通断周期因素对CIPS测试结果的影响

通过现场测试,明确了管道CIPS测试结果与通断周期、通断时间比、数据采集延迟时间等因素的关系。指出在进行CIPS检测前,应进行实地现场测试,以得出当地合理的通断周期、通断时间比、数据采集延迟时间等数值。     

An excitatory amino acid antagonist blocks cone input to sign-conserving second-order retinal neurons

cis-2,3-Piperidinedicarboxylic acid (PDA), an excitatory amino acid antagonist, reversibly blocked cone input to OFF bipolars and horizontal cells, whereas ON bipolars were relatively unaffected. Kainic acid effects were also blocked, indicating a postsynaptic mechanism of action. The use of PDA helps to characterize one of two classes of excitatory amino acid synaptic receptors that mediate cone influence in the outer retina.     

Transamination of aminoalkylphosphonic acids with alpha ketoglutarate

Dialyzed homogenates prepared from Escherichia coli, Tetrahymena pyriformis, sea anemone (Anthopleura elegantissima), and mouse liver were tested for ability to transaminate 17 aminoalkylphosphonic acids with alpha-ketoglutarate. 2-Aminoethylphosphonic acid (2-AEP), which occurs naturally in Tetrahymena and anemone, was transaminated by these latter organisms more than any of the substances tested, but not by preparations from liver or E. coli. 3-Aminopropylphosphonic acid was transaminated by all preparations, but much less by Tetrahymena or anemone than was 2-AEP. 2-Amino-3-phosphonopropionic acid was transaminated by all preparations. 2-Amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid was transaminated by three of the preparations, but not by liver. Of the other 13 substances tested, the following gave positive results: DL-1,2-diaminoethylphosphonic acid with E. coli, DL-1,2-diaminoethylphosphonic and aminomethylphosphonic acids with Tetrahymena, DL-1-aminopropylphosphonic acid with anemone, and DL-1-aminoethylphosphonic and DL-1-aminobutylphosphonic acids with liver. The significance of these transaminations is discussed.     

排水辅助减压型真空式鱼泵研究

在分析国内真空式鱼泵样机现有不足的基础上,运用增大真空容积制造负压的原理,试制了抽气、排水相结合减压的改进型鱼泵样机。程序计算及鱼泵样机抽吸活鱼试验结果均表明,虽然真空泵抽气效率不稳定,导致真空罐内压强的实际曲线出现一定波动,但实测曲线与理论曲线趋势基本一致。水泵开启前后罐满时间增加约10s,吸鱼管流速有显著提高,水泵排水对辅助真空泵减压、延长抽吸时间和减小设备体积等均有积极作用。预抽压强为2mH2O时能获得较4mH2O时更短的罐满时间和更高的吸入流速。以150—180mm的鲫鱼为抽吸对象,罐内初压为4mH2O时,20s内可抽上13kg鱼,预计样机1hr内可抽吸约2t的成品鱼。     

排水辅助减压型真空式鱼泵研究

在分析国内真空式鱼泵样机现有不足的基础上，运用增大真空容积制造负压的原理，试制了抽气、排水相结合减压的改进型鱼泵样机。程序计算及鱼泵样机抽吸活鱼试验结果均表明，虽然真空泵抽气效率不稳定，导致真空罐内压强的实际曲线出现一定波动，但实测曲线与理论曲线趋势基本一致。水泵开启前后罐满时间增加约10s，吸鱼管流速有显著提高，水泵排水对辅助真空泵减压、延长抽吸时间和减小设备体积等均有积极作用。预抽压强为2mH2O时能获得较4mH2O时更短的罐满时间和更高的吸入流速。以150—180mm的鲫鱼为抽吸对象，罐内初压为4mH2O时，20s内可抽上13kg鱼，预计样机1hr内可抽吸约2t的成品鱼。     

Rapid neural coding in the retina with relative spike latencies

Natural vision is a highly dynamic process. Frequent body, head, and eye movements constantly bring new images onto the retina for brief periods, challenging our understanding of the neural code for vision. We report that certain retinal ganglion cells encode the spatial structure of a briefly presented image in the relative timing of their first spikes. This code is found to be largely invariant to stimulus contrast and robust to noisy fluctuations in response latencies. Mechanistically, the observed response characteristics result from different kinetics in two retinal pathways ("ON" and "OFF") that converge onto ganglion cells. This mechanism allows the retina to rapidly and reliably transmit new spatial information with the very first spikes emitted by a neural population.     

Carbon nanotube-based nonvolatile random access memory for molecular computing

A concept for molecular electronics exploiting carbon nanotubes as both molecular device elements and molecular wires for reading and writing information was developed. Each device element is based on a suspended, crossed nanotube geometry that leads to bistable, electrostatically switchable ON/OFF states. The device elements are naturally addressable in large arrays by the carbon nanotube molecular wires making up the devices. These reversible, bistable device elements could be used to construct nonvolatile random access memory and logic function tables at an integration level approaching 10(12) elements per square centimeter and an element operation frequency in excess of 100 gigahertz. The viability of this concept is demonstrated by detailed calculations and by the experimental realization of a reversible, bistable nanotube-based bit.     

Uniformity testing of variable-rate center pivot irrigation control systems

As water supplies become limited, agricultural water use needs to become more efficient to maintain current productivity levels. The efficiency of center pivot and linear move irrigation systems can be increased by matching the amount and rate of water application to specific soil conditions that vary in the field. Such site-specific application can be achieved by variable-rate control systems. Although such systems are being developed, their effects on center pivot and linear move uniformity have not been documented. The uniformity along the length of a center pivot and a linear move irrigation system was measured at two system movement speeds and three variable-rate settings. One variable-rate system is commercially available using pneumatically actuated solenoid valves to turn groups of sprinklers ON and OFF at fractions of a minute corresponding to the cycle rate, for example a 50% cycle rate is 30 s ON and 30 s OFF. The other variable-rate system used commonly available electric solenoid valves to accomplish the same task. Overall, the coefficient of uniformity and low quarter distribution uniformity averaged 93% and 0.90, respectively for the center pivot irrigation system; 84% and 0.74 for the linear move system. The results were not significantly (P > 0.05) affected by wind speed, cycling rate, or system movement speed. The type of nozzle did influence the uniformity because of the distinctly different application characteristics of rotator, fixed plate, and wobbling low pressure sprinklers. Thus, the variable-rate technologies tested under the conditions presented in this paper had at least as good uniformity as the center pivot and linear move systems when functioning in non-variable-rate mode.Mention of a trade name, proprietary product, or specific equipment does not constitute a guarantee or warranty by the University of Florida or the University of Georgia and does not imply approval of a product or exclusion of others that may be suitable.     

Elementary Ca2+ signals through endothelial TRPV4 channels regulate vascular function

Major features of the transcellular signaling mechanism responsible for endothelium-dependent regulation of vascular smooth muscle tone are unresolved. We identified local calcium (Ca(2+)) signals ("sparklets") in the vascular endothelium of resistance arteries that represent Ca(2+) influx through single TRPV4 cation channels. Gating of individual TRPV4 channels within a four-channel cluster was cooperative, with activation of as few as three channels per cell causing maximal dilation through activation of endothelial cell intermediate (IK)- and small (SK)-conductance, Ca(2+)-sensitive potassium (K(+)) channels. Endothelial-dependent muscarinic receptor signaling also acted largely through TRPV4 sparklet-mediated stimulation of IK and SK channels to promote vasodilation. These results support the concept that Ca(2+) influx through single TRPV4 channels is leveraged by the amplifier effect of cooperative channel gating and the high Ca(2+) sensitivity of IK and SK channels to cause vasodilation.     

Field application uniformity and accuracy of two rate control systems with automatic section capabilities on agricultural sprayers

The adoption of automatic section control (ASC) on agricultural sprayers remains popular since it reduces overlap and application in unwanted areas leading to input savings and improved environmental stewardship. Most spray controllers attempt to maintain the desired target rate during ASC actuation (ON and OFF of control sections which change the width of boom-section actually spraying) but limited knowledge exists regarding controller response and nozzle discharge variation during field operation. Therefore, field experiments were conducted using two common self-propelled sprayers equipped with commercially available control systems with ASC capabilities. Pressure transducers were mounted across the spray booms to record real-time nozzle pressure with data tagged with GPS location and time. Nozzle flow was obtained from nozzle pressure to compute nozzle flow uniformity or coefficient of variations (CVs) across the ON boom, off-rate errors (percent difference between actual and target nozzle flow rate) and settling times. Results indicated that nozzle CVs were >10 % for both auto-boom and auto-nozzle control systems, when each of the auto-boom and auto-nozzle sections were turned back ON for 0.5 and 0.2 s, respectively. Further, nozzle off-rate errors exceeding ±10 % occurred in both rectangular and irregular shaped fields. These off-rate errors primarily occurred during ASC actuation while at the same time the sprayer was being accelerated or decelerated. The extended nozzle flow settling times of up to 20 s (delayed response) indicated that the rate controller may require intelligent and enhanced control algorithms to minimize nozzle flow stabilization and thereby a reduction in sprayer off-rate errors during field operation.     

(-)Pentobarbital opens ion channels of long duration in cultured mouse spinal neurons

Intracellular recordings from voltage-clamped mouse spinal neurons in tissue culture were used to study the membrane mechanisms underlying inhibitory responses to gamma-aminobutyric acid and the (-) isomer of pentobarbital. Fluctuation analysis suggested that both substances activated ion channels in the membranes. However, the channels activated by pentobarbital remained open five times longer than those activated by gamma-aminobutyric acid.     

Effects of different nitrogen fertilizer management practices on wheat yields and N_2O emissions from wheat fields in North China

Nitrogen(N) is one of the macronutrients required for plant growth, and reasonable application of N fertilizers can increase crop yields and improve their quality. However, excessive application of N fertilizers will decrease N use efficiency and also lead to increases in N2 O emissions from agricultural soils and many other environmental issues. Research on the effects of different N fertilizer management practices on wheat yields and N2 O emissions will assist the selection of effective N management measures which enable achieving high wheat yields while reducing N2 O emissions. To investigate the effects of different N management practices on wheat yields and soil N2 O emissions, we conducted field trials with 5 treatments of no N fertilizer(CK), farmers common N rate(AN), optimal N rate(ON), 20% reduction in optimal rate+dicyandiamide(ON80%+DCD), 20% reduction in optimal rate+nano-carbon(ON80%+NC). The static closed chamber gas chromatography method was used to monitor N2 O emissions during the wheat growing season. The results showed that there were obvious seasonal characteristics of N2 O emissions under each treatment and N2 O emissions were mainly concentrated in the sowing-greening stage, accounting for 54.6–68.2% of the overall emissions. Compared with AN, N2 O emissions were decreased by 23.1, 45.4 and 33.7%, respectively, under ON, ON80%+DCD and ON80%+NC, and emission factors were declined by 22.2, 66.7 and 33.3%, respectively. Wheat yield was increased significantly under ON80%+DCD and ON80%+NC by 12.3 and 11.9%, respectively, relative to AN while there was no significant change in yield in the ON treatment. Compared with ON, overall N2 O emissions were decreased by 29.1 and 13.9% while wheat yields improved by 18.3 and 17.9% under ON80%+DCD and ON80%+NC, respectively. We therefore recommend that ON80%+DCD and ON80%+NC be referred as effective N management practices increasing yields while mitigating emissions.     

In situ imaging of the endogenous CD8 T cell response to infection

Mounting a protective immune response is critically dependent on the orchestrated movement of cells within lymphoid organs. We report here the visualization, using major histocompatability complex class I tetramers, of the CD8-positive (CD8) T cell response in the spleens of mice to Listeria monocytogenes infection. A multistage pathway was revealed that included initial activation at the borders of the B and T cell zones followed by cluster formation with antigenpresenting cells leading to CD8 T cell exit to the red pulp via bridging channels. Strikingly, many memory CD8 T cells localized to the B cell zones and, when challenged, underwent rapid migration to the T cell zones where proliferation occurred, followed by egress via bridging channels in parallel with the primary response. Thus, the ability to track endogenous immune responses has uncovered both distinct and overlapping mechanisms and anatomical locations driving primary and secondary immune responses.     

Ca2+ entry through plasma membrane IP3 receptors

Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs) release calcium ions, Ca2+, from intracellular stores, but their roles in mediating Ca2+ entry are unclear. IP3 stimulated opening of very few (1.9 +/- 0.2 per cell) Ca2+-permeable channels in whole-cell patch-clamp recording of DT40 chicken or mouse B cells. Activation of the B cell receptor (BCR) in perforated-patch recordings evoked the same response. IP3 failed to stimulate intracellular or plasma membrane (PM) channels in cells lacking IP3R. Expression of IP3R restored both responses. Mutations within the pore affected the conductances of IP3-activated PM and intracellular channels similarly. An impermeant pore mutant abolished BCR-evoked Ca2+ signals, and PM IP3Rs were undetectable. After introduction of an alpha-bungarotoxin binding site near the pore, PM IP3Rs were modulated by extracellular alpha-bungarotoxin. IP(3)Rs are unusual among endoplasmic reticulum proteins in being also functionally expressed at the PM, where very few IP3Rs contribute substantially to the Ca2+ entry evoked by the BCR.     

Hemichannel-mediated inhibition in the outer retina

An essential feature of the first synapse in the retina is a negative feedback pathway from horizontal cells to cones. Here we show that at this synapse, connexin26 forms hemichannels on horizontal cell dendrites near the glutamate release site of the cones. Blocking these hemichannels hyperpolarizes horizontal cells, modulates the Ca2+ channels of the cones, and abolishes all feedback-mediated responses. We propose a feedback mechanism in which the activity of the Ca2+ channels and the subsequent glutamate release of the cones are modulated by a current through these hemichannels. Because the current through the hemichannels depends on the polarization of the horizontal cells, their activity modulates the output of the cones.     

有机无机肥料配合施用对设施番茄产量、品质及土壤硝态氮淋失的影响

利用田间小区试验,研究了有机无机肥配合施用模式对番茄产量、品质及氮素在土壤中累积和淋失的影响.结果表明:(1)与肥料用量较高的习惯施肥处理相比,大幅减少肥料施用的不同有机无机肥配合施用模式均能保证番茄产量稳定,显著提高经济效益,平均增收19 127元·hm-2,其中(3/4)化肥N+(1/4)猪粪N模式处理经济效益最高.(2)施用有机肥的3个有机无机肥配合施用模式处理可降低番茄果实中的硝酸盐含量,较全部施用化肥处理和习惯施肥处理的分别降低5.4％和7.0％;施用有机肥的3个有机无机肥料配合施用模式处理可提高番茄果实中Vc的含量,较全部施用化肥处理的提高9.4％.(3)与番茄种植前相比,番茄收获后土壤硝态氮含量总体上表现出表层增加、深层降低的趋势;大幅减施肥料的有机无机肥配合施用模式处理各土层硝态氮含量均低于习惯施肥处理相应土层硝态氮含量.(4)有机无机肥配合施用模式可显著降低渗漏水中硝态氮渗漏量,较全部施用化肥处理和习惯施肥处理的平均分别降低35.5％和55.1％.在试验条件下,综合考虑产量、经济效益和环境效益的适宜有机无机肥料配合施用模式为(3/4)化肥N+(1/4)猪粪N模式处理.     

设施栽培条件下番茄适宜的氮素管理和灌溉模式

 【目的】探索设施栽培条件下番茄适宜的氮素管理和灌溉模式。【方法】试验设4个处理：对照、传统氮素管理、优化氮素管理和推荐氮素管理。比较不同处理间的番茄产量、氮肥追施量、氮素损失量、化学氮肥和灌溉水农学效益等。【结果】（1）对照处理未追施化学氮肥,产量仍达到较高水平,冬春季出现了随着氮肥追施量的增加而减产的现象。（2）传统氮素管理每季的氮肥追施量为600 kgN?hm-2,灌溉量约7 500 m3?hm-2,不合理的水氮管理造成每年1 416 kgN?hm-2的表观氮素损失;与传统处理相比,推荐氮素管理每季番茄氮肥追施量减少50%,全年氮肥损失量减少32.2%;优化氮素管理两季番茄氮肥追施量为314和124 kgN?hm-2,灌溉量分别为3 900和4 550 m3?hm-2,全年的氮肥损失量减少38.6%。（3）传统、优化和推荐氮素管理全年的化学氮肥农学效益为0、24.9和0.3 kgFW?kg-1N,传统和优化灌溉的灌溉水农学效益分别为12.2和23.2 kg FW?m-3。（4）优化氮素管理模式每年可减少4 000元/hm2的氮肥和灌溉用电费用。【结论】本试验条件下,氮肥追施量已不是番茄产量进一步提高的主要限制因素。氮素追施调控结合小管出流及夏季休闲时施用小麦秸秆和氰氨化钙的水氮管理是较优的番茄氮素管理和灌溉模式。     

Control of viremia and prevention of clinical AIDS in rhesus monkeys by cytokine-augmented DNA vaccination

With accumulating evidence indicating the importance of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in containing human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) replication in infected individuals, strategies are being pursued to elicit virus-specific CTLs with prototype HIV-1 vaccines. Here, we report the protective efficacy of vaccine-elicited immune responses against a pathogenic SHIV-89.6P challenge in rhesus monkeys. Immune responses were elicited by DNA vaccines expressing SIVmac239 Gag and HIV-1 89.6P Env, augmented by the administration of the purified fusion protein IL-2/Ig, consisting of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and the Fc portion of immunoglobulin G (IgG), or a plasmid encoding IL-2/Ig. After SHIV-89.6P infection, sham-vaccinated monkeys developed weak CTL responses, rapid loss of CD4+ T cells, no virus-specific CD4+ T cell responses, high setpoint viral loads, significant clinical disease progression, and death in half of the animals by day 140 after challenge. In contrast, all monkeys that received the DNA vaccines augmented with IL-2/Ig were infected, but demonstrated potent secondary CTL responses, stable CD4+ T cell counts, preserved virus-specific CD4+ T cell responses, low to undetectable setpoint viral loads, and no evidence of clinical disease or mortality by day 140 after challenge.     

Mutations affecting TEA blockade and ion permeation in voltage-activated K+ channels

Voltage-dependent ion channels are responsible for electrical signaling in neurons and other cells. The main classes of voltage-dependent channels (sodium-, calcium-, and potassium-selective channels) have closely related molecular structures. For one member of this superfamily, the transiently voltage-activated Shaker H4 potassium channel, specific amino acid residues have now been identified that affect channel blockade by the small ion tetraethylammonium, as well as the conduction of ions through the pore. Furthermore, variation at one of these amino acid positions among naturally occurring potassium channels may account for most of their differences in sensitivity to tetraethylammonium.     

有机N与无机N配比施肥对大白菜产量和硝酸盐含量的影响研究

[目的]为大白菜的配方施肥提供依据。[方法]在粘壤土、砂壤土上种植大白菜,以不施N肥为对照,研究总养分相同时有机N与无机N不同配比施肥对大白菜产量和硝酸盐含量的影响。[结果]不同配比施肥处理均能提高大白菜的单株重,有机N∶无机N为2∶1时大白菜的产量最高。对粘壤土来说,有机N∶无机N为1∶1时大白菜的净菜率最高,达75.8%,比对照高2.8个百分点。对砂壤土来说,不同施肥处理皆可提高大白菜的净菜率,有机N∶无机N为1∶2时,净菜率最高,达75.4%。使用有机肥可明显降低大白菜硝酸盐含量。无机N∶有机N为1∶(1~2)时,大白菜的硝酸盐含量最低。[结论]有机N与无机N混合使用的增产效果好,可明显降低大白菜中硝酸盐含量。