胶南市海防林不同植被梯度带物种多样性分析

利用物种丰富度指数、物种多样性指数(Simpson和Shannon-Wiener指数)、均匀度指数(Pielou和Alatalo指数)及生态优势度指数对胶南沿海防护林4种梯度带8种植被模式下的人工森林群落进行植物多样性分析。结果表明:各主要模式的多样性较低,不同梯度带的Simpson指数和Shannon-wiener指数变化范围为0.35~2.52和0.84~5.69。从沿海至内陆沿不同梯度带,多样性状况逐渐变好。灌草带中柽柳+草本模式好于紫穗槐+草本模式的多样性状况;基干林带中黑松+刺槐+火炬松+白蜡混交林的多样性好于黑松纯林和刺槐纯林模式;丘陵水土保持林带的黑松纯林好于黑松+麻栎混交林。     

衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地不同植被恢复过程中土壤水文效应

采用空间代替时间序列方法, 对衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地不同植被恢复阶段土壤层的水文效应进行研究。结果表明: (1)从裸露地、草坡、灌草、灌丛至乔灌恢复阶段, 土壤蓄水性与渗透性显著增加(P<0.05); (2)Horton入渗模型对各植被恢复阶段的入渗过程拟合效果较好(R²≥0.765), 有较好的适用性; (3)土壤理化性状、植被根系显著影响土壤的渗透性能, 植被根系提高土壤入渗性能的实质是: ≤1 mm细根可有效改善土壤的理化性状; (4)基于主成分分析, 从裸露地、草坡、灌草、灌丛至乔灌恢复阶段, 土壤综合水文效应显著提高(P<0.05)。此研究结果将丰富该地区植物生态学与恢复生态学的内容, 并为衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地生态系统的恢复与重建提供重要依据。     

黑龙江省东部水源区植被土壤水源涵养功能分析

在对黑龙江省东部水源区5种不同植被土壤层的水分物理性质、蓄水性能、渗透性能以及土壤水分的动态变化进行定位观测分析基础上,对各植被土壤层的水文特征进行了综合比较。结果表明,天然林和灌丛林林地土壤水源涵养能力最强,针叶林地一般,云杉幼林地最差。加强对天然林资源的保护,提高灌丛在当地林木植被资源中的比例,加强人工针叶林林分结构的调整与抚育管理,是提高当地森林植被系统涵养水源功能的有效途径。     

刚察县不同植被类型的土壤水分特征研究

通过对土壤的物理性质和水分特征曲线的测定,分析了刚察县4种植被类型土壤的持水性能和供水性能。结果表明,不同植被类型土壤水分特征曲线与Van Genuchten模型非常符合,R2值都高达0.99以上,说明用Van Genuchten模型描述不同类型土壤水分数量和能量之间的关系是比较准确的。不同植被类型土壤的物理性黏粒含量为:油菜地>高草地>草灌地,土壤容重为:高草地>草灌地>油菜地,而总孔隙度为:油菜地>草灌地>高草地,表明油菜地土壤水分物理性质明显优于草灌地和高草地。土壤持水能力随着土壤吸力的增加而呈现先急剧递减后变化平缓的趋势,不同植被类型土壤持水能力为:高草地>草灌地>油菜地。通过改善土壤结构,增加土壤密度和降低土壤总孔隙度等改善土壤物理性质的措施能对其持水性能产生积极作用。土壤供水能力随着土壤吸力的增加而递减,低吸力段高草地和稠密草灌地的土壤供水性能均优于油菜地和稀疏草灌地,而高吸力段油菜地和稠密草灌地的土壤供水性能优于高草地和稀疏草灌地,表明高草地和稀疏草灌地植被极易受到干旱的威胁。     

黄土高原生物利用型土壤干层的水文生态效应研究

对黄土高原高产农、林、草、灌、果5种植被1000cm土层土壤剖面含水量多点测定结果表明,各植被类型均存在不同程度的生物利用型土壤干层,该土壤干层的水文作用表现为增强土壤-植被-大气间垂直水分交换,阻碍入渗降雨转化为地下径流,削弱植被对枯水季节低径流量的补偿能力,其生态效应是恶化植物生长的土壤水分环境,削弱土壤水库对年际干旱的调节能力。     

石羊河中游荒漠绿洲区土壤水分的分布特征

通过田间实验,研究了不同土壤层颗粒组成、土壤水分的分布特征及不同土壤层间土壤水分的关联性。结果表明：（1）土壤颗粒组成决定了不同土壤层的持水性能,是导致土壤水的分布及运动方式发生变化,影响水分在土壤中滞留时间的根本原因,土壤层中的砂砾所占百分数越大,粘粒含量就越少,含水率就越小,壤土中的土壤水分滞留时间远大于砂质土壤。（2）试验区3m内土壤层可分为水分散失带、水分滞留带和水分过渡带,水分滞留带是土壤水分暂时贮存的重要土层,也是为植被提供深层土壤水分的直接来源,对植被的生长及农作物生产有重要的影响,而土壤中粉砂质粘粒含量的高低决定了水分过渡带的形成及其对水分调节能力的强弱。（3）在地下水深埋区,灌溉是土壤水分重要的补给来源,也是影响土壤水分重分布的主要因素,在天然降水量大部分为无效降水的情况下,灌溉水是土壤水唯一的补给源。补给水分滞留带的灌溉水量的多寡,直接影响着水分滞留带的调节能力及作物和植被的生长。     

铁尾矿废弃地火炬树林水土保持功能

为了研究火炬树对铁尾矿废弃地土壤基质改良及水土保持功能的作用,以铁尾矿废弃地火炬树乔木林为研究对象,并以灌草林地和裸尾矿为对照,分别布设径流模拟场和土样采集地,对3种立地类型样地内土壤物理性质(土壤孔隙度和容重)、土壤水分状况和产流产沙情况进行测定,比较火炬树乔木林和灌草林对铁尾矿基质改良的差异性及其不同植被恢复林地的水土保持功能。结果表明:(1)火炬树样地在提高土壤总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度方面明显优于灌草林样地,更高于裸尾矿地;而3个样地的土壤容重差别不明显。(2)火炬树样地的土壤田间持水量、毛管持水量和饱和含水量相对裸尾矿样地分别提高了46%,35%和27%。相对灌草地分别提高了41%,25%和0.3%,改良作用也明显优于灌草样地。(3)土壤水分的初渗速率由大到小依次为火炬树(12.73mm/min)灌草(11.45mm/min)裸尾矿(9.66mm/min)。稳渗速率由大到小依次为裸尾矿(8.49mm/min)火炬树(7.88mm/min)灌草(7.62mm/min)。表明火炬树样地蓄水保水能力最强。(4)火炬树样地虽产生地表径流次数较多(14次),径流量较大(68 403.5t/km2),但流失水土的含沙量和侵蚀量分别仅为裸尾矿地的3%和2%。在火炬树发生水土流失的同时,灌草地均产生径流,水土流失的含沙量、侵蚀量和径流量分别为火炬树样地的1.55倍,1.35倍和1.32倍。     

花岗岩红壤区不同治理模式土壤抗冲性因素试验

为探讨花岗岩红壤区不同治理模式下的土壤抗冲性特性,得出适用于花岗岩红壤区水土保持效果最优的植被恢复模式,选取红壤丘陵区不同治理模式下的土壤作为研究对象,运用湿筛法、原状土冲刷法,在3种冲刷流量(1.5,2.5,3.5 L/min)下,对不同治理模式的土壤抗冲性规律及其影响因素进行研究。结果表明:(1)不同治理模式土壤抗冲系数由大到小分别为条沟草灌带风水林全坡面播草芒萁地封禁裸露地开垦地。治理措施封禁、风水林、全坡面播草、芒萁地、条沟草灌带的冲刷产沙量处于低水平平衡状态,3种冲刷流量(1.5,2.5,3.5 L/min)下,其变化范围分别为0.01～1.12,0.02～1.53,0.02～2.57 g;CK1和CK2冲刷产沙量最大,其冲刷产沙量变化范围分别为0.08～65.20,0.07～60.56,0.24～80.60 g。(2)条沟草灌带和风水林的土壤总孔隙度、0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量、根系表面积、体积、根长和生物量分别占所有治理模式的37.08%,80.38%,44.15%,45.12%,52.11%,57.91%。(3)条沟草灌带和风水林的团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)、几何平均直径(GMD)、根长密度和根重密度均较大,分别占所有治理模式的55.76%,44.06%,52.18%,54.91%。说明条沟草灌带和风水林水土保持效果较优,研究结果为控制红壤区水土流失和揭示相关侵蚀机理提供参考。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区不同退耕模式的土壤水文性质影响对比

为系统评价黄土丘陵沟壑区在"退耕还林(草)"工程实施后不同退耕模式下的土壤水分涵养功能,选取0-200 cm土层的蓄水量、土壤含水量分层比、土壤水吸力和土壤含水量年际变化率作为土壤层水分蓄存、渗透、保持和稳定性的表征指标,分别对比了不同退耕模式下的土壤水文性质.结果表明:(1)各退耕模式下土壤蓄水量差异显著,撂荒模式的...     

广东丘陵红壤土壤水分性能特征比较研究

对不同植被、不同利用方式下广东丘陵红壤水分性能进行了比较研究.结果表明,与自然地带性植被下的赤红壤比较,次生植被、人工植被下红壤类土壤导水性、持水能力和供水能力一般均较低.在同样的吸力下,次生植被、人工植被下红壤类土壤持水量较少,在同样吸力段.土壤释放的水量较少.玄武岩砖红壤持水量较大,但土壤水分有效性低.研究表明.广东丘陵旱地土壤局部干旱的发生,与其本身的土壤水分性能有密切关系,改良土壤水分性状,是调控广东丘陵旱地土壤水分的重要环节.     

Bodengefüge gegen Verdichtungen schützen – Lösungsansätze für den Schutz landwirtschaftlich genutzter Böden

Protecting soil structure against compaction—proposed solutions to safeguard agricultural soils To safeguard the ecological soil functions and the functions linked to human activities, measures against harmful changes to the soil are required, in line with the precautionary principle. The German Federal Soil Protection Act sets obligations for precaution in agricultural land use and, if harmful changes to the soil are foreseeable, measures for averting a danger. The results of a research project of the Federal Environmental Agency show that it is possible to describe an impairment of the soil structure, using methods of soil analysis. But this as a sole information would not qualify for the identification of harmful changes to the soil in the context of the Soil Protection Act, which requires an assessment of the severity of disruption of soil functions and the respective subject of protection. This would make additional soil investigations on site mandatory. Approaches in agricultural engineering and soil physics have introduced procedures to preserve the soil structure, in accordance with the precautionary principle. But these procedures have different goals and different ranges of application and hence offer partial solutions to safeguard against soil compaction. The assessment model of “trafficability by measuring the rut depth” provides information about the compaction status of the soil under applied conditions for farming gear, without providing detailed information about affected soil layers. The soil‐physical model of classifying soils into “risk classes for harmful soil compaction” focuses on the relationship between topsoil compaction and crop yields. The soil‐physical models “precompression stress” and “loading ratio” provide information for the assessment of subsoil compaction and a prognosis of a possible impairment of the soil structure at the water content of field capacity. It is necessary to validate the individual models with additional regional data about soil structure before a final assessment of the prognoses is made.     

Soil Erodibility and Physicochemical Properties of Collapsing Gully Alluvial Fans in Southern China

In southern China, collapsing gully erosion produces massive deposits of sediment on the plough layer of alluvial fan farmland, leading to reduced nutrients, increased erodibility, and even desertification. The aim of this study was to investigate soil erodibility (the factor K in the universal Soil Loss Equation, USLE) and physicochemical properties of the alluvial fans of the most severe collapsing gully erosion areas (Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong provinces) in southern China. The soils of the collapsing gully alluvial fans had a higher bulk density, but a lower total porosity, saturated water content, and silt and clay fractions than the control (CK) soils from the farmland without desertification. Soil quality gradually decreased from fan edge to fanhead. Significant decreases were found in soil pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and total potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus, as well as available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, resulting in a gradual decrease in soil nutrients from the fanedge to the fanhead. Soil erodibility was greatest in the fanhead, and soil erodibility K values of the alluvial fans were 53.71%, 66.28%, 67.53%, and 71.68 % greater than that in those of the CK soils of Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong, respectively, indicating a significant correlation between the soil erodibility K values and physicochemical properties, particularly sand fraction and organic matter content. The results provide new insights into the relationship between soil physicochemical properties and erodibility of alluvial fans, and suggest that improving soil structure might increase soil fertility in the collapsing gully alluvial fan farmland.     

Soil health – What should the doctor order?

The concept of soil health has been extensively reviewed in the scientific literature, but there is only patchy and inconsistent information available to farmers and growers who are concerned about the declining condition of their soils and are looking for appropriate test methods and management interventions to help reverse it. Although there are well‐established laboratory methods for soil chemical analysis, and a range of laboratory and field methods for measuring soil physical properties, only now are methods starting to emerge for soil biological analysis. This study provides an overview of the methods that are currently available commercially (or are close to commercialization) for farmers and growers in the UK. We examine the science underpinning the methods, the value of the information provided and how farmers and advisors can use results from such assessments for informed decision‐making in relation to soil management.     

土壤孔隙结构与土壤微环境和有机碳周转关系的研究进展

土壤结构是土壤功能的基础,不仅影响土壤养分的供应、水分的保持及渗透、气体的交换等过程,还为土壤微生物提供了物理生境,并调控土壤有机碳的周转这一关键过程。土壤的孔隙特征能够直接、真实地反映土壤结构的好坏;用土壤的孔隙特征作为试验指标能更好地反映土壤结构对这些过程的调节作用。在此基础上,将高度异质性的土壤孔隙结构同土壤微环境的变化和土壤有机碳的周转过程进行定量分析,对深入了解土壤结构在土壤生态系统中的功能至关重要。因此,着重从土壤孔隙结构对土壤微环境的影响及其与有机碳的关系两方面展开,剖析土壤孔隙结构调控作用下的土壤微环境响应过程,阐述土壤孔隙结构对土壤有机碳周转产生的直接、间接影响,强调土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转进程中的重要作用,并对土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转、植物残体分解及其与微生物协调作用机制等方面研究提出展望。     

土壤因子研究综述

介绍了国内外土壤因子的研究方法及研究成果,指出我国目前土壤因子研究中存在的问题,并结合我国土壤因子研究现状,认为继续土壤水蚀机理的研究是今后土壤因子研究的内容之一,同时,随着GIS和RS技术发展,应用GIS和RS技术研究区域土壤因子也将成为潮流。     

土壤润湿性受土壤特性及土地使用的影响

Depth distribution of soil wettability and its correlations with vegetation type, soil texture, and pH were investigated under various land use (cropland, grassland, and forestland) and soil management systems. Wettability was evaluated by contact angle with the Wilhelmy plate method. Water repellency was likely to be present under permanently vegetated land, but less common on tilled agricultural land. It was mostly prevalent in the topsoil, especially in coarse-textured soils, and decreased in the subsoil. However, the depth dependency of wettability could not be derived from the investigated wide range of soils. The correlation and multiple regression analysis revealed that the wettability in repellent soils was affected more by soil organic carbon (SOC) than by soil texture and pH, whereas in wettable soils, soil texture and pH were more effective than SOC. Furthermore, the quality of SOC seemed to be more important in determining wettability than its quantity, as proofed by stronger hydrophobicity under coniferous than under deciduous forestland. Soil management had a minor effect on wettability if conventional and conservation tillage or different grazing intensities were considered.     

设施栽培下原状土与扰动土水分特性的试验研究

以四川省双流县设施栽培土壤为研究对象,对其原状土与扰动土的土壤水分特征曲线、水分物理性质和比水容量等项目进行了研究。结果表明,扰动土水分特征曲线总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土含水量高于原状土,在高吸力阶段两者差异较小。扰动土毛管孔隙度、总孔度和凋萎含水量在剖面上的总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。扰动土不同土层田间持水量和有效水含量差异较小,原状土的田间持水量和有效水含量均随土层加深而减少。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土比水容量远高于原状土,但随土壤水吸力增加,扰动土比水容量变化趋势逐渐与原状土一致。     

植物苗期根系抗侵蚀特性试验研究——以构树和顶坛花椒为例

植物的固土抗蚀作用大小与其根系密切相关,而根系特征决定了根的固土抗蚀作用的发挥,本文以相同基质下构树和顶坛花椒不同特征的根系为研究对象.通过研究根系特征与土壤抗冲性、抗蚀性、抗拉性、紧实度的关系,结果表明,苗期根系能强化土壤抗冲性,构树苗、顶坛花椒苗根系强化值大小分别为78.01>77.71;根系可提高土壤抗蚀性,其抗蚀性强弱为.构树苗>顶坛花椒苗>对照,构树、顶坛花椒、对照试验的土壤水稳性指数分别为4.36,3.16,1.67;不同树种根系对土壤的固结能力不同,构树苗生长下的土壤抗拉能力为214.92 N,明显大于顶坛花椒苗生长下的土壤154.87 N;土壤紧实度大小为构树苗>顶坛花椒苗.并采用加权综合指数法综合评价了苗期不同特征植物根系的固土能力强弱,得出构树苗综合指数为1.058.而顶坛花椒苗为0.902.即构树苗的固土能力强于顶坛花椒,以期为今后的水土保持工作提供一定的理论依据.     

金沙江干热峡谷中退化的土壤生态系统生物学特征初探

Distribution characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity were studied in the dry red soil and Vertisol ecosystems with different degradation degrees in the Yuanmou dry hot valley of the Jinsha River,China.Results showed that Hymenoptera,Araneae and Collembola were the dominant groups of soil animals in the polts studied.The numbers of groups and individuals and density of soil animals in the dry red soil series were higher than those in the Vertisol series,and the numbers of individuals and density of soil animals decreased with the degree of soil degradation.Bacteria dominated microbiococnosis not only in the dry red soils but also in the Vertisols.Microbial numbers of the dry red soil series were higher than those of Vertisol series,and decreased with the degree of soil degradation.The activities of catalase,invertase,urease and alkaline phosphatase declined with the degradation degree and showed a significant decline with depth in the profiles of both the dry red soils and the Vertisols,but activities of polyphenol oxidase and acid and neutral phosphatase showed the same tendencies only in the Vertisols.It was concluded that the characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity could be used as the bio-indicators to show the degradation degree of the dry red soils and Vertisols.Correlation among these soil bio-indicators was highly significant.