乳铁蛋白的营养生理作用及其作为饲料添加剂的应用

对乳铁蛋白的乳铁蛋白活性多太的结构及其动物体内的分布进行了分析，重点阐述了它们促进肠道铁离子的吸收，调节机体免疫机能，抑菌和抗菌活性，抗病毒，抗氧化，刺激肠道有益菌群生长，保护肠道等多种生理功能，总结了乳铁蛋白的测定方法，讨论了利用天然初乳制备乳铁蛋白和乳铁蛋白活性肽的的工艺和利用基因工程生产乳铁蛋白和乳铁蛋白活性肽。对乳铁蛋白和乳铁蛋白活性肽在饲料加工过程及动物肠道中的稳定性进行了分析，并初步讨论了乳铁蛋白和乳铁蛋白活性肽代替饲用抗生素作为饲料添加剂的应用前景。     

甘南牦牛Lfcin基因克隆及序列分析

利用PCR技术从甘南牦牛基因组DNA中扩增获得了含乳铁蛋白素（lactoferricin,Lfcin）基因的DNA序列,将该DNA序列连接于pGEM-Teasy载体并测序,将甘南牦牛含Lfcin基因的DNA序列与奶牛相应序列进行比对,同时对牦牛、人、小鼠等物种的Lfcin蛋白进行序列分析和进化树分析。结果：试验首次克隆获得了含甘南牦牛乳铁蛋白（lactoferrin,LF）第二外显子的DNA序列（在Gen-Bank中获得登陆号EU247256）,共778 bp,其中LF基因第二外显子长165 bp,编码55个氨基酸,Lf-cin蛋白占25个氨基酸;序列分析结果显示,克隆获得的牦牛DNA序列与奶牛相应序列存在3个碱基的变异;牦牛和奶牛的Lfcin蛋白质序列完全相同;各物种Lfcin蛋白具有较高的同源性,Lfcin蛋白进化树符合物种进化规律。     

乳铁蛋白及乳铁蛋白肽的基因工程研究进展

近年来,随着对乳铁蛋白和乳铁蛋白肽作用机制和空间结构的研究趋于成熟,国内外研究者逐渐将研究重点倾向于乳铁蛋白和乳铁蛋白肽的开发应用.主要介绍了乳铁蛋白和乳铁蛋白肽基因工程的研究进展,尤其是对原核表达系统和真核表达系统进行了综述.     

藏绵羊乳腺乳铁蛋白的克隆及序列分析

本研究以四川若尔盖县藏系绵羊为材料,利用RT-PCR方法扩增并克隆了藏绵羊乳铁蛋白(lactoferrin,LF)序列,运用生物信息学软件对其核苷酸序列和编码蛋白质的结构进行预测和分析。结果表明,克隆的LF基因全长2127 bp,共编码708个氨基酸,N端有19个氨基酸组成的信号肽,该蛋白质等电点为8.4,预测分子质量为77.2 ku;半定量RT-PCR分析结果表明,LF在乳腺、气管、淋巴、肝脏、泪腺和脾脏中都有表达,在肺脏中不表达。本试验克隆了藏绵羊LF cDNA全序列,并对LF和乳铁蛋白肽(lfcin,Lfc)核苷酸和蛋白质进行了分析,为进一步研究其生物学活性奠定基础。     

转基因动物产品-人乳铁蛋白与测定方法

乳铁蛋白是一种分子量为76.386kDa的结合性糖蛋白，在其多肽链上有两条碳水化合物侧链，乳铁蛋白存在于人乳及牛乳中，乳腺为主要分泌器官，乳铁蛋白具有多种重要的生理功能，在多种免疫细胞表面存在乳铁蛋白受体，编码人乳铁蛋白的基因全长2.358kb，由其释译的最初乳铁蛋白为711个氨基酸残基，成熟乳铁蛋白为692个氨基酸残基，人乳铁蛋白的转基因研究已获成功，获得表达，并初步应用于临床治疗，乳铁蛋白的检测方法包括酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA），放射免疫（RIA），免疫卵迹(Western-Blot)及免疫组化方法，还可应用PCR和核酸探针技术对人乳铁蛋白转基因肉品进行检测。     

不同加工方式对牛奶中乳铁蛋白的影响

乳铁蛋白是一种铁结合性糖蛋白，广泛存在于哺乳动物的分泌物中。研究报道，乳铁蛋白具有多种生物学功能。本文就不同加工方式对牛奶中乳铁蛋白的影响进行简要评述。     

乳铁蛋白生物学功能及其应用

乳铁蛋白是一种具有多种生物学功能的糖蛋白。介绍了乳铁蛋白的基本结构及其生物学功能,报道了国内外的研究进展,并就其在生产实践中的应用情况及前景进行了归纳、分析。     

人乳铁蛋白cDNA的克隆及在家蚕细胞中的表达

从人的乳腺组织中克隆了人乳铁蛋白(hLF)cDNA,其DNA序列与GenBank中另外4个hLF cDNA序列具有高度的同源性(同源性达到99%)。将人乳铁蛋白cDNA克隆在质粒pBacPAK8的BamHⅠ位点和XhoⅠ位点,构建成重组转移质粒pBacPAK-hLF。该质粒DNA与已线性化BacPAK6DNA共转染家蚕细胞BmN,在培养的贴壁细胞中挑出空斑,经过3轮纯化,获得重组病毒BmNPV-hLF。蛋白质免疫印迹法检测到在重组病毒感染的家蚕细胞中存在人乳铁蛋白基因的表达产物,分子量约78kD,ELISA法测定结果表明家蚕细胞中重组人乳铁蛋白(rhLF)相对表达量在表达120h达到最高值,约为13.5mg/L。体外生物活性试验表明重组hLF对大肠杆菌JM109具有抑菌活性。     

牛乳铁蛋白基因N-lobe的cDNA克隆及毕赤酵母表达载体的构建

以牛乳腺组织总RAN为模板,经RT-PCR得到牛乳铁蛋白基因的N-lobe片段并将其克隆到pGM-T克隆载体上,最后将其连入表达载体pPICZαA中,构建牛乳铁蛋白基因N-lobe的酵母表达载体.结果表明:克隆片段大小为1028bp,与Gen Bank中登录的序列的相应部位相比, 所获牛乳铁蛋白N-lobe cDNA 序列的同源性为99.7%;重组表达质粒经酶切和PCR鉴定构建正确,为酵母表达乳铁蛋白基因N-lobe奠定了基础.     

牛乳铁蛋白基因N-lobe的cDNA克隆及毕赤酵母表达载体的构建

以牛乳腺组织总RAN为模板,经RT-PCR得到牛乳铁蛋白基因的N-lobe片段并将其克隆到pGM-T克隆载体上,最后将其连入表达载体pPICZαA中,构建牛乳铁蛋白基因N-lobe的酵母表达载体。结果表明：克隆片段大小为1028bp,与Gen Bank中登录的序列的相应部位相比,所获牛乳铁蛋白N-lobe cDNA序列的同源性为99.7%;重组表达质粒经酶切和PCR鉴定构建正确,为酵母表达乳铁蛋白基因N-lobe奠定了基础。     

Evaluation of the Microbiological Status of Milk and Various Structures in Mammary Glands from Naturally Infected Dairy Cows

A knowledge of the microbiological status of milk and of the different structures in the mammary glands has great importance in elucidating the pathogenesis of mammary gland infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological status of various structures in the mammary glands from naturally infected dairy cows following slaughter. A total of 94 samples of milk, 184 samples of mammary parenchyma, 168 samples of gland cisterns, and 168 samples of teat cisterns were collected for microbiological examination. Microorganisms were detected in 59.9% of all samples, 67.0% of the milk samples, 70.1% of the mammary parenchymas, 55.9% of the gland cisterns and 48.8% of the teat cistern samples. When all samples were considered, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were the most prevalent (35.7%) followed by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (12.2%), Corynebacterium bovis (2.4%), Prototheca sp. (1.9%), and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (1.5%). There was a significantly higher occurrence of microorganisms in the milk and mammary parenchyma compared to the gland cisterns and teat cisterns. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Studies on the Pathogenesis of Shimao Zheng (Fleece-eating) in Sheep and Goats

Research on the disease called shimao zheng, which had resulted in widespread fleece-eating and shedding by sheep and goats in the Haizi area of Akesa County of Gansu Province of China, was carried out by both laboratory studies and pathological observations. There was a marked deficiency of sulfur in the wool and tissues of the affected animals. The pathological changes were mainly loss of fleece, exposure of the skin, keratinization of the epidermal cells, narrowing and reduced numbers of the fleece follicles, and fewer sebaceous glands and sweat glands. Histologically, there was atrophy of the striated and cardiac muscles and of the epithelium of the convoluted tubules of the kidney, together with a glomerulonephritis. The disease was considered to be a local nutritional and metabolic disorder, probably mainly caused by sulfur deficiency.     

Effects of Mixed Grazing of First- and Second-year Calves on Trichostrongylid Infections in Lithuania

The objective of this study was to examine whether susceptible calves grazing together with second-year resistant heifers are less exposed to trichostrongylid infection than are calves grazing on their own. Two groups of animals representing each age category were turned out onto pasture on 24 May 1997 and grazed at comparable stocking rates. The grazing of calves and heifers together was compared to groups of each age category grazing separately. The results indicated that herbage larval counts were significantly reduced in the second part of the grazing season on the plot grazed by the mixed group compared to the plot grazed by the first-season calves only. The mixed grazing strategy protected the young calves and no clinical signs were observed in this group, while most of the calves that grazed alone exhibited clinical signs. The availability of herbage was reduced towards the end of the season, with subsequent competition for the grass forcing all the animals to graze the tufts around the faecal pats, where the quality of the grass is poor and the numbers of infective larvae are high. The effect of this was visible in the form of increased parasite burdens in the calves that were grazed together with the heifers, confirmed by increased blood serum pepsinogen concentrations and reduced daily weight gains in the second part of the grazing season. The lower numbers of infective larvae on the pasture were probably achieved through the heifers ingesting many of the larvae but subsequently depositing relatively few eggs, since they had acquired some degree of resistance against trichostrongylid infections during their first grazing season. Thus they did not suffer any parasitological ill-effects during mixed grazing with first-season calves.     

Biodiversity of Domestic Livestock in the Republic of Yemen

This paper describes the domestic livestock of the Republic of Yemen and aspires to complement earlier sources listing or partially describing `breeds'. It attempts to cover all species and provide indications of production parameters through a literature review and via field observations made by the author in 1999. Information is provided on livestock numbers and the economic importance of animal production. Most animals are kept in sedentary mixed crop–livestock production systems; transhumant systems have the next greatest number of stock; with nomadic systems being of least and declining importance. Yemen's livestock appear to comprise at least 11 breeds of sheep, 5 breeds of goat, 2 breeds of cattle, 4 breeds of camel, 2 breeds of donkey and 1 breed of horse. There are no data on breeds of poultry but domestic fowl (where clearly considerable diversity exists) and pigeons are kept. There is little formal information on the history and relationships of most breeds. Some appear to be of ancient local origin, whereas others show affinities with those of neighbouring and other countries. None of the identified types is considered endangered, so conservation would be premature. A more formal and detailed genetic characterization, to add to the largely morphological and traditional classification, may, however, reveal such a need.     

The effect of diethylene glycol monoethyl ether as a vehicle for topical delivery of ivermectin

The effect of diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (DGME; Transcutol) on the permeation of ivermectin, a broad-spectrum antiparasitic agent, through bovine skin was evaluated byin vitro permeation experiments followed by serial sectioning of the skin to assess the amount of ivermectin retained in the skin. Ivermectin permeation through bovine skin was enhanced by DGME and this enhancement was DGME-concentration-dependent. Permeation of ivermectin was effectively enhanced in vehicles with low proportions of DGME, but the magnitude of permeation enhancement decreased as the proportion of DGME increased. The permeation was accompanied by the formation of cutaneous depots of ivermectin. Furthermore, the data indicated that the flux and the cutaneous accumulation of ivermectin were sensitive to the concentration gradient of DGME across the skin. This suggested that ivermectin was permeating with DGME, in which it is very soluble. Hence, the enhancing mechanism involves solubilization of the ivermectin by DGME and the transport of DGME itself across the skin. Based on these results, DGME appears to be a potential vehicle for topical delivery of ivermectin by transport through the skin and through formation of cutaneous depots of ivermectin.Abbreviations DGME diethylene glycol monoethyl ether     

粗料型日粮条件下口服福尔马林对小尾寒羊成母羊消化代谢的影响

本试验选取6只装置永久性十二指肠和回肠瘘管、体重约55 kg的成年小尾寒羊母羊,按0（对照期）或0.9 mL/kg日粮（试验期）喂给福尔马林（各期n=6）,收集十二指肠和回肠食糜,并进行消化代谢试验,以研究在粗料型日粮条件下口服福尔马林对绵羊消化代谢的影响。结果表明,口服福尔马林使绵羊的自由采食量增加13.0%（P<0.01）;前胃有机物（OM）和纤维素（Cel）的消化量分别增加21.9%（P<0.01）和29.7%（P<0.01）;到达小肠的OM、粗蛋白质（CP）、微生物蛋白、过瘤胃蛋白、总氨基酸（TAA）和赖氨酸（Lys）量分别增加5.2%（P<0.01）、21.5%（P<0.01）、13.2%（P<0.05）、29.4%（P<0.05）、18.0%（P<0.05）和21.8%（P<0.05）;小肠消化吸收的OM、CP、TAA和Lys量分别增加52.1%（P<0.01）、34.7%（P<0.01）、34.5%（P<0.05）和32.8%（P>0.05）;日粮DM、OM、CP和Cel的（表观）消化率分别提高9.2%（P<0.05）、9.2%（P<0.05）、4.6%（P<0.05）和5.8%（P<0.05）;氮、钙和磷保留量分别增加了28.3%（P<0.01）、30.8%（P<0.01）和9.5%（P<0.05）。因此,在粗料型日粮条件下绵羊口服福尔马林可以提高瘤胃消化能力、提高采食量、增加小肠营养物质特别是氨基酸的消化吸收量、显著改善机体的营养状况。     

Risk factors and prognostic variables for survival of foals with radiographic evidence of pulmonary disease

The medical records of 163 neonatal foals that had thoracic radiographs taken within 48 hours of admission to a referral hospital were reviewed. The objectives of this study were (1) to identify risk factors for the development of thoracic radiographic changes and (2) to identify prognostic indicators for survival in foals with radiographic evidence of pulmonary disease. Failure of transfer of passive immunity (IgG concentration < or = 400 mg/dL) was the only risk factor for radiographic evidence of respiratory disease identified by multivariate analysis. Hypoxemic patients (PaO2 < or = 60 mm Hg) were 4.9 times more likely to reveal radiographic abnormalities in a subset of foals for which arterial blood gas results were available. Foals with a serum creatinine concentration > 1.7 mg/dL upon presentation, dyspnea, and a history of dystocia were significantly more likely to die based on the multivariate statistical outcome analysis. An anion gap > or = 20 mEq/dL was strongly associated with nonsurvival in a subset of foals with arterial blood gas results. These hematologic and biochemical variables can be readily obtained during the initial evaluation of sick foals. The presence of a high anion gap appeared to have the greatest clinical impact and may be a useful prognostic indicator in foals with radiographic evidence of respiratory disease. In contrast, the majority of physical examination variables, including evaluation of tachypnea, abnormal respiratory sounds, fever, weakness, and milk reflux from the nares, which are usually obtained during the general respiratory evaluation of foals, were unrelated to outcome.