The validity of the "diradical" hypothesis: direct femtoscond studies of the transition-state structures

Direct studies of diradicals, the molecular species hypothesized to be archetypal of chemical bond transformations in many classes of reactions, have been made using femtosecond laser techniques with mass spectrometry in a molecular beam. These studies are aimed at "freezing" the diradicals in time and in the course of the reaction. The passage of these species through the transition-state region was observed and the effect of total energy and alkyl substitution on the rates of bond closure and cleavage was examined. The results establish the nature of these intermediates and define their existence during reactions.     

Controlled acceleration and inhibition of bergman cyclization by metal chlorides

The Bergman cyclization has been the subject of renewed interest with the discovery of naturally occurring enediyne-based antitumor agents that cleave DNA by means of an aromatic diradical. These natural substrates have a means to trigger this cycloaromatization process. Control of this reaction by substrate modification would allow aromatic diradicals to be generated selectively. In the studies presented here it is disclosed that the Bergman cyclization of 1,2-bis(diphenyl phosphinoethynyl) benzene was accelerated by a factor of >30,000 by the addition of palladium(II) chloride or platinum(II) chloride and was inhibited by the addition of mercury(II) chloride.     

Electrochromic nanocrystal quantum dots

Incorporating nanocrystals into future electronic or optoelectronic devices will require a means of controlling charge-injection processes and an understanding of how the injected charges affect the properties of nanocrystals. We show that the optical properties of colloidal semiconductor nanocrystal quantum dots can be tuned by an electrochemical potential. The injection of electrons into the quantum-confined states of the nanocrystal leads to an electrochromic response, including a strong, size-tunable, midinfrared absorption corresponding to an intraband transition, a bleach of the visible interband exciton transitions, and a quench of the narrow band-edge photoluminescence.     

3种大径丛生竹竹篾层积材的物理力学性能研究

我国丛生竹资源丰富,但其加工利用的开发远远落后于毛竹。为促进丛生竹的开发利用,以3种常见的大径丛生竹油簕竹、越南巨竹和麻竹为材料,加工成竹篾层积材,并对板材的物理力学性能进行测定。结果表明,3种竹篾层积材的含水率在7.02%～7.96%之间,符合《竹篾层积材》规定的标准6%～8%;最小静曲强度为118.40,基本达到标准规定的120;最小冲击韧性为112.86 kJ·m-2,均大于标准规定的110 kJ·m-2,即产品主要物理力学性能基本能达到或超过产品规定的指标,板材的胶合性能优良,各物理力学性能间具有较密切的相关性。因此,在生产实践中,开发和利用这3种大径丛生竹是可行的。     

Solar neutrinos: questions and hypotheses

The "solar neutrino puzzle" has been a challenge for almost 20 years, posing broad and fundamental questions about astrophysics and neutrino properties. This article sketches some of the ideas that have been put forward to solve the problem. These ideas can be grouped into two main classes: those involving changes in the standard solar model or in the basic nuclear reaction data, and those that attribute the puzzle to as yet unobserved properties of the neutrinos.     

棉花种间杂种后代主要经济性状的对应分析

用对应分析法对８个棉花野生种的杂种后代共８３份材料的主要经济性状进行了分析。结果表明，对应分析不但揭示了材料间、性状间的相互关系，同时也揭示了性状与材料之间的相互关系；把８３份材料划分为１９个不同遗传差异的类群，可揭示出影响产量的主要因子是单株成铃和衣分，影响品质的主要因子是纤维强度和断裂长度。     

添加回收脱墨废渣纤维对硫酸盐浆的影响

通过对北京造纸七厂脱墨废渣进行成分分析,并将回收的细小纤维按不同比例添加至硫酸盐浆抄纸,测定浆料的保水值及纸张的物理性能,并进行X-衍射、表面静态接触角、扫描电镜分析。研究结果显示:脱墨废渣中含有7.75%未过100目的纤维,7.37%的100～200目的纤维。将未过100目的纤维经两段2%H2O2漂白后加入硫酸盐浆抄纸,随加入量从0增加到30%,保水值、浆料纤维结晶度和接触角变化不明显;当细小纤维加入量为10%时,纸张性能略有下降。电镜分析显示加入的细小纤维进入到纤维交织的空隙中。结果表明,废渣可以部分代替原始浆料,为脱墨废渣纤维的回收利用打下基础。     

Two-dimensional nanosheets produced by liquid exfoliation of layered materials

If they could be easily exfoliated, layered materials would become a diverse source of two-dimensional crystals whose properties would be useful in applications ranging from electronics to energy storage. We show that layered compounds such as MoS(2), WS(2), MoSe(2), MoTe(2), TaSe(2), NbSe(2), NiTe(2), BN, and Bi(2)Te(3) can be efficiently dispersed in common solvents and can be deposited as individual flakes or formed into films. Electron microscopy strongly suggests that the material is exfoliated into individual layers. By blending this material with suspensions of other nanomaterials or polymer solutions, we can prepare hybrid dispersions or composites, which can be cast into films. We show that WS(2) and MoS(2) effectively reinforce polymers, whereas WS(2)/carbon nanotube hybrid films have high conductivity, leading to promising thermoelectric properties.     

向日葵籽壳-杨木刨花板制造工艺研究

试验采用向日葵籽壳和向日葵籽壳与杨木刨花混合物为原料，分别压制脲醛胶刨花板。结果表明，向日葵籽壳刨花板的物理力学性能，达不到刨花板国家标准（ＧＢ／Ｔ４８９７－９２）的要求，加入杨木刨花可提高向日葵籽壳刨花板的物理力学性能。当向日葵籽壳在向日葵籽壳－杨木混合刨花中所占的比例由７５％下降至５０％时，向日葵籽壳－杨木刨花板的物理力学性能由Ａ类刨花板的二等品上升为特等品。     

白榆优良无性系木材物理力学性质的主成分分析

以１４个白榆优良无性系木材物理力学性质测试数据为研究材料,采用主成分分析方法,将影响白榆木材物理力学性质的１２个指标分为强度指标和干缩指标两大主成分。讨论了年轮宽度与木材强度性能和干缩性能的关系。同时对前两个主成分坐标值采用排序聚类,将１４个无性系划分为３类。因而对白榆的选种育种及工业用材的定向培育生产具有指导意义。     

Computer-aided molecular design

Theoretical chemistry, as implemented on fast computers, is beginning to yield accurate predictions of the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of large molecular assemblies. In addition to providing detailed insights into the origins of molecular activity, theoretical calculations can be used to design new molecules with specific properties. This article describes two types of calculations that show special promise as design tools, the thermodynamic cycle-perturbation method and the Brownian reactive dynamics method. These methods can be applied to calculate equilibrium and rate constants that describe many aspects of molecular recognition, stability, and reactivity.     

竹腔注射治虫对竹材物理力学性质的影响

对竹腔注射治虫后的毛竹与常规毛竹进行竹材抗弯强度、抗弯弹性模量和顺纹抗拉强度等力学性质测定表明 ,2种竹材的物理力学性质无显著差异 ,因此竹腔注射不影响毛竹的物理使用价值。图 1表 2参 3     

米饭理化指标与感官品质的相关性研究

采用主成分分析和回归分析对米饭的理化特性和感官品质的关系进行了研究，建立了感官指标的表达参数和回归方程。结果表明：米饭的膨胀率，吸水率，酶解率，碘蓝值和弹性模量等理化特性与其口感，香气，滋味和色泽等感官品质有关大相关性；米饭的理化指标可以分为综合指标，淀粉消化能力指标，粘弹性（口感）指标和滋味指标4类。通过经验公式，理化指标可以较好的描述米饭的感官特性。     

一株全基因合成的高温嗜碱甘露聚糖酶的酶学性质分析

根据来源于褐色高温单孢菌(Thermomonospora fusca)YX基因组序列,预测并合成了甘露聚糖酶ManB全基因序列(Accession No.KJ806638),与表达载体pPIC9K重组后,转化毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris)GS115,筛选获得重组菌株ManB-GS115。其酶学性质检测结果表明,该酶最适温度为70℃,最适pH为9.0。该甘露聚糖酶ManB在碱性高温环境下有较高的酶活力,可应用于食品、酿造、饲料、纺织和医药等工业领域。     

SOLID STATE PHYSICS: A Question of Dimensions

In 1907, Albert Einstein studied the heat capacity of diamond to gain insight into the quantization of vibrations in solids. Hone et al. have now measured the heat capacity of another carbon compound, carbon nanotubes, to determine the dimensionality of their vibrations as a function of temperature. In his Perspective, de Heer compares the two studies, and concludes that carbon continues to provide new fundamental insights into the properties of condensed matter.     

Hole-burning spectroscopy and relaxation dynamics of amorphous solids at low temperatures

The magnitude and temperature dependence of most of the properties of amorphous solids are anomalous at very low temperatures ( less, similar1 Kelvin). Phonon-assisted tunneling of a distribution of glassy bistable configurations, or two-level systems, can account for these anomalies. A unified understanding of the low-temperature properties is required for an understanding of the glassy state. Persistent nonphotochemical hole burning of impurity optical transitions allows a glass state to be produced that is thermally inaccessible to the preburn state, and that allows the probing of tunneling dynamics on time scales that range between picoseconds and days. These data combined with recently obtained distribution functions for the two-level systems offer new insights into the tunneling dynamics.     

试论复合胶合板生产工艺及经济效果

复合胶合板是具有胶合板特点的一种人造板新产品,生产这类人造板有利于大幅度提高木材利用率,满足国家工业建设和人民生活对人造板产品的迫切需求。文内对复合胶合板的特点、生产工艺、提高木材利用率的技术措施及主要技术经济指标等问题作了全面的探讨。希望尽快在我国研制和生产这类人造板。加速人造板工业的发展,促进我国胶合板工业的现代化。     

广东高州马尾松三个变型的材性比较

广东高州生长的马尾松由于树皮厚薄,松脂产量高低和枝条伸展情况而被分为三个类型——黑鳞松、黄鳞松和垂枝松。 本文试图通过对其材性的研究比较,从中发现它们之间在木材解剖和物理力学性质上的大小和差异。研究结果表明:黑鳞松材色较深,晚材率较高,管胞较长,轴向树脂道较多;黄鳞松则管胞壁较厚,各项力学性质较高,垂枝松除年轮较宽外,各项性质均低于前者。但根据方差分析检验,三个变型之间的主要性质均无显著差异,而各单株之间则差异显著或极显著。作者等认为在选择马尾松优良类型时,不应该依不同变型划分,而应从单株优树进行选择,这样可能更为有效。     

废弃杨木水泥模板纤维特性及纤维板的研究

以废弃杨木水泥模板纤维为原料制造纤维板, 实现杨木的循环利用。对水泥模板以及分离好的纤维性能进行测试分析, 并分别以废弃杨木水泥模板纤维、新鲜杨木纤维为原料制造不同密度的纤维板, 讨论原料特性和施胶量对板材性能的影响。研究结果表明:废弃杨木水泥模板表面碳元素含量高于杨木单板表面, 而水泥模板表面的氧元素含量较低; 废弃杨木水泥模板纤维的堆积密度与新鲜杨木纤维基本相同; 当用水泥模板制得的纤维板密度达到0.75 g·cm-3时, 板材的力学性能和吸水厚度膨胀率(TS)值均优于其他密度的板材, 当施胶量大于等于12.0%时, 板材的弹性模量(MOE), 静曲强度(MOR), 内结合强度(IB)性能均能满足国家标准值的要求。因此, 废弃杨木水泥模板完全可以替代普通杨木制造纤维板。     

与机具设计相关的作物茎秆生物力学性质试验

在机具设计及作业工艺实施中,研究作物的生物力学性质,可为相关作物机械化生产作业装备提供设计参数。选取玉米、高粱等茎秆作物作为研究对象,分别在不同的生长期对其进行剪切、破碎等力学试验,研究不同生长期、不同节间位置作物茎秆的生物力学性质的差异。结果表明,作物的剪切强度随含水率的减小而增大;茎秆不同部位的剪切强度自上而下依次增大;玉米、高粱等作物,其茎秆径向破碎强度均明显大于轴向破碎强度。因此,在设计收获机具时,应以茎秆下部的测试数据作为主要设计参数,而植株含水率、茎秆部位、横截面积等与其力学性能也有一定的关系,设计机具时应予以综合考虑。