不同轮作制度对定西地区农田杂草群落的影响

为探讨不同轮作制度对定西地区农田杂草群落的影响,采用倒置"W"九点取样法,调查了定西地区7种不同轮作制度下田间杂草的种类、数量、地上生物量等。在试验田发现11个科共15种杂草;从杂草发生密度、地上生物量上看,苦苣菜、藜是农田优势杂草,防除的目的杂草;不同轮作田的杂草群落由优势杂草组成;从不同轮作田杂草群落的物种多样性来看,马铃薯胡麻轮作马铃薯小麦轮作胡麻小麦轮作胡麻连作小麦胡麻轮作小麦马铃薯轮作胡麻马铃薯轮作;对不同轮作田杂草群落进行聚类,可分为四类。通过对不同轮作田中杂草的密度、地上生物量和综合优势度比的综合分析,可以看出胡麻连作、小麦胡麻轮作、马铃薯胡麻轮作、小麦马铃薯轮作中杂草的危害性较大。马铃薯小麦轮作、胡麻小麦轮作和胡麻马铃薯轮作对杂草有一定的控制作用。     

黄淮海地区稻茬小麦田杂草组成及群落特征

为明确黄淮海地区稻茬小麦田杂草组成及群落特征,采用倒置W型九点取样法对黄淮海地区稻茬小麦田杂草进行了调查,并进行了区域聚类分析。调查结果表明:从杂草种类来看,黄淮海地区稻茬小麦田杂草共有49种,隶属于17科45属,其中禾本科、菊科、十字花科和石竹科种类最多,分别有10、8、7和6种;从杂草优势度来看,优势杂草有7种,分别为看麦娘Alopecurus aequalis、硬草Sclerochloa kengiana、猪殃殃Galium aparine、牛繁缕Malachium aquaticum、稻槎菜Lapsana apogonoides、荠菜Capsella bursa-pastoris、日本看麦娘A. japonicus,区域性优势杂草有6种,分别为野老鹳草Geranium carolinianum、碎米芥Cardamine hirsuta、大巢菜Vicia gigantea、通泉草Mazus japonicus、菵草Beckmannia syzigachne、委陵菜Potentilla chinensis,这13种杂草是构成黄淮海地区稻茬小麦田的主要杂草,此外还分布有一般性杂草36种;从杂草区域分布来看,江苏省北部稻麦轮作区小麦田物种丰富度最高,有40种,明显高于其它稻麦轮作区小麦田,香农指数和均匀度指数也以该区域最高,分别为2.63和0.71,辛普森指数则以山东省临沂库灌稻麦区最高,为0.27。聚类分析结果表明,黄淮海地区稻茬小麦田杂草群落可以划分为4组,河南省南部稻麦轮作区和山东省临沂库灌稻麦轮作区杂草群落结构相似构成1组,河南省北部沿黄稻麦轮作区和山东省沿黄稻麦轮作区杂草群落结构相似构成1组;江苏省北部稻麦轮作区和山东省济宁滨湖稻麦轮作区各自单独成组。     

北疆连作棉田轮作倒茬模式的研究

于2007~2008年在多年连作的棉田上进行不同茬口轮作倒茬试验,以研究不同茬口对连作棉田土壤肥力及棉花生长的影响,从而筛选出适应棉田轮作倒茬的最佳种植模式。研究结果表明:不同作物茬口的土壤有机质、速效养分含量及棉花产量均高于连作棉田,其中加工番茄茬口对土壤的培肥效果总体表现最好;不同茬口的棉花产量表现为小麦-大豆→棉花加工番茄→棉花玉米//大豆→棉花小麦→棉花玉米→棉花CK。小麦-大豆或加工番茄可作为长期连作棉田的良好前茬。     

杂交籼稻与小麦轮作区麦田杂草发生特点及其化除技术

多年田间普查与系统调查结果显示,在单季籼型杂交稻与小麦轮作麦区,麦田杂草发生与其他种植方式的麦区有着不同的特点:水稻让茬早,播前杂草密度大;禾本科杂草为优势种群,主要是日本看麦娘与菵草;杂草出苗早,出苗高峰在秋、冬季;杂草群体大,危害重。根据杂草发生特点、气候特点及当地小麦生产的实际情况,建立了播前灭茬、播后苗前土壤封闭、秋季苗期茎叶处理、早春补除的全程化除技术模式。     

不同茬口条件下的作物根渗出物对大豆胞囊线虫(Heterodera glycines)卵孵化影响

 取北方5种作物轮作茬口和休闲土壤种植火豆、玉米、小麦、亚麻和甜菜,出苗后22 d制备作物的根渗出物,观察其对大豆胞囊线虫卯孵化的影响。试验表明,麦豆麦迎茬的甜菜根渗出物在后期大豆胞囊线虫(SCN)的卵孵化率最高,豆麦米轮作茬的大豆根渗出物9 d后SCN的卵孵化率明显高于其它作物,米豆米茬口的玉米根渗出物SCN的卵孵化率较高,豆麦豆迎茬甜菜根渗出物SCN的卵孵化率明显高于所有供试作物,12年大豆连作茬甜菜从一开始卵孵化率就高于对照和其它4种作物,休闲区的5种作物根渗出物也有对SCN卵孵化的刺激作用。     

江苏大丰棉田无草害工程实施与应用技术

棉田草害是制约棉花生产的一个重要因子。近年来在明确棉田杂草种类、群落、消长规律的同时,推行了无草害工程实施技术,取得了显著的经济和社会效益。一、棉田杂草概况我市棉花种植分为稻棉轮作区和旱作物连作棉区,自然形成两大区域草相。本地系统调查杂草共有１７科,...     

360g／L吡氟·氟噻·呋草酮悬浮剂对冬小麦田杂草的防除效果及对后茬作物的安全性

为明确360g／L吡氟·氟噻·呋草酮悬浮剂在小麦田的应用前景,采用田间小区试验方法,观察其对小麦田主要杂草的控制作用和对小麦及后茬作物玉米、大豆、花生的安全性。结果表明：360g／L吡氟·氟噻·呋草酮悬浮剂对小麦田主要杂草猪殃殃、蔺草、硬草、播娘蒿等一年生杂草均有好的防除效果,随用药量的增加防效逐渐提高;药后180d株防效和鲜重防效均在90％以上,优于异丙隆常规剂量处理,显著提高了小麦的产量;药后226d的土壤残留对后茬作物玉米、大豆、花生安全,对其苗期生长及产量无不良影响。     

因地制宜选药防除油菜田杂草

防除油菜田杂草,应根据油菜的播栽方式及田间杂草发生特点,重点在秋冬季选用合适的除草剂进行防除。主要杂草种类江苏省油菜田杂草发生种类与麦田基本相同,根据前茬作物的类型可分为旱茬和稻茬2类。旱茬油菜田主要杂草有早熟禾、野燕麦、猪殃殃、麦仁珠、婆婆纳、小藜、播娘蒿、荠菜、遏蓝菜、萹蓄、麦瓶草、刺儿菜、小旋花等,     

南繁区大豆田杂草分布与防治

经对海南省南繁区陵水、三亚、乐东9地块的大豆田间杂草调查统计,发现杂草18科,共32种。各个科之间相对多度比较结果显示,最高的是菊科50.48%,其次是禾本科47.83%、茜草科41.63%、莎草科33.99%。杂草种群中优势杂草为香附子、墨苜蓿和牛筋草,田间密度达到38株/m~2以上,亚优势杂草种类为臭矢菜、鳢肠、马齿苋、刺苞果、虎掌藤、假臭草、少花龙葵。苗前可选用金都尔,苗后根据优势杂草种类选择合理的化学除草剂可以起到节本增效的作用,保障南繁育制种工作的可持续发展。     

苏北沿海大豆田杂草的发生及防除

我市大豆种植面积不断扩大,草害问题也日益突出,一般造成大豆减产１０％～２０％,严重者形成草荒,减产达９０％以上。为此笔者对全市大豆田杂草及防除技术进行了调查和研究,现汇报如下：一、杂草的优势种及分布概况由于受土壤理化性质、水系配套情况、种植习惯等因素的影响,我市种植布局为西部稻棉轮作区、东部旱粮区,因此大豆田草相也具有明显的区域性特征。马唐是大豆田主要恶性杂草,遍及所有田块。西部稻棉轮作区优势种除马唐外,尚有鳢肠、稗草等。东部旱粮区优势种仍主要为马唐,其他有铁苋菜等。局部地区优势种还有菟丝子、苣…     

玉米与不同植物间作对田间杂草群落动态变化的影响

2008年和2009年对玉米苗期-拔节期、喇叭口期-授粉期、成熟期田间杂草群落的密度、生物量和多样性进行监测。结果显示,玉米与向日葵、苜蓿、甘薯、花生间作系统中,玉米-向日葵间作模式能明显降低田间杂草总密度和生物量,但抑制效果随着玉米的生长,越到后期效果越不明显,第二年的抑制效果也明显弱于第一年。2008年,玉米-向日葵间作处理杂草总密度在苗期-拔节期、喇叭口期-授粉期、成熟期分别是对照的44.46%、43.64%和76.23%,总干重分别是对照的12.65%、20.77%和58.14%;2009年,总密度在各时期分别是对照的78.33%、81.19%和88.26%,总干重分别是对照的52.99%、88.28%和83.55%。此外,玉米-向日葵间作还能提高成熟期田间杂草的生物多样性,2008年多样性指数是对照的1.15倍,2009年是对照的1.13倍。玉米与苜蓿、甘薯、花生间作模式与对照相比不能降低甚至还增加了田间杂草的发生与危害,但均比对照提高了杂草的生物多样性。初步表明,玉米与向日葵间作,既能增加农田生态系统的多样性,又有一定的控制杂草效果。     

Impacts of cropping system and management practices on the assembly of weed communities

Understanding how weed communities assemble as a function of biotic and abiotic filters and transform through time has important implications for the sustainable management of agronomic systems. In a three‐year study, we evaluated weed community responses to lucerne (Medicago sativa, perennial) vs. continuous spring wheat (Triticum aestivum, annual, CSW) and weed management practices where weeds in the CSW system were managed with three contrasting approaches (herbicide, tillage or sheep grazing). Our results indicated no differences in weed diversity between the perennial and annual crops or across the different management practices in CSW. However, there were differences in weed community composition. Lucerne, with the exception of the establishing year, impeded the growth and reproduction of several annual weeds, including Amaranthus retroflexus, Thlaspi arvense, Lamium amplexicaule and Chenopodium album, but favoured perennial broad‐leaved weeds such as Taraxacum officinale and Cirsium arvense. The replacement of herbicide treatments in pre‐plant and post‐harvest in CSW with soil tillage or sheep grazing selected for different weed communities beyond the second year of establishment. The weed species driving the differences in CSW systems were Androsace occidentalis, more common in CSW managed chemically; Asperugo procumbens, more common in CSW managed with tillage; and T. officinale and Lactuca serriola, more common in CSW managed with sheep grazing. Understanding how cropping systems modify weed communities is a necessary step to shift from reactive weed control programmes to predictive management strategies.     

新疆核桃-小麦间作麦田杂草组成及群落特征

为明确新疆核桃与小麦间作对麦田杂草种类及群落结构的影响,于2012—2017年对新疆南疆核桃-小麦间作、单作麦田杂草发生情况进行了调查。结果表明,南疆麦区杂草有39种,隶属14科33属,其中以菊科、禾本科、藜科为主;优势杂草有9种,分别是灰绿藜Chenopodium glaucum L.、稗草Echinochloa crusgalli(L.)Beauv.、播娘蒿Descurainia sophia(L.)Schur.、扁蓄Polygonum aviculare L.、硬草Sclerochloa kengiana L.、田旋花Convolvulus arvensis L.、离蕊芥Malcolmia africana(L.)R. Br.、小蓟Cephalanoplos segetum(Bunge.)Kitam.、苣荬菜Sonchus brachyotus DC.;与小麦单作田相比,核桃-小麦间作麦田杂草物种丰富度及Shannon-Wiener指数较高,2017年物种丰富度最高达27种,代表杂草优势集中性的Simpson指数则是小麦单作田高于核桃-小麦间作麦田,2013年高达0.32;核桃-小麦间作有利于麦田播娘蒿、苣荬菜和离蕊芥发生,但不利于萹蓄发生,其它5种优势杂草在间作和单作麦田的发生密度无显著差异。     

小麦田不同杂草群落及防除时间对小麦产量的影响

为明确小麦田不同杂草群落及防除时间对小麦产量的影响,于2013—2015连续两年在山东省聊城市高唐县小麦田中设无草对照区、禾本科杂草区、阔叶杂草区以及混合杂草自然发生区4种不同杂草群落以及不同的杂草防除时间,测定在不同条件下小麦产量及各项产量构成指标的情况。结果表明,阔叶杂草对小麦产量的影响大于禾本科杂草,冬小麦田杂草的最佳防除时间为4月1日之前,在此期间除草对小麦产量影响均不大,但之后防除或不除草会造成小麦严重减产甚至绝产,2014年4月15日除草可造成在阔叶杂草区和杂草混合生长区的小麦减产30.5%和32.6%,不除草可造成在禾本科杂草区、阔叶杂草区和杂草混生区的小麦减产8.6%、91.4%和94.3%,2015年趋势和2014年一致。从构成小麦产量的3个指标来看,杂草危害主要影响小麦的总穗数,其次为穗粒数,对千粒重影响最小。     

Image-based weed recognition and control: Can it select for crop mimicry?

As highly adaptable plants, weeds have evolved numerous mechanisms to evade control in agroecosystems. For example, reliance on herbicides has resulted in widespread evolution of resistance in many species. Minimising weed adaptation is a major driver for integrated weed management strategies. Crop mimicry is a notable example of weed adaptation, where weed species evolve to avoid control by mimicking aspects of the crop phenotype. Visual selection by hand weeding has been documented to select for crop mimics that are difficult to distinguish from the crop at the vegetative stage. With recent advancements in weed recognition technologies, image-based weed recognition for in-crop, site-specific weed control is on the cusp of becoming widely adopted. Whilst the control methods used in site-specific weed control will be varied (e.g., spot spraying or lasers), they will share weed recognition technology. Visual selection via image-based deep learning represents a selection pressure for weeds that can evade detection by mimicking crops. This mimicry may reduce weed recognition accuracy and thus weed control efficacy over time and result in difficult to manage mimetic weed phenotypes. Therefore, it is timely to explore the potential for selection of crop mimics by image-based weed recognition algorithms.     

Weed suppression ability of three winter wheat varieties at different row spacing under organic farming conditions

For three seasons, six field trials were conducted in winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) at different sites in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The aim was to evaluate the performance of three varieties, which differ in their shading behaviour, in suppressing weeds under organic farming (Ökologischer Landbau) conditions and grown at three row spacings. The experimental factors were cultivar, row width and row orientation. Key parameters of crop and weed development, including ground cover and biomass, were assessed at different growth stages and analysed with anova . Growth of the site-specific weed vegetation was significantly affected in five of six trials. Weed growth was reduced by cvs Astron and Pegassos compared with cv. Greif, and was lower at 12 cm compared with 24 cm row spacing. No effect of row orientation (East-West, North-South) on weed growth was observed. The more competitive cultivars Astron and Pegassos were taller than the less competitive cv. Greif and had higher ground cover and light interception, presumably induced by planophile leaf inclination and partly, in the case of cv. Astron, because of higher leaf area index (LAI). Narrow row spacing (12 cm), resulting in a more even spatial plant distribution, increased crop ground cover, LAI, dry matter and light interception. In two trials, the variety with planophile leaf inclination performed better at wider row spacing, suggesting that planophile wheat cultivars may be advantageous in wider row stands.     

Integrated weed management: Quo vadis?

The different components of Integrated Weed Management (IWM), such as crop selection, crop husbandry, plant nutrition, crop protection, farm hygiene, and the site-specific conditions, all are factors having an influence on the successful adoption of the basic IWM concept. Farmers' field activities, directly or indirectly, affect germination and development of weeds as well as weed population dynamics. However, also important non-agronomic parameters indirectly affect weed management. They include farm structure, farmers' personal targets and preferences, the provision and communication of technical know-how, economics, but also demands from society and in the area of ecology. In the light of the many additional important influences and interactions, rather than thinking in terms of IWM, it seems appropriate to view crop production as a whole process, probably best defined as Integrated Crop Management (ICM). Boiling down the mass of information and outlining a rational, straightforward, easy-to-apply and cheap approach for the site-specific weed management is needed for the successful implementation of IWM principles within the framework of ICM.     

Influence of sowing density and spatial pattern of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) on the suppression of different weed species

To better understand the potential for improving weed management in cereal crops with increased crop density and spatial uniformity, we conducted field experiments over two years with spring wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) and four weed species: lambsquarters ( Chenopodium album ) , Italian ryegrass ( Lolium multiflorum ), white mustard ( Sinapis alba ), and chickweed ( Stellaria media ). The crops were sown at three densities (204, 449, and 721 seeds m⁻²) and in two spatial patterns (normal rows and a highly uniform pattern), and the weeds were sown in a random pattern at a high density. In most cases, the sown weeds dominated the weed community but, in other cases, naturally occurring weeds were also important. There were strong and significant effects regarding the weed species sown, the crop density, and the spatial distribution on the weed biomass in both years. The weed biomass decreased with increased crop density in 29 out of 30 cases. On average, the weed biomass was lower and the grain yield was higher in the uniform compared to the row pattern in both 2001 and 2002. Despite the differences in weed biomass, the responses of L. multiflorum , S. media , and C. album populations to crop density and spatial uniformity were very similar, as were their effects on the grain yield. Sinapis alba was by far the strongest competitor and it responded somewhat differently. Our results suggest that a combination of increased crop density and a more uniform spatial pattern can contribute to a reduction in weed biomass and yield loss, but the effects are smaller if the weeds are taller than the crop when crop–weed competition becomes intense.     

Site-specific weed control technologies

Site-specific weed control technologies are defined as machinery or equipment embedded with technologies that detect weeds growing in a crop and, taking into account predefined factors such as economics, take action to maximise the chances of successfully controlling them. In this study, we describe the basic parts of site-specific weed control technologies, comprising weed sensing systems, weed management models and precision weed control implements. A review of state-of-the-art technologies shows that several weed sensing systems and precision implements have been developed over the last two decades, although barriers prevent their breakthrough. Most important among these is the lack of a truly robust weed recognition method, owing to mutual shading among plants and limitations in the capacity of highly accurate spraying and weeding apparatus. Another barrier is the lack of knowledge about the economic and environmental potential for increasing the resolution of weed control. The integration of site-specific information on weed distribution, weed species composition and density and the effect on crop yield, is decisive for successful site-specific weed management.     

我国小麦田禾本科杂草对精噁唑禾草灵的抗药性研究进展

小麦是我国主要的粮食作物, 麦田草害的发生与危害严重影响小麦的产量与品质。我国小麦田的禾本科杂草主要包括日本看麦娘、看麦娘、菵草和多花黑麦草等, 田间杂草防除主要依靠化学除草剂。精噁唑禾草灵自20世纪80年代进入我国市场以来, 长期用于小麦田禾本科杂草防除, 已经报道麦田多种禾本科杂草对精噁唑禾草灵产生了高水平抗药性。为更加科学合理地控制小麦田杂草的发生与危害, 一些学者就麦田禾本科杂草对精噁唑禾草灵的抗药性水平监测和抗性机理进行了系统研究。本文系统总结了我国小麦田抗精噁唑禾草灵杂草的发生种群、抗性水平、靶标酶抗性机理与非靶标抗性机理, 还梳理了抗性杂草的交互抗性与多抗性发生情况, 分析了我国在抗性杂草治理方面的经验以及面临的问题, 为农田杂草防除提供指导。