深松耕作和秸秆还田对农田土壤物理特性的影响

[目的]为了增加中国干旱半干旱地区农田土壤蓄水保墒能力。[方法]采用野外试验和室内分析相结合的方法研究了深松和深松结合秸秆还田耕作技术对晋中北部地区两种主要类型土壤物理特性的影响。[结果]深松可以打破土壤犁底层,显著降低黏土和壤土10—30cm土层范围内的土壤容重;调节土壤孔隙度,增加了黏土10—30cm土层范围内的土壤总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度,同时增加壤土10—30cm土层土壤总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度和20—30cm土层土壤非毛管孔隙度;改善黏土和壤土20—30cm土层土壤固、液、气3相状况;深松结合连年秸秆还田进一步优化了壤土耕层环境,同时显著降低了玉米拔节期土壤地表结皮的厚度和紧实度。[结论]深松结合连年秸秆还田和深松耕作技术可以缓解土壤板结状况,增加降雨入渗。     

秸秆还田与深松对土壤理化性状和玉米产量的影响

研究了秸秆还田、深松两项技术及其交互效应对土壤肥力、玉米产量及其养分分配的影响。结果表明,与单施化肥相比,秸秆还田和深松措施能显著降低土壤容重,同时提高土壤田间持水量,其中,深松耕作对表层土壤(0~20 cm)作用大于深层土壤(20~40 cm)。秸秆还田措施明显增加土壤养分含量,而深耕措施对土壤养分含量无显著影响。另外,秸秆还田和深耕措施都能显著提高玉米籽实和秸秆产量,但是深松只在干旱年份能提高玉米的养分利用率。因此,秸秆还田配施NPK肥+深耕措施可成为该地区的提高产量和地力的推广技术。     

深松耕和绿肥还田对云南坡耕地耕层土壤物理性状的影响

利用间作、深松耕和绿肥还田对土壤耕层结构不同的改善作用,将三者集成于同一系统中以发挥各自优势并催生彼此间的协同效应,从而建立适宜持续改善坡耕地耕层结构的耕作措施.于2016～2019年以滇东北规模化种植模式玉米间作马铃薯为研究对象,在此基础上集成利用深松耕与绿肥还田措施.本试验设置6个处理,分别为:T1.玉米单作(对照...     

深松对棕壤农田土壤和玉米产量的影响

在辽宁省昌图县开展了深松对旱地玉米农田土壤容重、水分状况和作物产量影响的研究,结果表明深松使亚耕层土壤(20~40 cm)容重有降低趋势,但未达到显著水平。深松有效打破了犁底层,显著提高了水分输入初期(前2小时)水分入渗量,但对土壤田间持水量与玉米苗期和收获期1 m土层土壤水分含量没有显著影响。深松在干旱年份显著提高了玉米水分利用效率和籽实产量,但在降雨丰沛年份对玉米产量没有显著贡献。与正常深松相比,隔行深松同样利于籽实产量与水分利用效率的提高,二者间无显著差异,加之隔行深松具有节能、高效等优点,因此,可对隔行深松耕作模式加以推广。     

普通玉米品质性状与产量性状的相关与通径分析

本文对玉米品质性状与产量性状进行了相关和通径分析,结果表明:出籽率,百枉重与淀粉含量呈显著正相关,穗粗,穗行数与淀粉含量呈显著负相关,出籽率和百粒重对淀粉含量的直接作用较重要.行柱数,单株产量与蛋白质含量呈显著正相关,它们对蛋白质含量的直接作用较重要.穗行数与油分含量呈显著正相关,穗长,百粒重与油分含量间呈极显著负相关,穗行数和行粒数对油分含量的直接作用较重要.淀粉与蛋白质、油分间呈极显著负相关,蛋白质与油分间相关不显著.     

深松条件下滴灌频次对土壤理化指标及棉花产量的调节效应

研究深松条件下灌溉频次对土壤理化指标及棉花产量的调节效应,对优化新疆棉田滴灌制度提供理论依据。2016—2017年,在深松40cm条件下,设置4,7,10d/次3个滴灌频次,灌溉总量均为3 600m^3/hm^2的田间试验,测定并分析了不同滴灌频次对棉田0—60cm土层内土壤容重、紧实度、含水量、盐分含量及产量构成的调节效应。结果表明:棉花生育期内,不同处理0—40cm土层内的土壤容重表现为10d/次>4d/次>7d/次处理的变化趋势,40—60cm土层则以4d/次处理略高,7d/次处理在0—60cm土层深度土壤容重和紧实度均处在较低水平;不同土层深度下,各生育时期7d/次处理土壤含水量可维持在较高水平,2年平均分别较4,10d/次处理高出14.1%和18.0%;0—60cm土层内,处理间各生育期土壤含盐量变化情况表现为4d/次>7d/次>10d/次处理,随着灌水频次减少土壤盐分浓度峰值逐渐下移,不同处理在20—40cm深度形成明显的积盐区;不同滴灌频次下,棉花单株结铃数、单铃重和籽棉产量均以7d/次处理最高,4d/次处理最低,与4,10d/次处理相比,2年平均籽棉产量分别高出12.1%和10.0%。因此,适中的灌水频次(7d/次)有利于维持作物生长的土壤耕作环境及适宜的水分盐分环境,可促成棉花产量的形成。     

一膜两年覆盖条件下耕作方法对旱作玉米产量及土壤物理性状的影响

为了优化全膜双垄沟播玉米土壤耕作技术,实现土壤质量保育和增产增效,布设田间定位试验,比较研究了一膜两年全膜双垄覆盖条件下,少免耕对玉米产量、水分利用效率(WUE)、经济效益及土壤物理性状的影响。结果表明:一膜两年用条件下,深松耕—免耕较对照能显著提高玉米的籽粒产量、水分利用效率、收获指数、总产值及产投比,其籽粒产量、水分利用效率、收获指数、总产值及产投比分别较对照提高22.8%,22.0%,15.0%,17.4%,17.4%;深松耕—免耕具有降低表层土壤容重、紧实度,增加土壤总孔度、大团聚体含量及饱和导水率的作用,全膜双垄沟播玉米采用深松耕—免耕具有明显的稳增产增效及土壤结构改善的作用,建议在全膜双垄沟播玉米种植体系中推广应用。     

深松对玉米产量和养分吸收的影响

为了研究深松对我国玉米主产区产量、养分吸收利用以及土壤养分分布的影响,于2011—2014年在我国东北、华北以及西北地区的9个试验站进行深松改土与常规旋耕对比的联网试验。结果表明,相比于传统耕作,3个区域深松均表现出了增产趋势,产量增加的中值为5.8%,其中,东北和西北区域的增产幅度高于华北区域,而东北区域秋季深松增产的变异低于春季深松。相比于常规旋耕,深松对玉米植株地上部氮和磷的吸收有显著的促进作用,在东北、西北和华北区域深松处理的地上部吸氮量和吸磷量均有所增加,中值分别为24%,5%和10%以及17%,8%和19%。深松处理增加了东北和西北区域土壤表层(0—15cm)和亚表层(15—25cm)的有效磷含量,而在华北区域没有趋势性变化。     

深松条件下不同地表覆盖对马铃薯产量及水分利用效率的影响

水分不足是限制旱区作物生长的主要因素,覆盖耕作能够改善土壤的微环境,从而显著提高作物的产量和水分利用效率。为探讨深松结合地表覆盖对土壤物理性状、马铃薯生长、产量及水分利用效率的影响,2013-2015年在宁南旱区采用深松覆盖秸秆、深松覆盖地膜、深松不覆盖3种覆盖耕作模式,以传统耕作不覆盖为对照,对土壤体积质量、团聚体、水分、马铃薯产量和水分利用效率等方面的影响进行了研究。结果表明,与传统耕作相比,深松结合地表覆盖可有效降低耕层土壤体积质量,改善土壤孔隙状况,以深松覆盖秸秆处理效果最佳,深松覆盖秸秆处理0~40 cm平均土壤体积质量较传统耕作降低17.1%。与传统耕作相比,深松覆盖地膜和深松覆盖秸秆处理可使0~40 cm土层0.25 mm机械稳定性团聚体数量显著增加30.7%和17.4%。深松结合不同覆盖方式能有效改善马铃薯生育期0~200 cm土层土壤水分状况,深松覆盖地膜对作物生育前期土壤水分保蓄效果较好,深松覆盖秸秆对生育中后期土壤水分状况的改善效果最佳。深松结合不同覆盖方式下马铃薯植株株高、茎粗及地上部生物量均显著高于传统耕作。作物生育前期以深松覆盖地膜处理效果最佳,中后期以深松覆盖秸秆处理促进作用明显。深松结合地表覆盖能明显提高马铃薯的产量和水分利用效率,深松覆秸秆处理的马铃薯产量、商品薯率和水分利用效率分别较传统耕作处理平均提高37.3%、93.3%和41.2%。通过两年试验研究,在宁南旱区采用深松结合地表覆盖措施具有良好的蓄水保墒效果,对马铃薯生长有利,以深松覆盖秸秆处理的增产和提高水分利用效率效果最为显著。     

灌溉与深松对夏玉米根区土壤微生物数量的影响

为探明灌溉与深松对夏玉米根区土壤微生物数量的影响,以大田夏玉米为研究对象,采用正交试验设计,研究不同灌水方式、灌水量与深松对夏玉米根区土壤微生物数量的影响。结果表明:夏玉米不同生育阶段,灌溉与深松对根区土壤细菌、放线菌和真菌数量的影响不同,灌浆成熟期细菌与放线菌数量大于苗期,苗期真菌数量大于灌浆成熟期;灌水方式对苗期土壤细菌、放线菌和真菌数量,灌浆成熟期真菌数量均有显著影响,灌水量对苗期的放线菌和真菌数量,灌浆成熟期细菌和放线菌数量均有显著影响,微润灌溉条件下真菌变化幅度最小,滴灌下Shannon-Wiener指数变化幅度大;深松对苗期放线菌数量,灌浆成熟期细菌和真菌数量有显著影响,深松40 cm可提高土壤细菌、真菌数量。     

碱化盐土掺砂对土壤理化性状和玉米产量影响的研究

为解决内蒙古河套平原黏性碱化盐土土壤黏重,作物难以正常生长、产量低下等问题,对河套平原黏性碱化盐土进行了土壤耕层(0~20 cm)掺砂的土壤改良试验,研究掺砂对土壤理化性状和玉米产量的影响。结果表明:试验区土壤掺砂可以降低土壤容重,改变土壤机械组成和土壤质地,提高了黏性碱化盐土的通气孔隙度,改善土壤的通气透水性,降低土壤全盐量和碱化度,有效改善玉米生长环境,提高了玉米的产量。掺砂20%处理的土壤容重从1.64 g/cm3(CK)降低到1.49 g/cm3,土壤通气孔隙度从8.57%提高到18.17%,达到正常范围,使土壤砂粒、粉粒、粘粒含量比例趋向适中,土壤质地由壤质黏土转变为黏壤土,土壤全盐量下降了13%,碱化度降低了21%,玉米产量提高了301%。综合分析,掺砂20%处理对当地碱化盐土改良效果较为适宜。     

保护性耕作对土壤物理特性及玉米产量的影响

保护性耕作措施是干旱区农田提高作物产量的新型耕作技术。为了探讨其区域适应性,在2004～2007年期间,以毛乌素沙地南缘的靖边县北部风沙区农田为研究对象,选用了免耕、秸秆覆盖、覆膜和传统翻耕(CK)4种措施,采用完全随机试验设计进行了田间定位试验研究。结果表明,秸秆覆盖和免耕地的地温在春播初期略比传统翻耕低0.1℃,但随后迅速回升,覆膜在玉米生长期都高于其他措施。耕作措施对播种前土壤容重没有显著影响,而对收获后土壤容重影响显著,与传统翻耕相比,免耕降低了表层土壤容重1.65%,但次层20～40 cm容重增加了1.8%。3种保护性耕作措施均增加了土壤含水量,顺序依次为秸秆覆盖>覆膜>免耕>翻耕,且在作物需水关键期免耕和秸秆覆盖下的土壤含水量相对稳定,保证作物需水,提高水分利用率,分别为8%、22.0%和13.3%。使作物分别增产4.44%、13.14%和19.26%。因此,保护性耕作在风沙区有利于改善农田土壤物理条件,提高作物产量,适于在风沙区推广。     

Influence of different plantain cropping systems on physical properties of soil and plantain bunch yield

Information on the effects of soil physical properties on plantain yield is rare. A factorial trial was conducted in three southern Cameroonian villages comparing four cropping systems comprising: two planted legumes, (1) Flemingia macrophylla and (2) Pueraria phaseoloides; a crop, (3) hot pepper; and (4) natural regrowth, all planted to plantain established in old forest versus young bush fallow. Initially, bush fallow had significantly higher sand content, mean weight diameter (MWD) and proportion of macroaggregates, but lower clay content and lower proportions of mesoaggregates and microaggregates than forest soil. Between 2002 and 2006, clay and silt content, MWD, geometric mean diameter and the proportion of macroaggregates increased, whereas sand content, bulk density, and the proportions of mesoaggregates and microaggregates decreased in all villages, fallows and cropping systems. Changes in aggregate stability parameters were greater in forest than in bush fallow at Ngoumou and Mfou, and greater in the F. macrophylla and natural regrowth systems than in the pepper and Pueraria systems. In Ngoumou and Nkometou, available water capacity increased. Plantain fresh-bunch yield was unaffected by village, fallow and cropping systems, and was not correlated with soil physical properties or their changes.     

Erosional impacts on soil properties and corn yield on Alfisols in central Ohio

Accelerated soil erosion can impact upon agronomic productivity by reducing topsoil depth (TSD), decreasing plant available water capacity and creating nutrient imbalance in soil and within plant. Research information on soil‐specific cause – effect relationship is needed to develop management strategies for restoring productivity of eroded soils. Therefore, two field experiments were established on Alfisols in central Ohio to quantify erosion‐induced changes in soil properties and assess their effects on corn growth and yield. Experiment 1 involved studying the effects of past erosion on soil properties and corn yield on field runoff plots where soil was severely eroded and comparing it with that on adjacent slightly eroded soil. In addition, soil properties and corn grain yield in runoff plots were compared on side‐slopes with that on toe‐slopes or depositional sites. Experiment 2 involved relating corn growth and yield to topsoil depth on a sloping land. With recommended rates of fertilizer application, corn grain yield did not differ among erosional phases. Fertilizer application masked the adverse effects of erosion on corn yield. Corn grain yield on depositional sites was about 50 per cent more than that on side‐slope position. Corn plants on the side‐slope positions exhibited symptoms of nutrient deficiency, and the ear leaves contained significantly lower concentrations of P and Mg and higher concentrations of Mn and K than those grown on depositional sites. Corn grain yield in experiment 2 was positively correlated with the TSD. Soil in the depositional site contained significantly more sand and silt and less clay than that on the side‐slope position. There were also differences in soil properties among erosional phases. The soil organic carbon (SOC) content was 19\7 g kg⁻¹ in slightly eroded compared with 15\1 g kg⁻¹ in severely eroded sites. Aggregate stability and the mean weight diameter (MWD) were also significantly more in slightly eroded than severely eroded soils. Adverse effects of severe erosion on soil quality were related to reduction in soil water retention, and decrease in soil concentration of N and P, and increase in those of K, Ca and Mg. Severe erosion increased leaf nutrient contents of K, Mn and Fe and decreased those of Ca and Mg. Corn grain yield was positively correlated with aggregation, silt and soil N contents. It was also negatively correlated with leaf content of Fe. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

轮耕对土壤物理性状和冬小麦产量的影响

针对华北地区土壤连续单一耕作存在的主要问题,进行了土壤轮耕效应的研究。试验选择冬小麦夏玉米玉两熟区连续5 a免耕田,设置免耕、翻耕和旋耕3种轮耕处理（即免耕一免耕,免耕一翻耕和免耕一旋耕）,冬小麦播种前进行耕作处理。研究结果表明：多年免耕后进行土壤耕作（翻耕、旋耕）可以显著降低土壤体积质量;旋耕显著降低0～10 cm土壤体积质量,翻耕则降低0～20 cm体积质量;随时间变化各处理土壤体积质量差异逐渐降低。翻耕、旋耕均显著增加了0～10 cm土壤总孔隙,同时翻耕显著增加了10～20 cm土壤总孔隙;翻耕、旋耕显著提高了5～10 cm毛管孔隙。0～10 cm土壤饱和导水率表现为旋耕＞翻耕＞免耕,翻耕、旋耕在5%水平上显著高于免耕;10～20、20～30 cm土层均表现为翻耕＞旋耕＞免耕,且10～20 cm翻耕5%水平上显著高于免耕;饱和导水率与体积质量呈显著线性负相关。翻耕、旋耕有效穗数与免耕相比分别提高了24.1%、22.3%;冬小麦的实际产量表现为：旋耕＞翻耕＞免耕,翻耕、旋耕分别比免耕增产11.8%、16.9%。总之,长期免耕后进行土壤耕作有利于改善土壤物理性状,提高作物产量。     

轮耕对土壤物理性状及水稻产量影响的初步研究

针对南方稻田连续免耕存在的主要问题,进行了土壤轮耕效应的初步研究。试验选择双季稻区连续7年免耕稻田,设置免耕、旋耕和翻耕3种耕作处理（即免耕-免耕,免耕-旋耕和免耕-翻耕）,早稻和晚稻采取同-耕作措施。研究结果表明：连续免耕后进行土壤耕作（翻耕、旋耕）可以降低耕作层土壤容重,增加土壤水贮量,尤为翻耕显著,早、晚稻均表现为这-趋势;晚稻收获时,表层0～5cm的毛管孔隙度表现为免耕-翻耕、免耕-旋耕在5％水平上显著高于免耕-免耕,而下层差异不显著;早、晚稻晒田时,表层0～5cm原状土饱和导水率均表现为免耕～翻耕在5％水平上显著高于免耕-免耕和免耕-旋耕,而5～10cm无显著性差异;早、晚稻的实际产量均表现为免耕-旋耕〉免耕-翻耕〉免耕-免耕,起主要作用的构成因素是有效穗数。     

Changes in soil physical properties of four different fields during and after upland reclamation that involved grading

Abstract

A number of clusters of resting spores of an endophyte were found to have colonized the nodal root axes and first order lateral roots of sorghum at the heading stage. The clusters with a diameter ranging 15 to 20 μm consisted of a number of spores with a diameter in the range of 2 to 5 μm. Based on the morphological characteristics, the endophyte was tentatively assigned to Polymyxa sp. The clusters were distributed in the epidermis and the hypodermis, but mostly in the latter. The clusters were absent in the tissues internal to the hypodermis. The number of cells colonized by the clusters in the hypodermis, the hypodermal cell lignification identified by the phloroglucinol-HCl test, and the cortical sclerenchyma development were examined acropetally in three nodal roots which emerged from the third node. The colonized cells accounted for less than about 10% of the total number of the hypodermal cells in the first 8 cm portion, but beyond this part, their number increased and they accounted for 10 to 35%. Hypodermal cell lignification and cortical sclerenchyma development were clearly recognized approximately in the first 9 and 6 cm portion, respectively, but they were not observed beyond this part. Even in this portion, however, no endophyte colonization was observed in any tissues internal to the hypodermis. These findings suggest that in sorghum the hypodermis itself, regardless of cell lignification, may function as a barrier to protect the inner tissues from further colonization by the spore clusters of Polymyxa sp.     

不同耕作措施对东北玉米农田土壤物理性质的影响

为了揭示耕作措施对东北玉米田土壤物理性质的影响,本研究进行了连续4年的田间定位试验,探明了深松(ST)、免耕(NT)以及传统耕作(CT)对东北玉米田土壤物理指标(土壤容重、土壤三相比、土壤结构指数以及颗粒组成)的影响。结果表明：与传统耕作相比,深松处理能够显著降低0～20 cm土层的土壤容重(P<0.05),下层土壤(20～40 cm)各处理间差异不显著,其中免耕处理土壤容重最大;同时,深松处理降低了0～40 cm土层的土壤固相比例,显著增加气相比例(P<0.05),而免耕处理增加了下层土壤(20～40 cm)的固相比例,降低了液相比例;深松处理可以显著提高下层土壤的结构指数,平均增加28.3%(P<0.05),另外,深松处理的土壤三相结构距离为15.0,显著低于其他两个处理(18.4和17.7)(P<0.05),使得耕层土壤物理结构更加接近理想状态,免耕与常规耕作处理间的差异不显著;深松可以增加0.002～0.2 mm粒级的比例,0～40 cm土层中土壤颗粒0.002～0.2 mm等级中所占比例大小依次为深松>免耕>传统耕作。种植玉米后,深松耕作措...