上海市农村典型河道水体富营养化调查与评价

2009年7月至2010年5月以叶绿素a、总氮、总磷、高锰酸盐指数和氨氮等为主要水质指标,选用营养状态指数生物指示法对上海市7个周边区的16条农村河道的水环境质量进行了分析和评价。结果表明,所有被调查的河道均已经达到富营养化,按4项主要水质指标评价,16条农村河道已无I类水。秋冬季15条河道总氮含量处于劣Ⅴ类水质,夏季也有10条处在这个水平;总磷含量呈现劣Ⅴ类水的河道在冬季明显较多,达到13条,夏季次之为7条,而秋季大约有9条河的总磷含量处在Ⅲ类水;氨氮含量在春冬季分别有9条和10条河道处在劣Ⅴ类,但夏季     

淮河干流水环境质量时空变化特征及污染趋势分析

研究淮河水质时空变化趋势,为淮河生态环境保护提供科学依据。选取1999-2019年淮河干流9个典型断面长序列水质数据,采用单因子评价法和综合污染指数法,对20年来淮河干流水环境质量进行评价,同时运用spearman秩相关系数法、Mann-Kendall检验法研究淮河水质及主要污染因子变化趋势和突变特征。结果表明：Ⅰ～Ⅲ类水质断面比例总体呈上升趋势,1999年劣Ⅴ类水质断面占44.4%,2007年后无Ⅴ类、劣Ⅴ类水质断面;综合污染指数从1999年的1.35逐步下降至2019年的0.42;氨氮、化学需氧量、高锰酸盐指数和五日生化需氧量浓度均呈显著下降趋势,总磷浓度呈显著上升趋势;非汛期总磷浓度变化稳定,汛期总磷浓度显著上升;淮南大沟涧、吴家渡断面水质相对较差、年际变化幅度大,老坝头断面水质较好、年际变化幅度较小。淮河干流主要污染因子发生结构性转变,由氨氮、化学需氧量、高锰酸盐指数逐渐转变为总磷,说明流域面源污染特征逐步显现,农业面源污染的控制已成为改善淮河流域水环境的重要任务。     

杭州城市河道生态治理实践及成效

评估杭州市城市河道生态治理成效,为更好地指导城市河道生态修复工作提供借鉴。后横港、沿山河、新塘河和南大河位于杭州市中心城区,水质都处于劣V类,蓝藻水华和黑臭暴发频繁,从2014年开始,分别开展了一系列生态修复工程。测定氨氮、总磷、高锰酸盐指数、溶解氧指标判断水质改善情况,分析浮游植物、浮游动物、底栖动物判断水体生态修复程度。氨氮后横港下降超过80%,沿山河和南大河下降60%左右;总磷后横港下降接近70%,其他河道下降23%~55%;后横港、沿山河、新塘河高锰酸盐指数进一步降低,部分河道高锰酸盐指数能达到II类水水平;溶解氧浓度都明显上升,均能达到III类以上水平。南大河的浮游植物密度达到了水华暴发的水平;各条河道的原生动物和轮虫类密度都较高,但Shannon多样性指数普遍在1~2;枝角类和桡足类密度偏低;底栖动物Shannon指数均低于1,指示河道处于严重污染状态。杭州市城市河道生态治理工作的中心是:沉水植物恢复及以沉水植物恢复为基础、包含浮游动物和底栖动物等在内全水域生物多样性恢复的生态系统恢复。     

东圳水库水质模拟预测及污染物总量控制研究

研究东圳水库水质变化趋势,计算工程实施后的污染物削减量,为水质保护提供依据。利用SMS模型基于二维不可压缩流体运动方程,建立东圳水库水域二维水流水质数学模型,采用有限单元法,模拟预测东圳水库水环境状况,主要水质分析指标为高锰酸盐指数、氨氮、总氮和总磷。预测结果表明,按目前污染物排放状况,2018年东圳水库水体中污染物含量为氨氮0.14~0.21 mg/L(II类水质)、COD 3.3~3.9 mg/L(III类水质)、总磷0.052~0.062 mg/L(IV类水质),总氮1.1~1.6 mg/L(IV类水质)。实施社会经济调控、污染源防治和生态保育工程后,2018年,预计东圳水库高锰酸盐指数、氨氮、总氮和总磷共排放1 616.6、163.7、1 182.4和155.5 t/a,分别削减了1 501.8、439.9、756.4和105.2 t/a;总氮0.4~0.8 mg/L、总磷0.022~0.032 mg/L,降幅均达到50%以上,达III类水质标准;COD 2.0~3.0 mg/L、氨氮0.11~0.18 mg/L,达到II类水质标准。提出的实施方案对保护东圳水库的水质具有建设性意义,水体水质目标可达。     

2006～2008年黄浦江上游水质变化简析

2006～2008年,对黄浦江上游横潦泾和斜塘水域水质的监测结果表明,高锰酸盐指数年平均值维持在6.0以下,氨氮指标逐年下降,均符合地表水Ⅲ类水质标准;总氮指标虽严重超出地表水Ⅲ类水质标准,但2008年的指标值均明显低于2006年和2007年;两个监测点的总磷指标逐年下降,已达到地表水Ⅲ类水质标准.该水域水质状况的改变可能与近年来的渔业资源增殖放流等活动有关.     

贡湖水源地水体营养状态评价及富营养化防治对策

于2008-2009年对太湖贡湖水源地金墅港、田鸡港、龙塘港等3条主要河道的水质及大型水生植物进行了季节性野外调查,并对该区3月和6月的浮游植物进行调查。水质调查结果表明,贡湖水源地河流水体富营养化风险较大,主要污染指标为总氮和总磷,全年TN平均浓度为3.094mg/L,TP平均浓度为0.112mg/L。以叶绿素a、总氮、总磷、高锰酸盐指数和透明度为主,并结合浮游植物指标,利用综合营养状态指数法对不同季节水质营养状况进行评价,春季（3月）和夏季（6月）水源地均处于富营养化状态,其中春季达到中度富营养化[L     

淡水养殖池塘水质评价及与底质相关性分析

在哈尔滨地区面积6 600 m²、平均水深1.2 m、多年未清淤的泥沙底质典型淡水精养池溏中混养鲤(Cyprinus carpio)、鲇(Silurus asotus)、草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)和鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix),春季(4—5月)、夏季(6—8月)和秋季(9月)不同时间采集池塘水体和表层底泥样品,监测养殖周期内水质总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、氨氮(NH₄⁺-N)、亚硝酸盐氮(NO₂^--N)、硝酸盐氮(NO₃^--N)和总有机碳(TOC)含量及高锰酸盐指数(COD_Mn)、p H的季节性变化,利用单项污染指数法、综合污染指数法评价水体污染程度,利用主成分分析法解析水质污染的主要驱动因子,并结合底质指标绘制网络关系图。结果表明：池塘水质整体处于严重污染水平,春季优于夏季和秋季。参与评价时池塘水质为Ⅳ类、Ⅴ类和劣Ⅴ类,水质超标数随着养殖时间延长而增加...     

黑尾近红鲌池塘养殖水质生态调控技术研究

在黑尾近红鲌养殖池塘里利用生态浮床技术进行水质调控。试验发现,p H值和透明度等一般理化指标都适宜黑尾近红鲌的生长;营养盐类指标中除7月份饲料投喂高峰期时总氮指标超过地表水Ⅲ类水质标准外,总磷、氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮都在地表水Ⅲ类水质标准范围内,且亚硝酸盐氮含量均较低;高锰酸盐指数的检测结果在Ⅲ类水质标准范围内。研究结果表明生态浮床具有调控黑尾近红鲌养殖池塘水质的效果。     

长江中上游重要渔业水域环境质量评估

为准确评估长江中上游重要渔业水域水环境质量现状及变化趋势,提高水质评价效率,本研究基于11个水质参数,采用水质指数法(water quality index, WQI)对2006-2021年长江中上游三个重要渔业水域水质进行了综合评价,建立WQI_min综合评价模型。结果显示：(1)长江中上游重要渔业水域的水温和高锰酸盐指数呈上升趋势;基于地表水环境质量标准(GB38338-2002),单因素水质评价结果表明监测水域内整体水质处于地表水Ⅴ类水标准,部分年份达劣Ⅴ类,主要污染指标为总氮。(2)通过综合评价方法分析,长江中上游重要渔业水域整体为“良”;2006～2021年长江中上游重要渔业水域水质质量呈逐年改善的趋势,且上游保护区的改善较大。(3)基于WQI方法,确定了长江中上游重要渔业水域的关键水质参数为：总氮、高锰酸盐指数、汞、溶解氧、氨氮、悬浮物以及水温,分别构建了上游保护区、中华鲟保护区以及四大家鱼保护区的WQI_min模型;考虑权重和不考虑权重的WQI_min模型对比分析表明,考虑权重的WQI_min...     

应用模糊综合评判法评价浑河干流水质

为了解浑河干流水质状况,基于2010年浑河干流水质监测数据,选用化学需氧量、氨氮、生化需氧量、高锰酸盐指数、挥发酚、总磷和石油类等7项监测项目,采取模糊综合评价法,对浑河干流水质进行评价。结果表明,浑河干流阿及堡、戈布桥和东陵大桥断面水质较好,满足水功能区水质目标,七间房、砂山、七台子和于家房断面水质较差,不能满足水功能区水质目标。根据各断面评价因子权重分析,七间房断面主要影响因子为氨氮;砂山断面主要影响因子为氨氮,总磷和高锰酸盐指数次之;七台子断面和于家房断面的主要影响因子均为氨氮和总磷。从浑河干流整体考虑,氨氮超标为河流部分水质断面超标的最主要原因。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.