Benzpyrene hydroxylase induction by polycyclic hydrocarbons in hamster embryonic cells grown in vitro

Treatment of hamster embryonic cells with 1,2-benzanthracene for 4 to 48 hours induced a three- to tenfold increase in the activity of benzpyrene hydroxylase. That the increase in enzyme activity was completely prevented by puromycin suggested an induction of enzyme synthesis.     

Nonconversion of o,p'-DDT to p,p'-DDT in rats, sheep, chickens, and quail

The finding of appreciable quantities of p,p'-DDT after feeding o,p'-DDT to rats led to the proposal of a theory, that an isomeric metabolic conversion occurs. The presence of p,p'-DDT as an impurity in supposedly pure samples of o,p'-DDT is the correct explanation for the appearance of p,p'-DDT. Purified o,p'-DDT and (14)C-labeled o,p'-DDT yielded no data to support the idea that o,p'-DDT is converted to the p,p'-DDT isomer.     

Protective action of polycyclic hydrocarbons against induction of adrenal necrosis by dimethylbenzanthracene

Treatment of rats with certain polycyclic hydrocarbons shifts the hydroxylation of dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA) by liver microsomes from the side-chain to the ring. Protection by these hydrocarbons against dimethylbenzanthracene-induced adrenal necrosis is possibly achieved by decreasing the yield of the 7-hydroxymethyl derivative of dimethylbenzanthracene which may act as the necrotic agent by virtue of its strutctural resemblance to the adrenocortical steroids.     

Avian thyroid: effect of p,p'-DDT on size and activity

Feeding sublethal amounts of p,p'-DDT to pigeons caused an increase in thyroid weight and a reduction in colloid content of the follicles. This may reflect a hyper- or hypo-functioning gland and may be cotnnected with recent reductions in egg shell weights in wild birds. The effect was accompanied by increased liver weight.     

p,p'-DDT: effect on calcium metabolism and concentration of estradiol in the blood

Ringdoves given 10 parts per million p,p'-DDT showed a decrease of estradiol in the blood early in the breeding cycle and egg-laying was delayed. There was also a decrease in deposition of medullary calcium and in eggshell weight. Injection of p,p'-DDE (150 milligrams per kilogram of body weight) caused reduction of eggshell weight and inhibition of carbonic anhydrase in the oviduct.     

丝瓜络固定化微生物对土壤多环芳烃吸附-降解作用

以假单胞菌(Pseudomonas sp.SDR4,简称S4)、毛霉真菌(Mucormucedo sp.SDR1,简称S1)为研究对象,采用微生物固定化技术,研究了其对土壤多环芳烃的吸附和降解动力学,并探讨了固定化微生物对土壤多环芳烃的吸附机理及吸附降解关系。结果表明:试验60 d,改性丝瓜络(CK)、死体固定化S1(S1-D)、死体固定化S4(S4-D)、死体固定化S1与S4混合菌(S1+S4-D)对菲(Phe)的动态平衡吸附量分别为5.28、6.82、5.73、7.46μg,对芘(Pyr)的动态平衡吸附量分别为4.17、4.72、4.53、5.00μg,死体固定化微生物对Phe与Pyr的吸附过程均服从于准二级动力学;活体真菌S1、细菌S4、混合菌S1+S4对Phe的动态吸附量分别为2.32、2.01、2.76μg,对Pyr的动态吸附量分别为2.79、2.41、3.14μg,活体固定化微生物对土壤中Phe与Pyr的准一级动力学与准二级动力学拟合结果R2相差较小;S1、S4、S1+S4对Phe的降解率分别为54.34%、61.45%、64.23%,对Pyr的降解率分别为38.42%、35.02%、42.43%;经S1、S4、S1+S4处理后,Phe的降解半衰期分别为38.88、29.41、25.63 d,Pyr的降解半衰期分别为64.76、69.02、59.28 d。研究表明,化学作用是控制丝瓜络固定化微生物对多环芳烃吸附速率的主要因素;提高微生物的降解能力能增加对土壤中PAHs迁移的影响;混合菌中真菌与细菌存在协同作用,能提高Phe与Pyr的降解效率。     

Phenotypic expression of transformation: induction in cell culture by a phorbol ester

A biologically potent, tumor-promoting phorbol ester from Croton tiglium L. induces the appearance of transformed clones in a population of contact-inhibited fibroblasts of the mouse cell line 3T3. Mixed populations of cells with 10,000 3T3 cells and 100 virus-transformed cells were exposed to the phorbol ester and, in comparison with untreated cells, showed a marked increase in the numbers of transformed clones that grew. Exposure of 3T3 cultures to the carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene alone or prior to exposure to the phorbol ester did not cause any increase in the number of transformed clones.     

Tyrosine transaminase induction by dexamethasone in a new rat liver cell line

A cell line derived from normal, adult rat liver has been established; the cells are similar to hepatocytes, as shown by electron microscopy. The addition of dexamethasone to the culture medium induced a three- to sixfold increase in the specific activity of tyrosine alpha-ketoglutarate transaminase; this increase was inhibited by the simultaneous addition of cycloheximide or actinomycin D. The latter, when added to cells given prior treatment with dexamethasone, further enhanced the transaminase activity. Contact-inhibited cells showed a lower response to dexamethasone than exponentially growing cells.     

香花槐愈伤组织的诱导与细胞悬浮培养技术

香花槐是集绿化、固土、饲料等于一体的多用途林木,其细胞培养则是充分利用该树种优良特性的生物工程技术基础.该文以香花槐叶片为外植体,研究愈伤组织诱导和细胞悬浮培养的技术体系.结果表明,愈伤组织诱导最适培养基为MS + 6-BA 0.5 mg/L + NAA 0.5 mg/L + 蔗糖30 g/L.愈伤组织生长符合S型曲线,在固体培养基上,培养7 d进入指数生长期,到28 d,愈伤组织鲜重从1.329 3 g增长到10.763 7 g.悬浮培养的细胞,最大生长量为鲜重8.496 g或干重0.474 g.S型生长曲线分析表明,细胞生长迟滞期为3-6 d,最大生长量为14.6 g.      

Glucagon, starvation, and the induction of liver enzymes by hydrocortisone

Glucagon selectively potentiates an effect of hydrocortisone: when injected into adrenalectoinized rats it increases fourfold the induction by hydrocortisone of tyrosine transaminase, but not of tryptophan pyrrolase. Glucagon alone doubles the basal level of tyrosine transaminase and decreases that of tryptophan pyrrolase. The effects of glucagon on both enzymes resemble those of starvation.     

UV irradiation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ices: production of alcohols, quinones, and ethers

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water ice were exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation under astrophysical conditions, and the products were analyzed by infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Peripheral carbon atoms were oxidized, producing aromatic alcohols, ketones, and ethers, and reduced, producing partially hydrogenated aromatic hydrocarbons, molecules that account for the interstellar 3.4-micrometer emission feature. These classes of compounds are all present in carbonaceous meteorites. Hydrogen and deuterium atoms exchange readily between the PAHs and the ice, which may explain the deuterium enrichments found in certain meteoritic molecules. This work has important implications for extraterrestrial organics in biogenesis.     

泡沫阻断协同氧化修复土壤中四氯乙烯和多环芳烃

研究了不同发泡剂(AC-645或蛋白类发泡剂)产生的泡沫对四氯乙烯挥发的阻断效果,以及发泡剂与氧化剂耦合后产生的泡沫对土壤中多环芳烃的氧化去除效果。结果表明,本研究所用泡沫材料既可以抑制四氯乙烯的挥发逸散,又可以氧化去除土壤中的多环芳烃,其中以AC-645发泡材料对四氯乙烯挥发的阻断效果最优,在3 h内对四氯乙烯的阻断效果可维持在95.0%左右,反应24 h后对土壤中多环芳烃的去除率在80.0%以上。混料均匀设计试验发现,最优配比下发泡剂(AC-645)、氧化剂和水的质量分数分别为29.4%、1.2%、69.4%,该配比的泡沫耦合氧化剂修复材料产生的泡沫在30 min时对四氯乙烯的阻断率为94.5%,反应24 h后对土壤中多环芳烃的去除率在87.8%。在最优点处进行验证试验,验证值与预测值的相对偏差为0.11%,表明模型预测准确。     

Interstellar polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and carbon in interplanetary dust particles and meteorites

Both interplanetary dust particles (IDP(s)) and meteorites may contain material that is similar to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAH(s)). The Raman spectra of IDP(s) and meteorites show features that are similar in position and relative strength to interstellar infrared emission features that have been attributed to vibrational transitions in free, molecular-sized PAH(s). The Raman spectra of some IDP(s) also show red photoluminescence that is similar to the excess red emission seen in some astronomical objects and that has also been attributed to PAH(s) and hydrogenated amorphous carbon. Moreover, a part of the carbonaceous phase in IDP(s) and meteorites contains deuterium to hydrogen ratios that are greater than those for terrestrial samples. Deuterium enrichment is expected in small free PAH(s) that are exposed to ultraviolet radiation in the interstellar medium. Taken together, these observations suggest that some of the carbonaceous material in IDP(s) and meteorites may have been produced in circumstellar dust shells and only slightly modified in interstellar space.     

海巴戟天愈伤组织诱导及细胞悬浮培养试验

以海巴戟天叶脉作为外植体,在B5 培养基上诱导出淡黄色、疏松愈伤组织,通过增殖后接种到液体培 养基中,建立细胞悬浮培养体系,并对影响细胞悬浮培养的培养基种类、接种量、pH 值、蔗糖含量等因素进行了研 究。结果表明院B5 + 1 mg/L 2,4-D + 0.1 mg/L 6-BA 能诱导出淡黄色、质地疏松的愈伤组织;较佳愈伤组织增殖培养 基为B5 + 2 mg/L NAA + 0.2 mg/L KT;细胞在B5 + 2 mg/L NAA + 0.2 mg/L KT 培养基中悬浮培养,接种量60 g/L（细 胞鲜重）、蔗糖4%、pH 值5.8、100 r/min、27益下暗培养,海巴戟天悬浮细胞比生长速率为0.0836 d-1,总蒽醌含量 367.8 mg/L,培养周期27~30 d。     

Genetic aspects of increase in rat liver aldehyde dehydrogenase induced by phenobarbital

In the supernatant fraction of homogenized rat liver, the activity of aldehyde dehydrogenase that is dependent on nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (E.C. 1.2.1.3) is increased up to tenfold after administration of phenobarbital for 3 days. The effect is genetically controlled and is inherited as an autosomal dominant characteristic. The mechanism is apparently unrelated to other druginduced increases in enzyme activity such as that which occurs in the hepatic microsomal systems for drug metabolism.     

p，p′-DDT在黄河兰州段沉积物上的吸附/解吸特性及影响因素研究

采用批量平衡实验,研究了黄河兰州段沉积物对p,p′-DDT的吸附/解吸特性,并考察了环境因素温度、pH值、沉积物粒度等对吸附的影响。结果表明,p,p′-DDT在黄河兰州段沉积物上的吸附在24h内可以充分达到平衡。吸附过程是非线性的,Freundlich模型可以较好地描述吸附行为,分配作用和表面吸附作用同时存在;解吸过程存在明显滞后性,即解吸要比吸附困难。正交结果表明吸附质浓度和吸附剂浓度对p,p′-DDT在沉积物上的吸附量有显著影响,而温度、pH值、有机质含量、沉积物粒度影响不显著。     

浙江省农田土壤多环芳烃污染及风险评价

为探究浙江省农田土壤中16种优控多环芳烃(Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs)含量、来源及生态和健康风险,用网格布点法采集了62个农田土壤样品并进行实验分析。结果表明,∑PAHs浓度范围为34.04～1 990.38 ng·g~(-1),污染物以高环类PAHs为主,研究区域内所有土样苯并[a]芘(BaP)浓度均未超过我国新颁布的《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》(GB 15618—2018)中的风险筛选值。采用比值法及主成分分析研究其环境来源,结果显示主要来自于交通污染、煤炭和薪柴燃烧。内梅罗综合污染指数法评价结果表明,研究区有87.10%的样点存在生态风险。毒性当量因子风险评价法分析结果显示,PAHs的毒性当量浓度范围为1.53～268.27 ng·g~(-1),7种致癌PAHs为污染主体,平均占比高达99.18%。暴露量估算结果显示,经口摄入是PAHs致癌风险最高的暴露途径。健康风险评价显示,土壤中PAHs暴露暂时不会对人群产生明显的非致癌风险,但儿童的综合致癌风险已超过可接受范围,需引起重视。     

多毛类动物对多环芳烃的毒性响应及代谢研究进展

多环芳烃可富集在水生生物体内,进而通过食物链的放大作用危害人类,多毛类动物是已知能够蓄积大量多环芳烃的物种,有关多毛类动物解毒代谢酶与抗氧化酶的活性及其基因表达水平作为多环芳烃监测指标的研究已有大量报道,但有关多毛类动物如何代谢蓄积在体内多环芳烃的基础理论研究目前尚处于初步阶段。本研究中,综述了近年来国内外有关多毛类动物对多环芳烃的毒性响应及代谢研究,多毛类动物对多环芳烃的代谢类似于脊椎动物,分为两个阶段,参与第一阶段代谢的酶主要是细胞色素P450酶家族,而尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖醛酸转移酶和磺基转移酶被认为是第二阶段代谢过程中起主导作用的酶类,针对目前研究中存在的问题,提出今后应加强多毛类动物对复合多环芳烃以及低剂量多环芳烃长期暴露的毒性响应研究,同时增强对不同多环芳烃的代谢研究。     

多毛类动物对多环芳烃的毒性响应及代谢研究进展

多环芳烃可富集在水生生物体内,进而通过食物链的放大作用危害人类,多毛类动物是已知能够蓄积大量多环芳烃的物种,有关多毛类动物解毒代谢酶与抗氧化酶的活性及其基因表达水平作为多环芳烃监测指标的研究已有大量报道,但有关多毛类动物如何代谢蓄积在体内多环芳烃的基础理论研究目前尚处于初步阶段。本研究中,综述了近年来国内外有关多毛类动物对多环芳烃的毒性响应及代谢研究,多毛类动物对多环芳烃的代谢类似于脊椎动物,分为两个阶段,参与第一阶段代谢的酶主要是细胞色素P450酶家族,而尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖醛酸转移酶和磺基转移酶被认为是第二阶段代谢过程中起主导作用的酶类,针对目前研究中存在的问题,提出今后应加强多毛类动物对复合多环芳烃以及低剂量多环芳烃长期暴露的毒性响应研究,同时增强对不同多环芳烃的代谢研究。