绿盲蝽人工饲料配方的优化

本研究采用3因子2水平正交试验设计对绿盲蝽人工饲料的配方进行了优化,得出了更优的绿盲蝽人工饲料配方E,其成分如下:蔗糖2.80g、啤酒酵母0.25g、50％蜂蜜水2.50g、混匀鸡蛋22.50 g、小麦胚10.00 g、利马豆粉30.00 g、大豆粉2.50g、卵黄30.00 g、大豆卵磷脂2.25g、复合维生素1.80g、10％乙酸0.50 mL、硫酸链霉素0.005 g、头孢羟氨苄0.005 g、福尔马林0.10 mL、丙酸0.10 mL、无菌水164.00 g.该配方单头饲养的绿盲蝽若虫存活率(81.25％)、若虫发育历期(11.68 d)和成虫单雌产卵量(32.36粒)与四季豆饲养的无显著差异.与现有的绿盲蝽人工饲料相比该饲料进一步缩短了若虫的发育历期,但群体饲养的若虫存活率只有55.74％,显著低于四季豆饲养的若虫存活率(73.77％),仍需进一步优化.通过正交试验的极差分析,明确了影响绿盲蝽若虫存活率、发育历期和单雌产卵量因子的重要性为复合维生素＞大豆卵磷脂≥蔗糖.本文还就配方的进一步优化进行了讨论.     

利用四季豆饲养盲蝽的方法

四季豆是多种盲蝽的寄主植物,该研究旨在发展一个利用四季豆豆荚规模化饲养多种盲蝽的技术.研究结果表明:绿盲蝽与中黑盲蝽的若虫最佳饲养密度约为100头/盒(2L),成虫为60～80头/盒.绿盲蝽成虫喜好在切头豆荚的两端伤口处产卵,而中黑盲蝽喜欢在完整豆荚的两端产卵.养虫盒内添加一些弯曲的纸条有助于提高若虫存活率和成虫产卵量.产卵后的豆荚需晾干后放置在25～28℃、相对湿度60%～70%、光照16:8(L:D)的环境下,以减少豆荚腐烂和提高卵的孵化率.利用这一方法饲养盲蝽的若虫存活率、成虫产卵量和卵孵化率分别达60%、40粒和80%.     

绿盲蝽卵发育分级标准及其在测报中的应用

绿盲蝽是江苏南通地区为害棉花的重要害虫。本文将绿盲蝽卵的发育过程分为4级,对各级的颜色与形态特征进行了描述,并明确了相应的发育历期。田间通过二代绿盲蝽卵量与发育级别的调查,结合发育历期资料,可准确预测二代2、3龄若虫的发生盛期。     

水稻品种对黑肩绿盲蝽生长、发育、存活及繁殖的影响

在室内研究了4个对褐飞虱具不同抗性的水稻品种，IR26（R）、TN1（S）及丙97－34和丙97－59（MR）对黑肩绿盲蝽生长、发育、存活及繁殖的影响。结果表明，黑肩绿盲蝽的卵历期和若虫历期在4个品种间存在明显差异。卵历期在丙97－34上较短，在其余3个品种上较长；若虫历期在TN1上相对较长，在其它3个品种上相对较短。黑肩绿盲蝽的产卵前 期在4个品种间无明显差异；雌成虫寿命在TN1和丙97－34上较长，在IR26和丙97－59上较短。黑肩绿盲蝽卵期和若虫期的存活率在IR26上较低，仅约50％的卵能发育为成虫；在其余3个品种上较高，约有75％－85％的卵能发育为成虫。在TN1和丙97－34上，黑肩绿盲蝽的产卵持续时间长，雌性比、产卵量、内禀增长率高；在丙97－59上次之；在IR26上产卵持续时间短，雌性比、产卵量、内禀增长率低。     

中黑盲蝽人工饲料的初步研究

利用鸡蛋、黄豆粉、啤酒酵母、蜂蜜等配制了中黑盲蝽的半人工饲料,在每天光照16 h(30℃、RH80%)和黑暗8 h(25℃、RH90%)的光周期条件下连续饲养中黑盲蝽3代,其中第3代平均每雌产卵量达172粒。在人工饲养条件下,中黑盲蝽的卵期为(10.92±0.37)d、若虫期(19.83±0.31)d、成虫期(22.42±0.42)d、产卵前期(7.83±0.31)d。     

黑肩绿盲蝽成虫的低温贮藏

黑肩绿盲蝽是稻飞虱的重要捕食性天敌,低温贮藏是成功开展黑肩绿盲蝽大规模生产释放的关键环节之一。本研究在低温16℃、13℃、10℃和7℃下分别提供清水、20%蜂蜜、20%蔗糖进行贮藏,以26℃下清水饲养作为对照,以明确黑肩绿盲蝽成虫的适宜低温贮藏条件。结果表明,在无补充营养状态下,低温贮藏黑肩绿盲蝽的寿命均显著长于对照。相同低温条件下,有补充营养的黑肩绿盲蝽成虫寿命、存活率和LT₅₀均显著大于无补充营养条件。雌成虫在13℃和20%蜂蜜条件下、雄成虫在16℃和20%蜂蜜条件下存活率达80%以上的贮藏时间分别为14和12 d。以上结果表明,13℃或16℃、20%蜂蜜可作为黑肩绿盲蝽成虫的良好贮藏条件,可有效延长黑肩绿盲蝽贮藏期。     

不同食物对杂食性中华微刺盲蝽生长发育及繁殖力的影响

在温度(25±1)℃,相对湿度75%~85%,光周期14L:10D条件下研究了中华微刺盲蝽取食9种不同食物对若虫生长发育的影响及取食节瓜蓟马+茄叶、棉蚜+茄叶对成虫繁殖力的影响。中华微刺盲蝽仅取食10%蜂蜜水和茄叶不能完成若虫阶段的生长发育,而取食节瓜蓟马+茄叶、烟粉虱+茄叶、棉蚜+茄叶、朱砂叶螨+茄叶、棉蚜、米蛾卵+茄叶、米蛾卵均能发育到成虫;若虫的发育历期和存活率结果表明,节瓜蓟马+茄叶、烟粉虱+茄叶对该盲蝽的生长发育最有利。另外,对中华微刺盲蝽取食节瓜蓟马+茄叶、棉蚜+茄叶的繁殖力进行了研究,分别计算出了该天敌取食2种食物组合的世代净增殖率、世代平均历期和内禀增长率,根据计算结果,中华微刺盲蝽取食节瓜蓟马+茄叶的生殖力大于取食棉蚜+茄叶。     

新型蠋蝽若虫液体人工饲料效果评价蠋蝽若虫液体人工饲料效果评价

本研究通过以柞蚕蛹饲养蠋蝽若虫为对照组（CK）,用一种以牛奶和鸡蛋为主要生物成分的新型蠋蝽若虫液体人工饲料饲养蠋蝽若虫为处理组（AD）,对其发育历期、体重和产卵情况等生物学参数进行统计分析;同时,为测试AD高龄若虫捕食能力,在实验室条件下,测试AD的F1代（AD-F1）和F2代（AD-F2）的5龄若虫对粘虫2龄幼虫捕食功能反应。研究结果表明：AD-F1及AD-F2若虫发育历期均显著长于CK（25.09 d）,其中AD-F2发育历期较AD-F1显著缩短（5 d）,且AD-F2各龄期体重、成虫获得率和单次产卵量等生物学参数都较AD-F1有显著提升,数值向CK趋近;AD-F1、AD-F2和CK组蠋蝽5龄若虫对粘虫2龄幼虫的捕食功能反应均符合Holling Ⅱ型反应模型,AD-F2瞬间攻击率、最大捕食量等指标较AD-F1均有显著提升,其数值同样向CK趋近。本研究结果说明该液体人工饲料能满足蠋蝽若虫生长发育的基本营养要求,所饲养的蠋蝽若虫具有一定的捕食能力,可以用作田间释放应用。     

不同寄主植物对苜蓿盲蝽种群增长的影响

在自然变温条件下研究了4种寄主植物对苜蓿盲蝽生长、发育和繁殖的影响。结果表明:取食不同寄主植物的苜蓿盲蝽,其发育历期、存活率、若虫平均体重、成虫的繁殖力、寿命及各生命参数均有明显差异。供试植物中,苜蓿为嗜食寄主,棉花次之,莱豆和芝麻为非嗜食寄主。此研究为棉田合理的间套方式提供了依据。     

不同豆科寄主植物对蠋蝽生长发育的影响

为比较几种豆科寄主植物对蠋蝽生长发育的影响,本研究测定了蚕豆苗、豌豆苗、菜豆豆角、大豆苗4种豆科寄主植物获得和更换时间,并测定添加4种豆科寄主植物后蠋蝽发育历期、体质量、繁殖力等生物学参数。研究结果表明：添加寄主植物对低龄蠋蝽若虫体质量、成虫性比、单次产卵量、卵孵化率无影响,但菜豆豆角上的蠋蝽单次产卵量为24.13粒、卵孵化率为59.34%均显著低于对照和其他寄主植物。与对照和其他寄主植物相比,蚕豆苗和豌豆苗上蠋蝽若虫发育历期和雌虫产卵前期显著缩短;与对照和其他寄主植物相比,蚕豆苗（83.62%）和豌豆苗（84.36%）上的蠋蝽存活率显著高于对照和其他寄主植物;以蚕豆苗和豌豆苗为寄主时蠋蝽体质量增加最显著。此外,蚕豆苗、豌豆苗获得时间短,使用时间长于大豆苗和菜豆豆角。综上所述,蚕豆苗和豌豆苗可作为室内大量饲养蠋蝽的替代寄主植物。     

大草蛉幼虫人工饲料的研究

用蝇蛆匀浆液、全脂蝇蛆粉、脱脂蝇蛆粉、酵母粉、猪肝分别作为主成分,添加生鸡蛋黄、蔗糖等配成大草蛉幼虫的人工饲料,从二龄开始饲养,以幼虫存活率、羽化率等作为评价指标,通过比较得出,含蝇蛆蛋白饲料饲养效果优于酵母粉和猪肝。3种蝇蛆蛋白饲料中,含脱脂蝇蛆粉的配方实用效果最佳,幼虫存活率达96%,羽化率达58.3%。采用均匀设计法优化饲料配方,用SAS软件进行回归分析,得到饲料中4个主要成分的最佳配比:猪肝2.0g、脱脂蝇蛆粉2.3g、蔗糖0.3g、鸡蛋黄1.7g。     

Tenth international congress of plant protection,Brighton, November 1983

Abstract

Field trials were conducted to control rodent pests of wheat crop by improving bait acceptability through taste enhancers (additives). Egg shell, egg yolk, yeast, minced meat, sheep blood and chicken blood were mixed 2% by weight individually in a bait base of broken rice and wheat flour. Brodifacoum and bromadiolone bait with egg shell additive ranked first, and egg yolk second, in preference over other additive poison baits and poison bait without additive. Poison baiting yielded 93.3% and 86.7% reduction in rodent population with brodifacoum and bromadiolone (0.005% each), respectively. Three baitings, at tillering, flowering and maturity stage of the crop, gave 91.0% tiller damage reduction with brodifacoum and 86.0% with bromadiolone as compared to control (untreated). It is concluded that three poison baitings containing egg shell additive should be initiated at tillering stage followed by flowering and maturity of the wheat crop for increased yield.     

离体培养玉米螟赤眼蜂的初步研究

本文首次报导用人工饲料离体培养 玉米螟赤眼蜂从卵到成虫。饲料组成为柞蚕蛹血淋巴或柞蚕蛹整体匀浆液、蛋黄和牛奶。用此饲料作卵浆制成的人工卵,按1粒卵接6头蜂的比例接蜂,寄生率达90％以上。每一被寄生后出蜂的卵可得成蜂34—37头,其中雌性90％、展翅率95％,出蜂卵率56—63％。文中还讨论了赤眼蜂在人工卵内数最少不能化蛹的原因。     

Effects of plant feeding on the development,survival and reproduction of Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae)

Diets consisting of leaves of cotton and/or water were insufficient to promote the complete development and survival of Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) to the adult stage. However, nymphs fed leaves lived longer than those provided with only water. Addition of Alabama argillacea (Huebner) larvae to the diet of P. nigrispinus added a substantial increment to the survival during the nymphal stage. The addition of cotton leaves to the diet of P. nigrispinus nymphs promoted an increase in the weight of newly eclosed adults, independent of predator sex. In addition, diets supplemented with cotton leaves promoted an increase in the duration of the oviposition period, the number of egg clutches per female, and the number of eggs per female. No effects were noted on either the duration of the pre-oviposition period, the number of eggs of the first clutch, the number of eggs per clutch, the interval between egg clutches, or sex ratio. Feeding on plant material by P. nigrispinus is a potentially positive attribute in biological control against cotton leafworm.     

红彩瑞猎蝽微胶囊人工饲料饲养效果评价

为开展红彩瑞猎蝽的人工规模化繁育, 研制了一种以自然猎物血淋巴为主, 烟草汁液为辅的微胶囊人工饲料, 并对其性状和饲养效果进行了评价, 以面包虫饲养的猎蝽作对照。结果表明, 人工饲料微胶囊成品率73.17%, 含水率92.35%, 综合感官评定86.8分。取食微胶囊的红彩瑞猎蝽若虫发育历期均显著长于对照, 若虫的存活率、体重均显著低于对照, 随龄期的增长与对照差异的显著性逐渐减小;处理组成虫获得率16.7%, 对照68.9%;成虫产卵前期显著长于对照, 但产卵量和卵孵化率无显著差异。猎物斜纹夜蛾幼虫密度为8头/皿时, 微胶囊饲养的红彩瑞猎蝽的捕食量显著低于对照, 但在较低猎物密度时无显著差异。此种人工饲料能基本满足红彩瑞猎蝽的生长发育, 可在一定程度上替代面包虫。     

人工寄主卵中饲料pH值与拟澳洲赤眼蜂寄生和发育的关系

本文报道不同pH值饲料制成人工卵,对拟澳洲赤眼蜂寄生、发育和羽化的影响。用柞蚕蛹血淋巴作卵浆制成人工卵试验的结果:以pH6.7的卵中赤眼蜂产卵最多,每一人工卵中可产蜂卵167.4粒,pH6.45的为139.5粒,pH7.1的为127.5粒。用鸡蛋黄、奶粉、柞蚕蛹匀浆作饲料,制成人工卵繁殖拟澳洲赤眼蜂的结果表明:最适宜的饲料pH值为6.7～6.95,其寄生卵率为89～92％,成蛹率79～80％,每卵出蜂数为26～28头,比用没有调节pH的饲料(pH6.4)繁蜂,分别高10％、25％和30％。     

人工饲料对黄带犀猎蝽生长发育、繁殖及捕食效能的影响

为评价人工饲料饲养对广泛分布于我国南方的黄带犀猎蝽Sycanus bifidus的生长发育、繁殖和控害能力的影响,在室内条件下测定取食不同胶囊人工饲料的黄带犀猎蝽若虫生长发育和繁殖的相关生物学参数,并比较取食斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura胶囊人工饲料和活虫饲料的黄带犀猎蝽3~5龄若虫对斜纹夜蛾3龄幼虫的捕食功能反应和搜寻效应。结果表明,以斜纹夜蛾胶囊人工饲料饲喂的黄带犀猎蝽若虫可完成完整世代并继续繁殖,其成虫获得率为15.0%,若虫总发育历期为107.6 d,雌、雄成虫体重分别为113.8 mg和84.7 mg,产卵前期为31.3 d,单雌产卵量为117.3粒,卵期为24.5 d,卵孵化率为90.8%;而取食胶囊人工饲料内容物为黄粉虫Tenebrio molitor匀浆液和混合匀浆液的黄带犀猎蝽若虫不能完成完整世代。取食斜纹夜蛾胶囊人工饲料和活虫饲料的黄带犀猎蝽3~5龄若虫的捕食功能反应均符合Holling II型和Holling III型功能反应模型,使用斜纹夜蛾胶囊人工饲料饲养的黄带犀猎蝽对猎物的捕食效果和搜寻效应未受到明显影响,表明该人工饲料可用于黄带犀猎蝽的规模化扩繁。     

Effect of host diet on the development of the solitary egg-larval parasitoidChelonus oculator in superparasitizedEphestia kuehniella

Effect of host diet on the development time, mortality and adult size of the solitary koinobiont egg-larval parasitoidChelonus oculator (Panzer) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), was examined in superparasitizedEphestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). The experiment at a tritrophic level was conducted at 25±1°C, 60–70% relative humidity. Eggs ofE. kuehniella were parasitized one, two and three times by the parasitoid, and the hosts containing different numbers of parasitoid eggs were reared in two different host diets. As host diets, a 2:1 mixture of wheat flour and rough wheat bran (HD1) and a 2:1:0.25:0.50:0.25:0.25 mixture of rough wheat bran, corn flour, dry yeast, honey, milk powder, glycerin (HD2) were used. Unlike in the HD1 treatment, development times of the parasitoid were significantly affected by the number of eggs per host in the HD2 treatment. In addition, all development times of the parasitoid in the HD2 treatment were found to be significantly shorter than those of the parasitoid in the HD1 treatment. The mortality of the parasitoid was similar on both host diets, regardless of the number of eggs per host. However, superparasitism decreased the parasitoid eclosion in both host diet treatments. As well as mortality, when the size of the adult parasitoid was not affected by the host diet differences with the same number of eggs per host, superparasitism significantly decreased the size of the parasitoid in both host diet treatments. The findings of this investigation confirm that there is a significant interaction between host diet and the third trophic level, the parasitoid. Thus, effects of host diets at tritrophic levels should be incorporated into models of superparasitism. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting July 22, 2006.     

椰心叶甲人工饲料的研制及应用效果评价

为了获得入侵害虫椰心叶甲Brontispa longissima(Gestro)的人工饲料,在分析其天然寄主叶片水分和营养成分基础上,借鉴其它鞘翅目昆虫人工饲料配方,进行椰心叶甲人工饲料的配制和筛选,并评价人工饲料饲养的椰心叶甲对其寄生蜂椰甲截脉姬小蜂Asecodes hispinarum和椰心叶甲啮小蜂Tetrastichus brontispae的适合性。人工饲料配方的成分:蔗糖4%、椰子粉2%、大豆粉2%、椰树叶粉10%、酵母2%、维生素E 0.3%、抗坏血酸0.2%、对羟基苯甲酸甲酯0.2%、琼脂4%、链霉素0.03%和水75%。用所配制的人工饲料饲养椰心叶甲初孵幼虫,其蛹成活率可达36%,蛹羽化率与对照无显著差异,均在90%以上;雌成虫占52.4%,与对照无显著差异。表明人工饲料饲养所得的椰心叶甲可用于其幼虫寄生蜂椰甲截脉姬小蜂和蛹寄生蜂椰心叶甲啮小蜂的扩繁。