理分别作对照,共6个处理。减施的氮肥均在分蘖肥中扣除,除不施氮对照外,各处理基肥氮(72 kg/hm^2)和穗肥氮(54 kg/hm^2)均保持不变。分析早稻拔节期、齐穗期和成熟期SPAD值、光合速率、硝酸还原酶活性和各器官氮素含量,并测定成熟期水稻产量及其构成,明确了植株总氮积累量、氮素转运量、氮表观转运率、氮素利用效率等。【结果】与NS+100%N处理相比,壮秧条件下分蘖肥节氮10%~30%对叶片SPAD值和光合速率无显著影响,但壮秧能促进分蘖发生和成穗,在生育中后期可逐渐弥补分蘖肥节氮对分蘖期干物质积累的不利影响,成熟期VS–10%N和VS–20%N处理干物质积累量较对照NS+100%N增加,产量分别增加了8.5%和1.5%;VS–30%N处理干物质积累量和产量则呈下降趋势。同时,壮秧有利于提高早稻叶片硝酸还原酶活性、各器官氮含量和氮积累量,与NS+100%N处理相比,VS+100%N处理成熟期氮素积累量显著增加了6.9%,VS–10%N和VS–20%N处理无显著变化,VS–30%N处理显著下降了9.7%。壮秧处理氮素回收率和氮素农学效率较NS+100%N处理分别显著提高了12.1%~22.4%和9.9%~24.7%(P <0.05)。【结论】双季稻区早稻壮秧可以促进分蘖早发,提高叶片的干物质生产能力和氮代谢性能,弥补分蘖肥减氮后对水稻前期生长的不利影响,提高后期的干物质生产量和氮运转量。通过培育壮秧,分蘖肥减施总施氮量的20%以内,早稻产量不会下降,可实现水稻的节氮、丰产和节本栽培,有利于提高氮素利用效率和减少氮素流失对环境的污染。     

基于便携式作物生长监测诊断仪的江西双季稻氮肥调控研究

建立基于便携式作物生长监测诊断仪的江西双季稻氮肥调控模型,利用模型推荐穗肥追氮量,实现江西双季稻氮肥追施的精确管理。基于不同株型品种和氮肥处理的田间试验资料,构建了双季稻叶面积指数光谱监测模型,利用拔节期的差值植被指数实时估测叶面积指数,进而结合江西双季稻高产栽培经验和建立的氮肥调控模型,对双季稻穗肥追氮量进行实时推荐,并和当地农户施肥方案和产量进行比较。双季稻关键生育期(分蘖期、拔节期、孕穗期、抽穗期和灌浆期)的冠层差值植被指数DVI(810,720)与叶面积指数均呈显著正相关,线性函数拟合效果优于其他函数。利用独立试验资料对所建模型进行了检验,单生育期的模型预测效果优于全生育期模型;其中,拔节期的光谱监测模型表现最佳,早稻和晚稻叶面积指数的光谱监测模型的R2分别为0.880 6和0.878 8,模型预测早稻和晚稻叶面积指数的均方根误差、相对均方根误差、相关系数分别为0.30和0.25、7.28%和6.18%、0.923 2和0.926 9。氮肥调控模型推荐施肥应用表明,紧凑型品种的穗肥用量高于松散型品种;与农户方案相比,氮肥调控模型推荐施肥的调控方案在产量不降低的情况下减少氮肥用量6.58kg/hm2,提高氮肥农学利用率0.82个百分点、净收益103元/hm2和产投比0.9,而产量比农户方案略高或持平。与传统非定量农户施肥法相比,基于便携式作物生长监测诊断仪的双季稻氮肥调控方法可在保证产量的情况下,减少施氮量,提高氮肥农学利用率,获得更高经济效益,在江西双季稻生产中具有推广应用价值。     

Rice Growth and Nutrient Accumulation as Affected by Different Composts

Abstract

This study evaluated the effects of four different kinds of compost: pea–rice hull compost (PRC), cattle dung–tea compost (CTC), hog dung–rice hull compost (HDR), and hog dung–sawdust compost (HDS). These types of compost differ in nitrogen composition and in the dry matter yield and nutrient accumulation [nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K)], of rice plants. The rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants were planted in an Oxisol soil. Plants were cultivated in pots, which contained 3 kg of soil, mixed with the four different composts (PRC, 404 g; CTC, 395 g; HDR, and HDS, 450 g) and chemical fertilizer (CHEM) (N:P₂O₅:K₂O=120:96:72) The residual effect was studied after the crop was harvested. All treatments were replicated four times, with a randomized complete block design. The nutrient concentrations in the root, leaf sheath, leaf blade, stalk, and grain were analyzed at different growth stages. After the first crop, the dry matter yield and the amount of N, P, and K absorbed from the CTC or HDS treatments were higher than those of the other treatments, at the most active tillering stage. The growth and nutrient accumulation of rice plants given the PRC treatment were higher than those given the CHEM treatment at the heading stage or the HDR treatment at the maturity stage. In the second crop, the dry matter yield from the PRC, CTC, and HDR treatments was higher than from the other treatments. The nutrient accumulation of the rice plants was positively correlated with the dry matter yield. The residual effect of the HDS compost was the least among all four composts.     

基于双波段作物长势分析仪的东北水稻长势监测

为了实现水稻精细栽培和变量管理的目的,利用独立开发的双波段作物长势分析仪,进行了水稻生长监测的试验与分析。传感器分别在610与1220 nm处测量太阳光与作物冠层反射光的强度,进而计算光谱反射率。利用双波段作物长势分析仪于2008年在黑龙江省农垦总局建三江分局2处水稻试验田,在分蘖期与抽穗早期进行了氮肥胁迫试验,结果表明水稻叶片氮浓度及生物质干质量与RVI、NDVI都具有很高的相关性,但与NDVI的相关性比与RVI的更高。分蘖期的测量结果表明,NDVI与施肥量的相关性非常显著,R2大于0.94。但NDVI并不与施肥量成线性相关,过量的施氮量反而会引起NDVI值的降低。分蘖期、抽穗早期的NDVI值都与最终产量有着显著的相关,其中抽穗早期的NDVI与产量的决定系数（R2）达到了0.96。分析结果显示利用双波段作物长势分析仪监测水稻冠层,可达到控制投入和提高产量的目的,为水稻的精细栽培提供理论与技术支持。     

Effects of Irrigation Patterns and Nitrogen Fertilization on Rice Yield and Microbial Community Structure in Paddy Soil

Water and nitrogen (N) are considered the most important factors affecting rice production and play vital roles in regulating soil microbial biomass, activity, and community. The effects of irrigation patterns and N fertilizer levels on the soil microbial community structure and yield of paddy rice were investigated in a pot experiment. The experiment was designed with four N levels of 0 (N0), 126 (N1), 157.5 (N2), and 210 kg N ha-1 (N3) under two irrigation patterns of continuous water-logging irrigation (WLI) and water-controlled irrigation (WCI). Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis was conducted to track the dynamics of soil microbial communities at tillering, grain-filling, and maturity stages. The results showed that the maximums of grain yield, above-ground biomass, and total N uptake were all obtained in the N2 treatment under WCI. Similar variations in total PLFAs, as well as bacterial and fungal PLFAs, were found, with an increase from the tillering to the grain-filling stage and a decrease at the maturity stage except for actinomycetic PLFAs, which decreased continuously from the tillering to the maturity stage. A shift in composition of the microbial community at different stages of the plant growth was indicated by principal component analysis (PCA), in which the samples at the vegetative stage (tillering stage) were separated from those at the reproductive stage (grain-filling and maturity stages). Soil microbial biomass, measured as total PLFAs, was significantly higher under WCI than that under WLI mainly at the grain-filling stage, whereas the fungal PLFAs detected under WCI were significantly higher than those under WLI at the tillering, grain-filling, and maturity stages. The application of N fertilizer also significantly increased soil microbial biomass and the main microbial groups both under WLI and WCI conditions. The proper combination of irrigation management and N fertilizer level in this study was the N2 (157.5 kg N ha-1) treatment under the water-controlled irrigation pattern.     

Effects of inoculation with N2-fixing cyanobacteria on the nitrogenase activity in soil and rhizosphere of wetland rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Summary A greenhouse experiment was conducted with wetland rice (Oryza sativa cv. IR-50) in a clay-loam soil (Fluventic Eutrochrept) to study the effect of cyanobacterial inoculation a mixed culture of Aulosira fertilissima, Nostoc muscorum, Nostoc spp., and Anabaena spp., applied at the rate of 0.15 g (dry weight pot^-1 or 43 kg ha^-1) on acetylene reduction activity in soil and the root system (excised root), and the grain and straw yield. The effects of applying P (40 kg ha^-1), N (60 kg ha^-1), and P+N to the soil were also evaluated. Cyanbacterial inoculation significantly increased (more than 200% on average) photo-dependent acetylene reduction activity in soils, particularly where the indigenous activity was considerably low, i.e. under unfertilized and N-fertilized conditions. The effect of inoculation was prominent at the maximum tillering and grain formation stages of the crop. This inoculation benefit was, however, marginal in P-applied soils (P and P+N), where the indigenous activity was stimulated more than threefold. The inoculation led to a remarkable increase in root-associative acetylene reduction activity after the maximum tillering stage of the crop, particularly with applied N but for other treatments this inoculation effect was not significant. Cyanobacterial inoculation also increased the grain and straw yield of the crop when N was not applied. The grain and straw yield was significantly correlated with the acetylene reduction activity in flooded soils and in the root system during the tillering and maximum tillering stages of rice growth, respectively.     

Effect of Application of Different Types of Organic Composts on Rice Growth under Laboratory Conditions

In the present study, pot experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of the application of two different kinds of composts: pea-rice hull compost (PRC) and cattle dung-tea compost (CTC) on rice growth. These composts differed in their nitrogen composition, as well as in their effect on plant height, number of tillers, dry matter yield and nutrient uptake (nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K)) of rice plants. Plants were cultivated in 1/5,000 Wagner pots, which contained 3 kg of soil, completely mixed with the composts (PRC 404 g; CTC 380 g) and chemical fertilizer (CHEM), respectively in the first crop. The residual effect of the composts was studied after the plants of the first crop were harvested. All the treatments were replicated four times, with a randomized complete block design. The nutrient concentrations in the roots, leaf sheaths, leaf blades, stalks, and grain were analyzed at different growth stages. At the most active tillering and heading stages of the plants of the first crop, the number of tillers, dry matter yield and the amount of nutrients absorbed from the CHEM treatment were found to be higher than those in the other treatments. The values of the plant height, straw growth and nutrient uptake of the rice plants with the PRC treatment were the highest among all the treatments at the maturity stage. In the plants of the second crop, the values of the plant height, number of tillers, straw and whole plant yield and the N and K uptake from the PRC treatment were the highest among all the treatments at the heading and maturity stages. The chemical fertilizer was a fast-release fertilizer used to supply nutrients at the early stage of rice growth in the first crop. The beneficial effect of the composts on rice growth and nutrient uptake was conspicuous in the second crop, compared with that of routine treatment of chemical fertilizer.     

江西鹰潭早稻关键生育期的NDVI诊断指标

确定水稻不同生育期的适宜和临界光谱诊断指标,是进行水稻生长光谱诊断从而判断施肥量的关键。该研究采取主动式的Greenseeker光谱仪,测定了不同氮肥处理下水稻早稻关键生育期的NDVI,并以水稻产量为判断依据,结合判别式分析计算了江西鹰潭早稻关键施肥期适宜的和临界NDVI诊断指标。结果表明,早稻中选181分蘖期、拔节期（穗分化期）和抽穗期的适宜NDVI值分别为0.37～0.55,0.76～0.80和0.72～0.75,其临界值分别为0.346、0.703和0.654。同品种不同新型肥料共27个小区的试验数据对NDVI临界值的检验表明,分蘖期、拔节期和抽穗期光谱诊断的正确率分别为63%（17个）、81.5%（22个）和96.3%（26个）。表明根据关键生育期的冠层NDVI 能够预测水稻的预期产量水平并用来指导施肥。但还需要开展相关试验来确定不同冠层NDVI下的适宜施肥量,建立基于NDVI的追肥模型。     

Grain yield,growth response,and water use efficiency of direct wet-seeded rice as affected by nitrogen rates under alternate wetting and drying irrigation system

ABSTRACT

The present investigation aimed to determine the effectiveness of different nitrogen (N) rates on grain yield, growth, and water use efficiencies of direct wet-seeded rice and to create a relationship of N rates with growth parameters and dry matter production at different stages. The experiments compared six rates of nitrogen (0, 40,80,120,160, and 200 kg ha^–1N) replicated thrice in randomized complete block design in two conjunctive years of 2009–2010 and 2010–2011 at Bangladesh Rice Research Institute farm, Gazipur.The highest grain yield of 7.85 and 7.22 t ha^?1 was observed in N₂₀₀ treatment in 2009–2010 and 2010–2011, respectively. The relationship (R²) of total dry matter with leaf area index , leaf area duration, and crop growth rate indicated strong association during booting stage to achieved maximum dry matter during harvest. Water use efficiency varied 87–91% in different N levels.     

双季早稻氮素亏缺补偿效应的形成及其生理机制初探

为探明双季早稻氮素亏缺补偿效应的形成及其生理机制,采用桶栽方式,以超级杂交早稻品种淦鑫203为试验材料,于氮素亏缺敏感期分蘖期,设置5个氮肥处理:T0(各生育阶段均不施用氮肥,即空白对照)、T1(各生育阶段氮肥按常量分配)、T2(分蘖期氮肥亏缺后幼穗分化期不恢复供氮)、T3(分蘖期氮肥亏缺后幼穗分化期常量恢复供氮)和T4(分蘖期氮肥亏缺后幼穗分化期倍量补偿供氮),比较各氮肥处理稻株产量及其构成因素、单株分蘖数、成穗率和净光合速率、SPAD值、氮代谢酶(硝酸还原酶NR和谷氨酰胺合成酶GS)活性、内源激素含量、根系伤流量等有关生理指标的差异性。结果表明,T4单株产量与T1十分接近,补偿指数CI=0.99,无显著差异,呈现出等量补偿效应。与T1相比,T4叶片净光合速率、SPAD值、NR和GS活性均能维持在较高水平,而且随着生育推进,至补偿后期,T4该4项生理指标仍维持在较高水平,表现出较为明显的氮素亏缺补偿效应。至补偿后期,氮素补偿处理的T4和T3稻株叶片脱落酸(ABA)含量显著低于T0、T1和T2,以T4最低,生长促进类激素之和(GA3+IAA+ZR)与生长抑制类激素(ABA)比值则显著高于T0、T1和T2。氮素亏缺补偿后第10天根系伤流量以T0最低,T4、T3均高于T1,且T4与T1间差异达显著水平。至补偿后期,T4单株分蘖数及成穗率高于T1、T3。本研究结果进一步明确了双季超级杂交早稻分蘖期氮素亏缺补偿效应的形成,有助于诠释水稻氮素亏缺补偿效应形成的生理机制,为水稻氮肥施用不当时进行追补及双季早稻高产稳产栽培提供了科学依据。     

IMPACT OF WATER AND NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT ON THE NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF WHEAT

Field experiments were conducted in 2002–03 and 2003–04 growing seasons to determine wheat response to four irrigation regimes applied at different growth stages and four nitrogen levels of 0, 50, 100, and 150 kg nitrogen (N) ha^?1. The experiment was conducted at the research area of the Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Recommended wheat variety “Inqlab-91” was used as the experimental crop. Both irrigation and nitrogen application have positive effects on grain yield increase. The grain crude protein decreased with increasing number of irrigations whereas in contrast, nitrogen application significantly improved grain crude protein at all irrigation levels. Grain phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) percentage increased with the application of irrigation and nitrogen. Grain yield, number of spikes m^?2, grains spike^?1 and grain weight responses were greater at the higher N rates. Mean grain yield in four, three and two irrigation treatments compared with that in one irrigation treatment increased 47, 23, and 9% during 2002–03 and 91, 84, and 23% in 2003–04, respectively. Water deficit reduced spikes m^?2. In both years, the average reduction in spikes m^?2 at maximum irrigation deficit (one irrigation) at all N levels was 24%. Similar reduction occurred in grains spike^?1 where water deficit decreased this component on an average of 36%.     

不同生育阶段洪涝淹没时长对水稻生长发育及产量构成的影响

夏季小流域洪涝常常导致南方稻田受淹并成灾。为探究小流域洪涝淹没时长对水稻生长发育及产量的影响,于2015—2016年在广西象州县选用丝香1号和百香139进行双季稻淹水试验,分别设分蘖期、孕穗期和开花期淹没0(对照CK)、2、4、6、8、10 d处理,测定淹没前后的茎蘖数变化、抽穗期及收获后的每穗粒数、结实率、千粒质量和每盆稻谷产量,并对产量构成因素进行相关分析和通径分析。结果表明:与对照组相比,同一生育期内淹没时间越长茎蘖死亡率越高、植株恢复生长越慢,但不同的淹没时期影响程度和主要影响对象存在差异。分蘖期淹没超过6d则死苗率大于80%,且不能完全恢复生长,收获时水稻茎蘖数显著低于对照组;孕穗期淹没超过6d则死苗率大于50%,而淹没小于4 d的处理水稻能恢复生长,收获时水稻茎蘖高于对照组;开花期淹没10 d死苗率不足50%,收获时茎蘖数与对照组差异不显著。分蘖期淹没小于4 d水稻始穗期及抽穗持续时间均无显著变化,大于8 d则水稻始穗期显著推迟,抽穗持续时间增加;孕穗期受淹没则会使水稻始穗期推迟,抽穗持续时间显著增加,甚至收割时也未能达到齐穗期标准。分蘖期淹没小于4 d,单株产量无显著下降,淹没6 d及以上则减产率大于80%;孕穗期及开花期淹没超过2 d则减产率大于50%。不同生育期淹没处理下产量的主要因素不同,分蘖期主要受有效穗数和结实率影响,孕穗期受结实率及每穗粒数影响,开花期受结实率和有效穗数影响。研究可为建立西南地区双季稻洪涝灾害指标体系和提出减灾管理措施提供依据。     

不同氮肥用量与施肥时期对冷浸田单季稻 生长及农学效率的影响

冷浸田为福建省主要低产田类型之一。基于福建省浅脚烂泥田、青泥田与锈水田主要冷浸田类型,通过田间3个点试验研究不同氮肥用量(105、150与195 kg/hm~2)与施用时期(基蘖肥︰穗肥=10︰0与基蘖肥︰穗肥=7︰3)运筹组合对单季稻生长的影响。结果表明,增施氮肥促进了各类型冷浸田水稻分蘖期分蘖生长速率。不同氮肥组合的锈水田、青泥田与浅脚烂泥田水稻籽粒产量分别较不施肥(CK)增幅14.5%~45.5%、9.4%~13.5%和10.4%~15.9%,但在105 kg/hm~2用量基础上再进一步增施氮肥,籽粒增产效果明显放缓。施用氮肥显著增加了成熟期水稻有效穗数,但对每穗实粒数及千粒重影响不明显。105、150、195 kg/hm~2 3种氮肥用量下各类型冷浸田的农学效率均值分别为17.4、13.3与12.8 kg/kg。除浅脚烂泥田施用穗肥的秸秆产量有显著差异外,其余氮肥不同施肥时期的籽粒与秸秆产量均无显著差异。增施氮肥有提高籽粒氮的趋势,但同时降低了籽粒钾含量。鉴于冷浸田土壤氮素水平较高,单季稻氮肥经济用量宜控制在105~150 kg/hm~2中低水平,超过150 kg/hm~2,农学效率递减,且无明显增产效果。另从人工成本及效益考虑,宜选择基蘖肥︰穗肥=10︰0的施氮方式。     

施氮水平对超高产杂交稻氮平衡指数及产量的影响

采用两个超高产籼粳杂交水稻甬优12、冬制14为材料,以常规粳稻秀水134为对照,设置田间小区试验,比较研究超高产杂交稻甬优12、冬制14氮平衡指数(NBI)及产量对不同施氮量(0、200、300、400 kg/hm2)的响应,评估超高产杂交水稻叶片NBI与叶片氮含量、地上部氮素累积、产量之间的关系。结果表明,在相同施氮量下,超高产杂交稻甬优12、冬制14的产量高于对照品种秀水134,产量优势主要体现在穗大粒多,在施氮量300 kg/hm2时产量最高,分别为13.48 t/hm2和11.51 t/hm2,而常规粳稻在施氮量200 kg/hm2时产量最高,为9.49 t/hm2。氮肥的施用提高了了甬优12、冬制14的叶绿素指数、NBI,降低了类黄酮指数,施肥量越高NBI提高的幅度越小。在齐穗期,超高产杂交稻的NBI显著高于对照品种。在水稻分蘖期和拔节期,甬优12、冬制14的NBI与叶片氮含量、地上部氮素累积、产量显著正相关,NBI可以用于超高产杂交水稻快速氮素营养诊断和产量预测。     

Effects of drainage intensity on water and nitrogen use efficiency and rice grain yield in a semi-arid marshland in Rwanda

ABSTRACT

Drainage management is important in intensification of irrigated paddy rice production. This study assessed the effects of drainage intensity on water and nitrogen use efficiency and rice grain yield in a field experiment conducted during three seasons in Rwanda. The experiment comprised 12 plots with four blocks and three treatments: DS_0.6 (0.6 m deep drain), DD1_1.2 (1.2 m deep drain, control structure open four times per week), and DD2_1.2 (1.2 m deep drain, control structure open two times per week). Outflow was calculated from water balance. Nitrogen (N) content in drainage water was determined weekly. Crop yield and N uptake were determined in grain and straw.

In all seasons, grain yield was 61–131% higher, crop N uptake was 24–90% higher, harvest index (HI) was 24–65% higher and water use efficiency (WUE) was 50–150% higher in treatments DD1_1.2 and DD2_1.2 than in DS_0.6. There was a decrease in soil carbon/nitrogen ratio at the end of Seasons 2 and 3. Recirculating straw to fields is thus necessary to replenish SOC for long-term soil fertility. A practical implication of the study is that managed deep drainage systems could enhance water use efficiency and rice grain yield in poorly drained paddy fields.     

稻麦轮作区保护性耕作条件下氮肥对水稻生长发育和产量的调控效应

20062~008年在四川省广汉市开展了保护性耕作措施下水稻氮肥调控试验,设置不同秸秆还田量(0、6000、12000 kg/hm2)、施氮量水平(0、1502、10 kg/hm2)以及氮素分配比例(6∶2∶2、6∶3∶1、8∶2)。结果表明,和施N 150 kg/hm2相比,N 210 kg/hm2处理水稻分蘖力、干物质积累量、开花期的植株个体和群体质量均有升高,花后茎鞘贮藏物质的输出及光合物质积累量增加,子粒产量提高7.3%。在施N 150 kg/hm2水平和基肥∶蘖肥∶穗肥=6∶2∶2分配比例下,与旋耕无麦秸还田处理相比,免耕秸秆还田与否对水稻茎蘖消长、干物质积累及子粒产量影响较小,但花后绿叶功能期延长,光合产物积累在产量形成中所占比例增加。在施N 210 kg/hm2水平和基肥∶蘖肥∶穗肥=6∶3∶1分配比例下,免耕还田麦秸量从6000 kg/hm2增加至12000 kg/hm2,水稻分蘖力明显增强,干物质积累量增大,开花期个体和群体质量提高,单位面积穗数和穗实粒数增多,产量增加4.1%;将氮肥分配比例由6∶3∶1变为8∶2,即增加基肥用量,减少中后期的氮素供应会导致分蘖高峰后分蘖大量死亡,有效穗数降低,穗粒数减少,产量下降。以上结果说明,氮素的充分供应是保护性耕作水稻获得高产的重要前提和基础,适当提高麦秸还田量、增加中后期氮素供应,能提高氮素利用率及分蘖成穗率和结实率,利于稳产高产。     

缓释复合肥条件下覆盖旱作对水稻氮素利用和稻米品质的影响

水稻旱作和施用缓/控释肥料是提高水肥利用率与减少生态环境污染的重要措施。该文采用田间试验和化学分析方法,比较研究了施用无机缓释复合肥料(ISF)条件下,3种表层管理方式—常规淹水(CF)、地膜旱作(DF)、秸秆覆盖旱作(DS)对冷烂型稻田水稻的生长、叶片氮素形态、氮肥利用率和稻米营养品质的影响。结果表明：水稻植株收获期农艺性状(株高、分蘖势、茎秆重、成穗数和粒重)以DF较好,DF产量较CF和DS分别增加39.1%、41.4%;DF和DS水稻分蘖期和孕穗期叶片NO^{-₃-N含量为CF的2倍以上。水稻分蘖期叶片氨基酸、蛋白氮和全氮含量均为DF＞DS＞CF。氮肥表观利用率(ARE)、农业利用率(AE)和生理利用率(PE)均以DF＞CF＞DS。水稻分蘖期叶片的氮素营养状况对稻米氨基酸和蛋白质含量有明显影响,覆膜旱作能提高稻米营养品质。}     

利用功能叶片钾含量作为水稻钾营养诊断指标的可行性研究

【目的】植株组织分析是广泛应用的营养状况评价方法。水稻主茎从上往下的第二功能样品采集方便,对水稻植株损伤较小;叶片以全展开叶的状态存在于整个生育期。本文探讨了利用第二功能叶钾含量作为水稻钾营养诊断指标的可行性,为水稻种植提供一种操作性强且准确性高的钾营养诊断方法及指标。【方法】采用田间试验,设置施钾量(K2O)0、60、120、180、240、300和360 kg/hm27个处理,测定各生育期第二功能叶的钾含量和成熟期收获的稻谷产量,对各处理的产量进行显著性检验及肥效模型的拟合,并根据肥效模型对水稻产量进行分级;结合产量分级指标与钾含量和产量的回归方程,最终计算出水稻不同生育期的钾营养诊断指标值。【结果】施用钾肥显著增加稻谷产量,施钾量和稻谷产量适合用二次加平台模型拟合,满足营养诊断的要求。第二功能叶钾含量随施钾量的增加而显著增加,随生育进程先上升后下降,在拔节期达到最大;从分蘖初期到齐穗期,第二功能叶钾含量变化范围为0.85%~2.72%。各生育期第二功能叶钾含量与稻谷产量和施钾量具有极显著的相关性,可以作为诊断指标来预测稻谷产量及反映钾肥施用水平。按小于最佳产量的85%、85%~90%、90%~95%、95%~100%将产量分为5个等级,和大于100%,根据钾含量与产量回归方程计算出各时期的不同产量等级对应的钾含量分级指标,当临界产量为最佳产量的95%时,各时期对应的第二功能叶钾含量分别为1.34%、1.58%、1.98%、2.09%、1.33%和1.27%。【结论】第二功能叶钾含量与施钾量和水稻产量相关极显著,其关系可用二次加平方程模拟,故可作为水稻不同生育期的钾营养诊断指标;以最佳产量的95%作为产量临界值标准,当第二功能叶钾含量在分蘖初期、分蘖盛期、有效分蘖临界期、拔节期、孕穗期和齐穗期分别低于1.34%,1.58%,1.98%,2.09%,1.33%和1.27%,则水稻植株处于钾素缺乏水平,需要补充钾肥以维持其正常的钾素需求。     

Development of Critical Values for the Leaf Color Chart,SPAD and Fieldscout CM 1000 for Fixed Time Adjustable Nitrogen Management in Aromatic Hybrid Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

The nitrogen (N) requirement of hybrid rice is generally greater than in conventional rice varieties. Recommendations for N monitoring at regular intervals of 7–10 days through leaf greenness are available, but farmers are accustomed to apply fertilizer N at selected growth stages only. An inexpensive leaf color chart (LCC) and nondestructive chlorophyll meters were evaluated for site-specific N management strategy in world’s first aromatic rice hybrid PRH-10 at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi. Two field experiments were conducted on PRH-10 with four levels of N (0, 70, 140, and 210 kg ha^?1) during June–October of 2010 and 2011 to determine the LCC, soil–plant analysis development (SPAD), and Fieldscout CM 1000 (CM 1000) values for achieving economic optimum grain yield at three critical growth stages (tillering, panicle initiation, and flowering). Quadratic regression between N levels and grain yield were used to determine economic optimum grain yield (6427 kg ha^?1 in 2010 and 6399 kg ha^?1 in 2011) corresponding to optimum economical dose of 151 kg N ha^?1 (2010) and 144 kg N ha^?1 (2011). Nitrogen concentration in fully expanded youngest leaf correlated significantly (P < 0.01) and positively with LCC score, SPAD value, CM 1000 value, and total chlorophyll concentration at tillering, panicle initiation, and flowering for both years. The critical LCC score, SPAD, CM 1000 values, chlorophyll concentration, and leaf N concentration obtained were at tillering 4.4, 42.3, 285, and 2.16 mg g^?1 fresh weight and 3.29%; at panicle initiation 4.4, 43.0, 276, and 2.16 mg g^?1 fresh weight and 3.02%; and at flowering 4.5, 41.7, 270, and 2.05 mg g^?1 fresh weight and 2.83%, respectively. Corrective N application should be done when observed leaf N indicator values at a particular growth stage reach or go below the critical values.