黄土丘陵沟壑区人工农田土壤钾素特征研究

通过土样分析,利用统计分析法系统研究了黄土丘陵沟壑区人工农地——坝地和梯田的土壤钾素含量、相关性、垂直和时空分异特征。研究结果表明:坝地和梯田钾素分布严重失衡;表层速效钾平均含量坝地属"中等",梯田属"缺乏";表层全钾平均含量坝地属"较高",梯田为"中等";缓效钾平均是速效钾的7.58倍(坝地)和11.06倍(梯田),但转化率较低;矿物钾平均占全钾的95.71%(坝地)和95.16%(梯田),却难以被作物利用。土壤各形态钾素间都呈极显著正相关,并受土壤有机质、CEC、pH值和颗粒组成的影响。表层与下层间的速效钾、坝地和梯田间的缓效钾都有极显著差异,但黄土母质土壤钾素整体分布均一;坝地速效钾沿剖面向下含量增加,且整体高于梯田;坝地因高耗钾作物玉米而导致缓效钾含量低于梯田。土壤有效性钾、速效钾和缓效钾在时间动态上都表现为先增后降,分水岭年限坝地约在40 a,梯田约在30 a。     

吉林省西部半干旱地区土地利用方式对土壤养分的影响——以吉林省通榆县为例

选取位于吉林省西部的通榆县作为研究区,利用全国第二次土壤普查数据和2006年土壤采样分析数据,结合土地利用数据,研究土地利用方式及其动态变化对县域尺度表层(0~20 cm)土壤养分的影响。结果表明:近20年来通榆县土地利用格局变化显著,表层土壤全量养分显著降低,土壤有机质和速效养分则无显著变化。2006年耕地、林地和草地的土壤有机质、全氮、全钾、速效氮、速效磷含量无显著差异,全磷和速效钾含量差异性显著;除全磷、全钾和速效钾外,盐碱地土壤养分含量均显著低于耕地、林地和草地。除荒地开垦后土壤有机质含量增加,毁草、毁湿开荒以及多年放牧和耕作均造成土壤有机质含量降低;不同土地利用变化过程对土壤全量养分的影响以降低含量为主,而速效养分则以增加含量为主。     

富锦市湿地不同开垦年限土壤养分时空分布特征研究

采用地统计学和GIS相结合的方法,以2012年富锦市实地调查和采样数据为基础,分析了富锦市土壤表层(0-20cm)中有机质(SOM)、全氮(TN)、有效磷(AP)、速效钾(AK)的空间分布情况。利用空间置换时间法,研究了不同开垦年限土壤养分含量的变化规律。结果表明,富锦市土壤养分含量均处于较高水平,变异程度均为中等变异,各土壤属性均符合对数正态分布。结构分析表明,4种土壤养分均具有中等程度的空间自相关性,受结构性因素和随机性因素的共同影响。克里格插值结果表明,富锦市土壤有机质和全氮呈现由南向北逐渐降低的趋势,有效磷含量由西向东逐渐增加,速效钾含量由西向东逐渐减少。在本研究的时间尺度内,有机质、全氮、有效磷的含量随着开垦年限的变化均呈现出先上升后下降的趋势。速效钾含量随着开垦年限的增加呈现出先增加后减小再增加的趋势,在开垦50年以上的地块,速效钾平均含量最高为202.44mg/kg。研究表明,富锦市土壤养分有明显的空间分布特征,部分土壤养分性状出现退化现象。掌握土壤养分的时空分布状况,对保证区域农业持续、稳定的发展有着重要的意义。     

甘肃省中部干旱区植被恢复对土壤养分变化的影响研究

通过对甘肃省中部干旱区植被恢复过程中不同退耕年限(0年、3年、6年和10年)的土壤养分及各养分间的相关性进行了分析,研究结果表明:1)不同退耕年限对安定区土壤养分除全钾外对有机质和其它氮磷钾养分均有极显著或显著影响。2)植被恢复过程中养分在土壤剖面的分布具有明显的层次性,各养分具有明显的表聚性。3)土壤有机质的变化与全氮、速效氮呈现出显著的相关性,与钾素和磷素的相关性较低。全磷与速效钾和氮养分相互间显著相关,与速效磷相关性较小。全钾与速效钾相关性也未达到显著水平。     

塔里木绿洲种植制度对棉田土壤养分性状的影响

为了研究塔里木绿洲种植制度对棉田土壤养分特性的影响,以棉田轮作方式(水稻→棉花、水稻→冬麦→棉花、水稻→冬麦-绿肥→棉花)和连作年限(3、5、8、10、15 a)为试验因素,对0~100 cm土层土壤进行了调查与试验。结果表明:短期轮作对棉田土壤养分含量无影响,棉花连作年限是不同层次土壤养分含量变化的主要影响因素,连作3、8、10、15 a土壤0~20 cm速效氮平均为40.60、48.75、51.96、44.35 mg/kg;速效磷平均为10.16、26.72、27.00、23.37 mg/kg;速效钾平均为184.70、142.60、130.20、105.56 mg/kg;有机质含量分别为10.43 g/kg、12.10g/kg、12.93 g/kg、13.56 mg/kg;无论轮作类型、连作年限长短,从垂直分布上,连作15 a、3 a土壤速效氮F值分别为79.01、299.45;速效磷F值分别为88.99、17.54;有机质F值分别为77.27和171.6。表明长期连作降低了上下层土壤速效氮和有机质含量差异而增加了上下层土壤速效磷含量差异;有机质含量随着土层深度的增加而降低;速效钾含量有随着土层深度的增加而增加的趋势。棉花长期连作有利于增加各层次土壤速效氮、速效磷和有机质含量,同时降低深层土壤速效钾的含量;连作8~10 a耕作层土壤速效氮、有效磷含量达到最大值分别为52.35 mg/kg和27.45 mg/kg。     

施用氮磷钾对黄土丘陵区山地红枣林土壤酶与土壤肥力的影响

采用野外试验与室内分析,研究了连续4 a施氮磷钾肥对黄土丘陵区山地枣园土壤酶活性及土壤养分含量的影响。结果表明:连续4 aNPK1施肥处理能够明显增强土壤脲酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶的活性,提高土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量;在土壤剖面中总的趋势是土壤酶活性和土壤速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量随土层深度加深而降低。土壤酶活性与土壤养分因子的相关分析表明,在0~20 cm土层,磷酸酶与有机质、速效磷,过氧化氢酶与有机质、全氮呈显著或极显著性正相关。在20~40 cm,脲酶与有机质、全氮、速效氮,磷酸酶与速效钾,过氧化氢酶与速效磷,蔗糖酶与有机质、速效钾呈显著或极显著性正相关。在40~60 cm,脲酶与全氮、速效磷,磷酸酶与有机质、速效氮,过氧化氢酶与速效磷,蔗糖酶与有机质、全氮、速效磷呈显著或极显著正相关。     

艾比湖地区盐生植物群落土壤氮素的垂直分布特征

通过研究艾比湖地区9种盐生植物群落土壤剖面的氮素特征,揭示其影响因子。结果表明：① 干旱区荒漠中盐生植物的土壤理化性质差异显著(P＜0.05）。在整体上土壤氮素含量随土壤深度增加呈减小趋势,有效氮素形态为硝态氮。② 土壤氮素与土壤理化性质的相关性：全氮和碱解氮与有机质呈极显著正相关(P＜0.01）;碱解氮和全氮与pH、硝态氮和无机氮与电导率相关性不显著。③ 土壤中硝态氮的主要影响因素为铵态氮、碱解氮、全氮和有机质,其次是容重和含水量,最后是土壤pH和电导率,其他因素是通过影响土壤有机质的积累和分解对其起作用。     

青海大通中国沙棘人工林对土壤有机质和含氮量的影响

测定了 1 4a生沙棘纯林及沙棘×青海云杉和沙棘×白桦×青杨以及无林对照剖面 2 0个土样的有机质、全氮及速效氮含量 ,比较研究了青海大通黄河上游沙棘人工林对土壤系统的微观生态效应。结果表明 :①在青海大通营造沙棘林能在短时间内迅速提高土壤有机质含量。 1 4a生沙棘纯林及混交林 0 - 80cm土层平均有机质含量较对照分别提高 1 79.35 %和1 67.68% ,0 - 80cm土层平均有机质含量较对照分别增加 5 9.1 44和 41 .0 2t/hm2 ;②沙棘的固氮作用使土壤氮素含量在短期内大幅度提高 ,沙棘纯林及混交林 0 - 80cm的贮蛋量较对照分别增加 3.1 1 9t/hm2 和 2 .5 74t/hm2 ,速效氮贮量增加 30 0 .69kg/hm2 和 2 33.5 5kg/hm2 ;③沙棘人工林对土壤有机质和全氮的增长作用随土壤深度增加而降低 ,而速效氮在土壤中下层高于表层。④ 1 4a生沙棘纯林的培肥效应高于沙棘混交林 ,而沙棘与针叶树混交培肥效果又低于沙棘与阔叶树混交。     

不同配方土壤熟化调理剂对新修梯田土壤改良效果的影响

针对西北黄土高原半干旱区新修梯田土壤瘠薄、保水保肥能力差的特点,通过3年的田间定位试验,在氮磷肥平衡施用基础上,研究添施不同配方土壤熟化剂对新修梯田土壤理化性状、养分状况与作物产量等方面的影响。结果表明:(1)施用不同配方土壤熟化剂可降低新修梯田土壤容重,增大毛管孔隙度和田间持水量,增加土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷和速效钾含量;且表层(0~10 cm)熟化效果好于底层(10~20 cm)。与试验前相比,表层土壤容重降低5.14%~18.49%,孔隙度和田间持水量分别增加9.14%~18.86%和10.96%~17.19%;土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷和速效钾分别增加56.11%~114.19%、9.84%~78.69%、48.52%~268.50%、70.10%~427.53%;(2)与CK相比,A处理的培肥效果最显著,容重年均降低0.06 g·cm-3,孔隙度和田间持水量年均分别增加3.15、0.45%;土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷和速效钾的年增加速率分别提高2.48 g·kg~(-1)、0.2 g·kg~(-1)、7.82mg·kg~(-1)、129.23 mg·kg~(-1);其余培肥处理的效果为BC、D、ECK;(3)施用土壤熟化剂提高了作物产量和水分利用效率,以A配方的效果最好,2012、2013年马铃薯产量较CK分别提高37.69%、50.93%,2014年小麦产量较CK提高94.41%;3年A配方的水分利用效率较CK分别提高43.09%、48.71%、102.31%,且差异显著。综合可知,A配方(黑矾、腐植酸、氯化钾、微肥、DA-6用量分别为375、600、150、45、150×10-3kg·hm-2)对于改善土壤理化性状、提高土壤养分、水分利用效率和作物增产效应最佳,为西北黄土高原半干旱区新修梯田快速培肥较适宜的措施。     

水蚀风蚀区六道沟流域不同土地利用方式下养分特征

利用经典统计与地统计学相结合的方法,以六道沟流域农用地、林地和草地三种土地类型为研究对象,测定各不同利用方式下土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾、C/N值八种养分指标。结果表明,土壤有机质、全氮含量表现为农用地>林地>草地,全磷含量表现为农用地>草地>林地,土壤全钾含量表现为草地>林地>农用地,速效氮含量表现为农用地>草地>林地,速效磷表现为农用地>林地>草地,速效钾表现为林地>农用地>草地;土壤C/N值表现为林地>草地>农用地;有机质含量与全氮含量呈线性关系,且均达极显著水平(P<0.01)。结果说明不同土地利用方式对土壤养分含量有重要影响。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.