Neuropeptides isotocin and arginine vasotocin in urophysis of three fish species

In this study, for the first time, both neuropeptides isotocin (IT) and arginine vasotocin (AVT) have been identified and measured in urophysis, the neurohaemal organ of the caudal neurosecretory system of teleost fish. So far, AVT, but not IT, was quantified by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in urophysis of several fish species. We have used high-performance liquid chromatographic assay with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FL) preceded by solid-phase extraction (SPE) and liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI MS/MS) technique to determine both neuropeptides in urophysis of three fish species. The efficiency of peptide’s SPE extraction was 79–85 %. In HPLC-FL method, the limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were estimated as 1.0 and 3.4 pmol/mL for IT and 0.25 and 2.20 pmol/mL for AVT. In LC–MS/MS method, LOD and LOQ were estimated as 0.4 and 1.2 pmol/mL for IT and 0.06 and 0.2 pmol/mL for AVT. The chromatographic methods are good alternative for RIA, because enable to measure both nonapeptides simultaneously in one sample. In round goby (Neogobius melanostomus), three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) and sea bream (Sparus aurata), urophysial IT concentrations ranged between 0.056 and 0.678 pmol/mg tissue and AVT concentrations ranged between 0.0008 (or even below detection threshold) and 0.084 pmol/mg tissue.     

鱼类精氨酸营养生理研究进展

精氨酸为鱼类的必需氨基酸之一，其在鱼体内参与蛋白质、多胺的合成，促进生长；精氨酸具有促内分泌作用；精氨酸可在体内生成一氧化氮，一氧化氮参与鱼类心血管活动、免疫功能的调节。某些鱼类可能具有自身精氨酸的合成能力。鱼类赖氨酸一精氨酸拮抗存在种问差异。本研究从精氨酸的合成、生理功能、与赖氨酸的关系以及需求量等方面对鱼类精氨酸的营养生理研究进行了综述。[中国水产科学，2006，13（4）：679-685]     

The reproductive brain in fish

In fish as in other vertebrates, the brain is actively involved in the control of reproduction, first by participating, under the influence of external factors, in the establishment of an appropriate endocrine status, but also by allowing synchronization of the partners by the time of spawning. It is now well established that the pituitary gonadotropic function is controlled by multiple stimulatory and inhibitory factors, originating mainly from the preoptic region and the mediobasal hypothalamus, both target regions for sexual steroids. Little is known about the mechanisms involved in the mediation of external and internal factors, however there is indication that internal factors, such as androgens and melatonin, known to trigger particular behavioural and endocrine responses, act both at the level of neuroendocrine territories, but also on sensorial systems, which are the actual sites of action for external factors. This paper represents an attempt to summarize and integrate the recent literature devoted to the different aspects of the brain as a major participant in the complex endocrine and behavioural mechanisms of reproduction in fish.     

鱼类精氨酸需求研究进展

精氨酸是迄今研究的所有鱼类的必需氨基酸。近年来,在确定鱼类精氨酸需要量方面取得了巨大的进展。然而,仍然有许多养殖鱼类对精氨酸的需求有待研究。在已有的报道中,鱼类精氨酸需求存在种内和种间差异,而且这种差异较大。这篇论文综述了鱼类精氨酸需求的研究进展,包括五方面的内容,即鱼类对精氨酸的需要量,饲料中精氨酸含量对鱼类的影响,影响鱼类精氨酸需要量的因素,评价鱼类精氨酸需要量所采用的指标以及精氨酸和赖氨酸之间的相互关系。     

The effect of fish species combination in fish ponds on plankton composition

Abstract. In continuation of an experiment carried out in 1983, the effect of polyculture of bottom-feeding fish (common carp. Cyprinus carpio L.; tilapia hybrids, Oreochromis nilolicus (L.) × O. aureus (Steindadner); and grey mullet, Mugil cephalus (L.) and a filter-feeding fish (silver carp. Hypopluhalmichtys molitrix (Valenciennes)) on the nannoplankton and netplanklon has been studied. This effect was analysed through principal component analysis. The results confirmed the linding of 1983 that the presence of silver carp in a pond, either alone or with bottom-feeding fish, results in a decrease in netplankton (phylo- and zooplankton) and an increase in nannoplankton which passes through the tiller apparatus of the fish. The effect of the silver carp seems to be related more to its numerical density than to its individual weight, since the effect diminished with the decrease in density during 1983–1985. It became least pronounced when the density was 400/ha. Bottom-feeding fish enhance the development of the larger nannoplankton by bringing up nutrients from the bottom, but reduce the number of the netplankton (mainly zooplankton) as compared to the control pond without lish. This effect was more apparent at a higher density of tilapia. but was masked when silver carp was present.     

鱼类嗅觉系统功能与行为生态研究进展

嗅觉是鱼类重要的感觉之一,鱼类可通过嗅觉感知环境中的刺激物而获得环境信息,在其行为生态中有着重要作用。近年由于气候变化和水质污染,鱼类嗅觉行为生态也备受关注。对鱼类嗅觉器官结构、嗅觉差异、嗅觉定向机制等进行了综述,并探讨了鱼类种间、种内个体识别,摄食,生殖,洄游,领地防御等行为生态中嗅觉的作用和机制。总结鱼类嗅觉行为生态机制的研究,有助于了解鱼类行为与环境的适应性,同时对水产养殖业也有重要的指导意义。     

利用鲜杂鱼代替进口鱼粉制作配合饲料养鱼效果的初步试验

本文报道利用当地鲜杂鱼全部代替进口鱼粉制成的配合饲料进行池塘养成鱼的试验。试验结果是投喂野杂鱼饲料平均亩产383．9kg，亩成本为1576．5元，亩产利58．78元，饲料转换率为58．01％,饲料投产比为3．72，比当地进口鱼粉饲料成本降低19％，亩成本降低15．5％。但单产略低于鱼粉饲料组。     

Kisspeptin对鱼类生殖轴的调控机制研究

Kisspeptin(简称Kiss或者Kp)是由KISS1/Kiss1基因编码的一种下丘脑神经肽,通过其受体KissR(也称作GPR54)的介导参与了多种生理过程,如抑制肿瘤转移和参与生殖调控。目前,尽管在鲤形目(Cypriniformes)、鲈形目(Perciforms)、鲽形目(Pleuronectiforms)、鲀形目(Tetraodontiforms)、颌针目(Beloniforms)、鲉形目(Scorpaeniformes)、鲑形目(Salmoniformes)及鳕形目(Gadiformes)等多种鱼类中均鉴定出了kiss/kissr基因,但Kiss/KissR系统在鱼类生殖调控中的精确作用及其分子机制尚未完全阐明。尤其是在鱼类中存在2种kiss及3种kissr基因,Kiss/KissR系统对鱼类生殖调控的作用方式更加复杂。本文简要总结鱼类Kiss及其受体的研究进展,并对Kiss的生理学功能、信号转导机制以及kiss/kissr表达调控研究进行概括讨论,旨在加深对鱼类Kiss/KissR系统的认识和了解,为后续研究指明方向。     

环境激素对鱼类生殖毒性的研究进展

文章综述了水环境激素的种类及其对鱼类生殖毒性的常用的研究方法,并以三丁基锡(TBT)和三苯基锡(TPT)等有机锡污染物为例,详述了环境激素对鱼类生殖毒性的研究进展.研究表明,有机锡化合物会导致鱼类性腺结构和功能受损,生殖行为异常,引起雌鱼雄性化,并产生隔代毒性效应.其毒性机理主要是抑制雌激素合成途径关键酶,干扰雌激素核...     

The effect of ploidy and temporal changes in the biochemical profile of gibel carp (Carassius gibelio): a cyprinid fish species with dual reproductive strategies

The basic biochemical profile of gibel carp (Carassius gibelio), diploid–triploid cyprinid species complex with dual reproduction modes, was investigated. The aim of the study was to test for the effect of fish group (which combines the effects of ploidy and sex) and temporal changes on indicators of the biochemical profile of blood in gibel carp. We showed that the basic biochemical profile of blood is significantly influenced by season and fish group. Triploid gynogenetic females had a better condition measured by total protein concentration than sexual diploids. The higher concentrations of triacylglycerols and cholesterol in triploid females when compared to diploids indicate a higher metabolic rate and higher energy intake during the whole year, which may represent a disadvantage for triploids. Differences in the concentrations of blood biochemical analytes between triploid females and diploids suggest a potential difference in the regulation of a wide range of physiological and biochemical processes in which these analytes participate. The biochemical profiles of two forms of C. gibelio could at least partially explain the changes of character of its naturally occurring populations.     

水产引种对生态环境的影响及预防

引种就是引进,是从不同地区(包括外地和外国)将适合于本地的优良品种、品系或野生类型引进到当地进行驯化或养殖的工作。在水产养殖生产中,各种养殖对象苗种生产的社会化导致每年大量跨地区的引种(苗种的运输)事件发生。在运输过程中,以及在以后的养殖生产的各个环节中,引种的水产动物均有可能会因各种原因发生逃逸。而有些逃逸可能造成的危害是不可估量的。     

Effect of probiotic on reproductive performance in female livebearing ornamental fish

A probiotic bacterial strain, Bacillus subtilis, isolated from the intestine of Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton), was incorporated in fish feed at four different concentrations (5 × 10⁸ cells g⁻², 5 × 10⁷ cells g⁻², 5 × 10⁶cells g⁻¹ and 5 × 10⁵ cells g⁻¹) and fed to four species of livebearing ornamental fish, Poecilia reticulata (Peters), Poecilia sphenops (Valenciennes), Xiphophorus helleri (Heckel) and Xiphophorus maculatus (Gunther) for one year duration to observe the effect of dietary probiotic supplementation on their reproductive performance. Sixty virgin females of each species were stocked separately in circular FRP tanks (350 L) and fed diets with varying levels of probiotic cells and control feed. Broodstock performance was evaluated based on gonadosomatic index (GSI), fecundity and fry production of female broodstock. The results showed that supplementation of feed with probiotics increased significantly (P<0.05) the GSI, fecundity and fry production of spawning females and length and weight of fry in all the four species of fish. The number of dead and deformed fry were also significantly lower (P<0.05) in fish fed with the probiotic feeds. The use of higher concentration of the probiont in diet did not always lead to significantly improved reproductive performance of the spawners. Collectively, this study showed that female livebearers benefit from inclusion of probiotics in diet during their reproductive stages.     

Ecological modulation of reproductive behaviour in the peacock blenny: a mini-review

The inter-populational variation in the reproductive behaviour of the peacock blenny Salaria pavo (Risso 1810), particularly the influence of the ecologic environment, was reviewed in the present work. Two populations of this species inhabiting contrasting environments were studied: the Ria Formosa population, a coastal lagoon with sandy/muddy substrate located in the south of Portugal, and the Gulf of Trieste, an area presenting rocky substrate located in the northern Adriatic sea. The remarkable differences in the mating system and reproductive behaviour between the two populations (namely sex-role reversal and high frequency of alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs) at the Ria Formosa vs typical sex roles and low frequency of ARTs at the Gulf of Trieste) are interpreted as a plastic behavioural and physiological response to contrasting ecological conditions. Androgens, namely 11-ketotestosterone, seem to act as mediators of this response. The expression and activity of the enzyme aromatase in the brain also seems to play a key role in fine-tuning the behavioural output in all male morphs as well as females.     

精氨酸对许氏平鲉豆粕型肠炎的修复作用研究

为研究精氨酸(Arg)对患有豆粕型肠炎(SBMIE)的许氏平鲉(Sebastes schlegelii)生长性能、Arg代谢、肠道组织结构、抗氧化性能、肠道紧密连接蛋白基因(occludin、clnd15和zo-1)及炎症因子基因(il-1β、il-8、il-15和tlr8)和抗炎因子基因(il-12b)表达量的影响,以(54.97±0.12) g已诱导出SBMIE的许氏平鲉为研究对象,基础配方中添加30%豆粕,以Arg 0添加为对照组(D0),添加1%、2%和3% Arg为处理组(D1、D2和D3),配制4组等氮等能的实验饲料,每组3个重复,每个重复40尾鱼,进行为期6周的养殖实验。结果显示,D2和D3组实验鱼增重率显著升高(P<0.05),各处理组肝体比和脏体比均显著低于D0组,肥满度显著高于D0组(P<0.05);处理组血清二胺氧化酶(DAO)、诱导型一氧化氮合成酶(iNOS)活性及一氧化氮(NO)含量显著降低(P<0.05),D2和D3组总一氧化氮合成酶(T-NOS)活性显著降低(P<0.05);Arg显著提高了实验鱼肠道皱襞高度(P<0.05);处理组肠道总抗氧化能力显著升高,并以D2组最高(P<0.05),D2和D3组丙二醛含量显著降低(P<0.05);相比较D0组,各处理组occludin mRNA相对表达量显著上调,D2组clnd15 和D1组zo-1 mRNA相对表达量显著上调(P<0.05);处理组肠道il-1β、il-15和tlr8 mRNA相对表达量显著下调,il-12b mRNA相对表达量显著上调(P<0.05)。综上所述,在本实验条件下,高豆粕饲料中添加Arg能显著提高SBMIE-许氏平鲉的生长性能和抗氧化性能,改善Arg代谢和肠道组织结构,上调肠道紧密连接蛋白和抗炎因子基因相对表达量,下调炎症因子基因相对表达量。Arg (2%最佳)对许氏平鲉SBMIE具有修复作用。本研究为Arg修复SBMIE的机制提供了理论依据。     

卵形鲳鲹MHCⅡβ基因的克隆与表达分析

水通道蛋白(aquaporin,AQPs)是由内在膜蛋白组成的超家族,介导水分子的跨膜运输,对渗透压调节具有重要作用。为研究AQP1a在急性盐度胁迫下对卵形鲳鲹 (Trachinotus ovatus)的渗透压调节作用,该研究获得AQP1a基因。基因全长1 078 bp,开放阅读框786 bp,编码261个氨基酸,具有MIP家族特有序列(HINPAVTLG)和2个天冬酰胺−脯氨酸−丙氨酸蛋白基序。qRT-PCR结果显示,AQP1a在11个被测组织中均有表达,在性腺中的表达量最高,其次是鳃和肠,在肌肉中表达量最低。在急性盐度胁迫下,当转入淡水时,AQP1a在鳃的表达量在第4小时显著上升,而在肾和肠中没有显著变化;当转入盐度10和20海水时,鳃中AQP1a的表达量在第2和第4小时显著升高,然后下降趋于稳定;转入盐度10海水时,肠中AQP1a的表达量均上升,肾中AQP1a的表达量呈先上升后下降趋势;转入盐度20海水时,肠中AQP1a的表达量仅在第4、第8和第48小时显著上升,肾中AQP1a的表达量在第12小时达到最大;转入盐度40海水中,鳃中AQP1a的表达量明显下降,相反,在肾和肠中AQP1a的表达量均明显上调。这些结果反映了AQP1a在不同组织中的功能特异性,证实了AQP1a在卵形鲳鲹盐度适应中起重要作用。     

The effect of lakes on the stream fish fauna

The effect of natural lakes on the fish species distribution in surrounding streams was studied using electrofishing survey data from 3281 localities in streams throughout Sweden. The occurrence of lake fish (northern pike, European perch, roach and burbot) was significantly higher close to lakes, both up- and downstream, as compared to localities further up- or downstream of lakes. Correspondingly, the occurrences of stream fish (brown trout, grayling, European minnow and bullheads) were lower close to lakes. It is suggested that the lower occurrences of the latter close to lakes be due to biotic interaction with lake fish, especially predation from pike and burbot. The results strongly indicate that the effect of lakes on water temperature, drift of plankton and invertebrates or the moderating effect on water fluctuations and quality did not influence the stream fish fauna to the same extent as the presence of lake fish in a zone up- as downstream of the lakes. Lakes function as a reservoir of strong predators and competitors.     

Appraisal of fish behaviour based on time series of fish positions issued by a 3D array of ultrasound transducers

We present a novel low-cost analysis platform and method for monitoring the behaviour of a fish population (starry sturgeons – Acipenser stellatus) – in an experimental tank using a 3-dimensional array of ultrasound transducers. The platform provides time series of fish positions, allowing for assessment of the dynamics of geometric centre (centroid) of fish population. We demonstrate that centroid evolution represents a sensitive indicator of fish behaviour under conditions varied from normal towards non-physiological limits, e.g. pH, dissolved oxygen concentration, feeding and light.Emphasis has been given to reversible effects i.e. after normalisation of water parameters undergoing “gentle” variations, the fish behaviour returns to the normal/physiological pattern.Fish behaviour was previously assessed by several techniques (e.g. electrical impedance, video monitoring, hydro-acoustics, etc.).To our knowledge, this is the first study that uses ultrasounds to continuously monitor the three-dimensional position of fish, having also the advantage of being independent on water turbidity or light level.We stress on the capabilities of the platform and related method to assess the occurrence of abnormal fish behaviour, revealed by the change over a predefined threshold exhibited by the dynamics of the fish population exposed to stimuli, and to automatically issue a warning alert (in case of e.g. non-optimum water quality), thus making it suitable for remote, cost effective monitoring of fish behaviour supporting an optimised aquaculturing.     

Video multitracking of fish behaviour: a synthesis and future perspectives

With the development of digital imaging techniques over the last decade, there are now new opportunities to study complex behavioural patterns in fish (e.g. schooling behaviour) and to track a very large number of individuals. These new technologies and methods provide valuable information to fundamental and applied science disciplines such as ethology, animal sociology, animal psychology, veterinary sciences, animal welfare sciences, statistical physics, pharmacology as well as neuro‐ and ecotoxicology. This paper presents a review of fish video multitracking techniques. It describes the possibilities of tracking individuals and groups at different scales, but also outlines the advantages and limitations of the detection methods. The problem of occlusions, during which errors of individual identifications are very frequent, is underlined. This paper summarizes different approaches to improving the quality of individual identification, notably by the development of three‐dimensional tracking, image analysis and probabilistic applications. Finally, implications for fish research and future directions are presented.     

Studies on cryptocaryoniasis in marine fish: effect of temperature and salinity on the reproductive cycle of Cryptocaryon irritans Brown, 1951

Abstract. Trophonts of Cryptocaryon irritans Brown from infected three-spot damselfish, Dascyllus trimaculatus Ruppell, were kept at temperatures ranging from 7 to 37°C to observe encystment and development of the tomites. At 30, 25 and 20°C, the percentage of trophonts that had encysted in 16 h were 70, 77 and 64% respectively; at 37°C, 44% encysted and at 7°C only 10% had encysted.
The optimum temperature for excystment was 30°C; 50% excysted in 5 days and 100% in 7 days. At 25°C, 60% of the tomites started to excyst on the eighth day, and 70% on the ninth day. At 20°C, 10% started to excyst on the ninth day, reaching 40% on the tenth day. No excystment occurred at 37 and 7°C.
Newly encysted tomonts were placed in various dilutions of sea water (31 %₀) and kept at temperatures ranging from 7 to 37°C. Low salinities, i.e. 16%₀ and lower caused tomonts to rupture. At 37, 20 and 7°C, 35% of the tomonts started to rupture immediately in 50% sea water, while at 30 and 25 C, 30% of the tomonts ruptured in 25% seawater. However, none of the cysts developed normally at these dilutions. The percentage rupturing increased with decreasing salinity.     

Sex effect on polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations in fish: a synthesis

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) accumulate in fish primarily via food intake, and therefore, PCBs serve as a chemical tracer for food consumption. Sex differences in PCB concentrations of fish have been attributed to the following three mechanisms: (i) females losing a substantial portion of their PCB body burden during spawning and consequently their PCB concentration is considerably reduced immediately after spawning; (ii) sex differences in habitat utilization leading to sex differences in the PCB concentrations of the prey; and (iii) sex differences in gross growth efficiency, which is defined as growth divided by the amount of food consumption needed to achieve that growth. Based on my analyses and synthesis, mechanisms (i) and (ii) operate in relatively few fish populations, but can lead to mature males having PCB concentrations two to three times higher than mature female PCB concentrations. In contrast, mechanism (iii) operates in all fish populations, but typically, mechanism (iii) results in relatively modest sex differences, with mature males only between 15 and 35% higher in PCB concentration than mature females. In summary, the study of sex differences in PCB concentrations of fish has led to insights into fish behaviour and fish physiology.