闪式提取油茶枯饼中茶皂素的工艺优化

为了研究闪式提取油茶枯饼中茶皂素的工艺,在单因素试验基础上,选取乙醇体积分数、提取时间、液料比3个因素,利用Box-Benhnken中心组合试验和响应面分析法对提取工艺进行优化。结果表明,闪式提取茶皂素的较佳工艺条件为：乙醇体积分数78%、提取时间40 s、液料比20 mL/g。在此条件下,茶皂素得率为21.09%±0.26%,与模型预测值基本相符。与传统乙醇热回流提取方法相比,闪式提取方法茶皂素得率略有提高,提取时间由6 h缩短为40 s,提取温度由70℃降到20～25℃。该方法是一种较为理想的茶皂素提取方法。     

Antioxidant activity and bioactive compounds of tea seed (Camellia oleifera Abel.) oil

The oil of tea seed (Camellia oleifera Abel.) is used extensively in China as cooking oil. The objectives of this study were to investigate the antioxidant activity of tea seed oil and its active compounds. Of the five solvent extracts, methanol extract of tea seed oil exhibited the highest yield and the strongest antioxidant activity as determined by DPPH scavenging activity and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC). Two peaks separated from the methanol extract by HPLC contributed the most significant antioxidant activity. These two peaks were further identified as sesamin and a novel compound: 2,5-bis-benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl-tetrahydro-furo [3,4-d][1,3]dioxine (named compound B) by UV absorption and characterized by MS, IR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR techniques. Sesamin and compound B decreased H2O2-mediated formation of reactive oxygen species in red blood cells (RBCs), inhibited RBCs hemolysis induced by AAPH, and increased the lag time of conjugated dienes formation in human low-density lipoprotein. The results indicate that both compounds isolated from tea seed oil exhibit remarkable antioxidant activity. Apart from the traditional pharmacological effects of Camellia oleifera, the oil of tea seed may also act as a prophylactic agent to prevent free radical related diseases.     

施钾水平对油茶养分积累和产油量的影响

【目的】油茶是中国南方主要的食用油料树种,油茶林地普遍极度缺钾。本文研究施钾水平对油茶氮、 磷、 钾养分积累和产油量的影响及它们之间的关系,从养分的角度分析钾素水平对油茶单株产油量的作用机理,为合理制定油茶林地土壤培肥制度提供科学依据。【方法】以7年生油茶无性系作为供试油茶品种,在江西九江进行田间试验。试验设置了6个K2O用量: 0、 100、 200、 300、 400、 500 kg/hm2和一个不施肥对照(CK),每个处理重复3次。调查和比较了不同处理油茶叶片和果实中氮、 磷、 钾养分含量及单株产油量差异,并针对叶片和果实养分对产油量的作用进行了通径分析。【结果】 K2O年施入量为300 kg/hm2时可有效促进油茶叶片6月份的磷、 钾及10月份叶片和果实的氮、 磷、 钾的积累,提高鲜果含油率和单株果实产量,单株产油量可达到430 g,增施钾肥对叶片6月份氮含量和种仁含油率的影响不明显。果实中的氮、 磷、 钾养分和叶片10月份的氮、 磷与单株产油量显著相关; 果实中的氮和磷积累量对油茶单株产油量的直接作用相对较大,10月份叶片中的氮对产油量也有一定的直接的影响,各养分对产油量的贡献大小顺序为: 果实磷果实氮果实钾叶片氮叶片磷。【结论】施钾水平影响油茶叶片和果实的养分积累,并进一步影响鲜果产量和产油量,K2O年施入量为300 kg/hm2是较适宜的用量。通过合理施用钾肥提高油茶10月份叶片氮、 磷和果实氮、 磷、 钾含量是获得油茶高产的有效途径。     

油茶蒲中脂肪酸合酶抑制剂的分离纯化研究

为了高效分离油茶蒲中的脂肪酸合酶(FAS)抑制剂,以乙醇-水为洗脱液,采用大孔树脂D101对油茶蒲提取物进行梯度洗脱,并用高速逆流色谱(HSCCC)对其中的40%乙醇洗脱馏分(40F)进行分离。结果表明,D101大孔树脂洗脱馏分中40F的多酚含量最高,并且其对脂肪酸合酶的抑制活性最强,半抑制浓度为0.61μg·m L-1。以氯仿∶乙醇∶水∶乙酸(4∶3∶2∶0.01,v/v/v/v)为分离溶剂体系,上相为固定相,下相为流动相,转速850 r·min-1,流速2 m L·min-1,在该条件下采用HSCCC对40F进行分离可以纯化得到鞣花酸和3-O-甲基鞣花酸-4'-O-葡萄糖苷,纯度均为95%以上。因此,采用大孔树脂-高速逆流色谱能够简便、高效地分离制备油茶蒲中的脂肪酸合酶抑制剂单体,这为油茶蒲的开发利用及进一步的功能研究奠定了基础。     

红松种子壳多酚物质的提取及抗氧化特性

该文选取超声波辅助提取法,采用单因素试验及响应面设计,研究了超声波提取时间、温度、乙醇浓度及料液比对红松种子壳中多酚类化合物提取的影响。并利用Fenton体系、1,1-二苯基-2-苦苯肼(DPPH·)体系及邻苯三酚体系测定其提取成分的抗氧化活性。结果表明,松壳中多酚成分提取的最佳工艺条件为:超声提取时间2.80h、料液比1∶26.36(g/mL)、乙醇浓度42.86%、提取温度80℃,多酚得率7.96mg/g。在此优化条件下,红松种子壳提取物对羟自由基(甲基紫法)、DPPH·自由基及超氧阴离子均具有较强清除作用,半数抑制浓度分别为6.67×10-4、2.34×10-2、3.97mg/mL。     

Antioxidative activities of phenylethanoid glycosides from Ligustrum purpurascens.

Tea and kudingcha (bitter tea) are the two most popular beverages consumed in China. Tea derived from the leaves of Camellia sinensis has been well studied for its various health benefits, but there are very limited data on the biological activities of bitter tea derived from the leaves of Ligustrum purpurascens (LP). The present study was carried out to characterize the antioxidants present in the bitter tea brewed from the leaves of LP. It was found that the crude glycoside fraction possessed strong protection against oxidation of human low-density lipoprotein (LDL). The column chromatographic separation led to the isolatation of five phenylethanoid glycosides, namely, acteoside, ligupurpuroside A, cis-ligupurpuroside B, trans-ligupurpuroside B, and osmanthuside B. When acteoside was heated in the boiling water, it was isomerized to form isoacteoside. Acteoside, isoacteoside, and ligupurpuroside A purified from LP were protective, whereas cis-ligupurpuroside B, trans-ligupurpuroside B, and osmanthuside B exhibited no protection to human LDL from Cu(2+)-medicated oxidation. Acteoside, isoacteoside, and ligupurpuroside A were also effective in preventing the peroxyl free radical-induced oxidation of alpha-tocopherol in human LDL. The antioxidant activities of acteoside, isoacteoside, and ligupurpuroside A were comparable to that observed for a green tea antioxidant, (-)-epicatechin gallate. The inhibitory effect of these three phenylethanoid glycosides on oxidation of human LDL and alpha-tocopherol was dose-dependent at concentrations of 5-40 microM. The present results suggest that the bitter tea beverage derived from LP contains effective antioxidants that may have an equal benefit as a green tea beverage.     

Radiolysis of kaempferol in water/methanol mixtures. Evaluation of antioxidant activity of kaempferol and products formed

Oxidative reaction between hydroxymethyl radical ((*)CH(2)OH) and kaempferol, in methanol and methanol/water mixtures, was studied by gamma-radiolysis using a (60)Co source. Radiolysis was performed with concentrations and doses ranging from 5 x 10(-)(5) M to 5 x 10(-)(3) M and from 0.5 kGy to 14 kGy, respectively. Kaempferol degradation was followed by HPLC. Results showed that (*)CH(2)OH reacts with kaempferol at the 3-OH group and produces two depsides (K1 and K2) and other products including K3. K1, K2, and K3 were identified by NMR, LC-MS, and HRMS. The kaempferol degradation pathway leading to the K1, K2, and K3 formation is proposed. It was observed that the more water concentration in the irradiation medium increases, the more K2 concentration increases. Comprehension of food preservation is not clear because many phenomena occurring during irradiation are not established. Radiolysis of kaempferol in water/methanol mixtures helps to elucidate the phenomenon and it is possible that during the treatment of nutriments by gamma-irradiation, a series of products such as depside K2 could be formed. Antioxidant properties of kaempferol radiolysis products were evaluated according to their capacity to decrease the EPR DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil) signal and to inhibit superoxide radicals formed by the enzyme reaction "xanthine + xanthine oxidase".     

Enzymatic preparation of kaempferol from green tea seed and its antioxidant activity

Among the flavonols in green tea, kaempferol has many biological activities but kaempferol of plant origin is too expensive to be used in commercial products. Recently, we confirmed that green tea seed (GTS) contained a reasonable amount of kaempferol glycoside. After conducting structure analysis, two kaempferol glycosides were identified, kaempferol-3-O-[2-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-6-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl]-beta-D-glucopyranoside (compound 1) and kaempferol-3-O-[2-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-6-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl]-beta-D-glucopyranoside (compound 2), respectively. Also, a commercially useful method for kaempferol preparation was suggested by enzymatic hydrolysis using these two flavonoids. After several enzyme reactions were performed for the complete bioconversion of compounds 1 and 2 to kaempferol, we found that the optimum enzyme combination was reaction with beta-galactosidase and hesperidinase. Finally, we produced pure kaempferol with over 95% purity. We also compared the antioxidant effect of these two GTS flavonoids and its aglycone, kaempferol. Kaempferol is a more efficient scavenger of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals and a better inhibitor of xanthine/xanthine oxidase than the two glycosides.     

油茶SRAP-PCR反应体系的建立和优化

为了建立油茶SRAP-PCR扩增体系,本研究使用单因素试验设计,对反应体系的Taq酶、Mg2＋、模板DNA、dNTP和引物浓度5个主要影响因子各设10个不同的水平梯度,筛选出适宜的因子范围;在此基础上,进一步采用L16（45）正交设计,对影响油茶SRAP-PCR反应体系的5个因素在4水平上进行优化,建立了油茶SRAP-PCR最佳反应体系,即25μL体积中包含模板DNA30ng,Mg2＋2.8mmol/L,引物0.44μmol/L,dNTP0.2mmol/L和Taq酶1.0U。该SRAP-PCR体系的建立为油茶种质资源遗传多样性分析、品种鉴定及指纹图谱构建等研究提供了一个标准化的程序。     

菜籽饼粕中多糖的酸提取工艺优化

采用五因子二次正交旋转设计,研究酸浓度、料液比、提取时间、提取温度、提取次数等5个因素对酸提取菜籽饼粕中多糖的得率的影响,用SAS8.0中响应面分析程序RSREG建立并分析了5个因素对得率的函数模型。结果表明,所得回归方程达显著水平,拟合情况良好;5个因素对得率的影响大小依次为提取温度>提取次数>提取时间>酸浓度>料液比,最佳提取温度为100℃,提取次数4～5次,提取时间(每次)1.4～1.8 h,酸浓度0.10～0.14 mol/L,料液比1∶18～1∶22,菜籽饼粕多糖得率在3.1%以上。     

马兰黄酮类化合物的提取及其抗氧化活性

为了探索以亚临界水萃取马兰黄酮类化合物的效果,以得率为指标,通过单因素和正交试验,优选其萃取工艺参数,并对所得黄酮类化合物的抗氧化性能进行测定。结果表明,在压力为5.0 MPa,温度160℃、提取时间25 min、水料比为20∶1 mL/g的条件下马兰黄酮类化合物的得率为9.01%。与水和乙醇回流提取法（马兰黄酮类化合物得率分别为5.12%和7.13%）相比,亚临界水萃取在提取时间和得率方面均有明显的优势,所得马兰黄酮类化合物在一定浓度范围内具有较强的清除自由基和抗氧化能力。研究结果为马兰黄酮类化合物的开发提供参考。     

基于Enhanced VGG16的油茶品种分类

随着油茶产业不断壮大，市场上也出现了油茶幼苗品系混乱、以假乱真、以次充好的现象，因此急需开发一种专门的分类识别算法实现不同油茶品种的准确识别。农业领域常用VGG、ResNet网络模型进行分类工作，但存在权重空间过大和准确率不高等问题。该研究对VGG16网络模型进行层间删减以及结构调整，提出了Enhanced VGG16网络模型，在油茶叶数据集上完成模型训练与测试，并与现有经典卷积神经网络（AlexNet、VGG16、Resnet50、InceptionV3、Xception）进行对比。结果表明，Enhanced VGG16网络模型的训练集准确率和测试集准确率分别为98.98%和98.44%，权重空间为90.6 MB。与原始VGG16模型相比，训练集准确率和测试集准确率分别提高3.08和2.05个百分点，权重空间下降165.4 MB，模型性能显著提升。Enhanced VGG16网络模型与经典卷积神经网络相对比，模型综合性能更优。该研究为通过油茶叶进行品种分类识别提供了依据，同时可为其他农作物品种识别提供参考。     

用正己烷-乙醇-水三元双液相从亚麻籽提油脱氰苷

采用正己烷-乙醇-水三元双液相体系进行同时提取亚麻籽中油脂和脱除氰苷的研究,通过单因素试验和响应面分析进行优化,确定的优化提取条件为：料醇比为1∶3.4;料烷比为1∶5.4;提取时间为78.5 min;NaOH浓度为0.12%;温度为55℃;乙醇浓度为85%。结果表明：正己烷-乙醇-水双液相体系对亚麻籽具有很好的提油和脱氰苷的作用,在优化条件下亚麻籽油提取率达45.1%,亚麻氰苷脱除率96.8%。     

Supercritical fluid extraction of grape glycosides

Supercritical fluid extraction with methanol-modified CO(2) was used to extract glycosides from grapes. An optimization design involving 12 extraction variables was applied to achieve quantitative recoveries. The most important factor was the amount of organic modifier, a consequence of the high degree of glycoside polarity. By the proposed method, the total time of analysis can be decreased relative to that required for more conventional extractions. The full method can also be automated.     

Enhancement of dissolution and antioxidant activity of kaempferol using a nanoparticle engineering process

Kaempferol (KAE) is a strong antioxidant flavonoid compound, but its clinical application is limited by quantity and poor dissolution property. However, the dissolution mechanism of a kaempferol nanoparticle formulation (KAEN) has not yet been elucidated. The aim of the present study was therefore to use a nanoparticle engineering process to resolve the dissolution problem. Our data indicated that KAEN effectively increased the dissolution percentage by particle size reduction, high encapsulation efficiency, amorphous transformation, and hydrogen-bond formation with excipients. In addition, we used several different antioxidant activity assays to evaluate KAE and KAEN. The data indicated that KAEN retained potent antioxidant activity after the nanoparticle engineering process and showed better antioxidant activity than KAE dissolved in water (P < 0.05). According to these findings, we concluded that KAEN could be a low-dose alternative to KAE in health food and future clinical research.     

Isolation and characterization of stelladerol, a new antioxidant naphthalene glycoside, and other antioxidant glycosides from edible daylily (hemerocallis) flowers.

Daylily (Hemerocallis spp.) flowers are utilized as an important ingredient in traditional Asian cuisine and are also valued for their reputed medicinal effects. In studies of the bioactive methanol and aqueous methanol extracts of lyophilized Hemerocallis cv. Stella de Oro flowers, kaempferol, quercetin, and isorhamnetin 3-O-glycosides (1-9), phenethyl beta-D-glucopyranoside (10), orcinol beta-D-glucopyranoside (11), phloretin 2'-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (12), phloretin 2'-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranoside (13), a new naphthalene glycoside, stelladerol (14), and an amino acid (longitubanine A) (15) have been isolated. All of these compounds were tested for their antioxidant and cyclooxygenase inhibitory activities. Stelladerol was found to possess strong antioxidant properties, inhibiting lipid oxidation by 94.6% +/- 1.4 at 10 microM in an in vitro assay. Several of the flavonol 3-O-glycoside isolates also demonstrated modest antioxidant activities at 10 microM. None of the isolates inhibited cyclooxygenase activity at 100 microM.     

Free-radical-scavenging and antioxidant activities of secondary metabolites from reddened cv. Annurca apple fruits

Forty-three secondary metabolites were isolated and characterized from cv. Annurca apple fruit, an apple variety cultivated in the south of Italy. This apple cultivar undergoes a typical reddening treatment after collection. All of the compounds were characterized on the basis of their spectroscopic data. The compounds were tested for their radical-scavenging and antioxidant activities by measuring their capacity to scavenge DPPH* (2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical), H2O2, and NO (nitric oxide) and to inhibit the formation of methyl linoleate conjugated diene hydroperoxides or TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive species).     

不同母岩油茶林土壤养分限制因子研究

为探究花岗岩发育的江西油茶林红壤(以下简称江西红壤)与紫色岩发育的福建油茶林土壤(以下简称福建紫色土)在养分状况上的差异,以高粱作为指示植物,采用常规分析、吸附试验和盆栽试验法比较分析了两类土壤的养分限制因子。研究结果表明:江西红壤有机质含量高于福建紫色土;两类土壤的元素组成中,均以S元素最为丰富,而P、K、Ca、Mg及硝态氮养分元素含量均较低。除Mn和Zn外,其它养分元素含量均为江西红壤≥福建紫色土;两类土壤对P的吸附固定能力均最强,江西红壤与福建紫色土分别对Mn和B的吸附最弱。盆栽试验结果表明N、P、Ca是江西红壤的主要限制因子,Fe、Cu、K、Mo是潜在的养分限制因子;N、P、Ca、Mg是福建紫色土的主要限制因子,Mg、Zn、Fe、S、K是其潜在的养分限制因子。     

生物复合肥对油茶苗木生长及土壤微生态的影响

针对大部分油茶林产投比不高的问题,利用从油茶根际土壤中分离纯化出的高效固氮、解磷、解钾菌(YC-NK03、YC-NK04、YC-NK05、YC-NK07、YC-P05、YC-P06)制成菌糠菌肥与化学肥料混合施用,探究生物复合肥对油茶和土壤微生态的影响以及菌肥、化肥最佳配比.盆栽结果显示,T3组(60％菌糠菌肥+40％...     

Subcritical water extraction of antioxidant compounds from rosemary plants

Subcritical water extraction at several temperatures ranging from 25 to 200 degrees C has been studied to selectively extract antioxidant compounds from rosemary leaves. An exhaustive characterization of the fractions obtained using subcritical water at different temperatures has been carried out by LC-MS, and the antioxidant activities of the extracts have been measured by a free radical method (DPPH). Results indicate high selectivity of the subcritical water toward the most active compounds of rosemary such as carnosol, rosmanol, carnosic acid, methyl carnosate, and some flavonoids such as cirsimaritin and genkwanin. The antioxidant activity of the fractions obtained by extraction at different water temperatures was very high, with values around 11.3 microg/mL, comparable to those achieved by SFE of rosemary leaves. A study of the effect of the temperature on the extraction efficiency of the most typical rosemary antioxidant compounds has been performed.