辐射吊顶空调系统中结露特性的数值研究

采用Fluent数值模拟的研究方法,对辐射吊顶空调房间内贴附层的湿量分布情况在不同湿源位置和湿源散湿强度下进行了对比分析研究,研究了湿源位置和散湿强度对辐射板结露时间的影响。结果表明:在系统稳定阶段,湿源上方的辐射板比其他位置处的辐射板早发生结露现象,平均提前5min左右;湿源的散湿强度会影响各辐射板的结露时间,当增加一个成年男子轻度劳动时的散湿量时,结露时间大约提前8min。     

浅谈室内山墙窗口圈梁构造柱防结露措施

本文论述了室内山墙、窗口、圈梁、构造拄、结露的产生原因及预防措施。     

浅析冬季室内墙体结露、发霉及防治

为了更好的解决冬季室内墙体结露和发霉的质量通病,详细地介绍了从设计到施工、使用等方面加以控制和防治的方法。     

浅析冬季室内墙体结露、发霉及防治

本文作者为了更好的解决冬季室内墙体结露和发霉的质量通病,详细地介绍了从设计到施工、使用等多方面加以控制和防治。     

基于渐次目标跟踪的大气候箱防结露控制方法

【目的】针对现行气候箱装置在达到检测条件过程中易出现雾和结露现象,从而导致甲醛释放量检测结果不准确的问题,提出渐次目标跟踪算法,在大气候箱中进行温湿度控制,使大气候箱满足人造板及其制品甲醛释放量检测的高精度要求。【方法】将控制目标分为若干段,fC_set(t)={fC_set(t 0),fC_set(t 1),…,fC_set(tm-1),fC_set(∞)±ξ,fC_set(∞)},控制算法从初始值开始,分段选择子控制目标和控制参数。当某一控制状态达到设定子目标fC_set(t i)(0≤i≤m)的某一邻域时,控制子目标fC_set(t i)变为下一段控制子目标fC_set(ti+1)。对每段控制采用PID算法,根据不结露的约束条件选择最优比例系数Kp、积分系数Ki和微分系数Kd,使大气候箱内温湿度快速达到检测条件,并确保任意时刻大气候箱内都不会出现雾和结露现象。将控制方法应用于大气候箱,进行板式家具鉴定和检测,在4个季节不同环境条件下进行试验。【结果】1)渐次目标跟踪算法能够在整个测试过程中保持防结露能力,大气候箱内始终没有出现雾和结露现象; 2)大气候箱稳态工作时,温度的最大偏差为0. 1℃,相对湿度的最大偏差为±3%; 3)不同环境条件下大气候箱达到稳定检测条件的时间不同,春季为3. 3 h,夏季为7. 8 h,秋季为3. 8 h,冬季为4. 4 h。【结论】渐次目标控制算法能够使30 m3大气候箱在达到检测条件过程中不出现雾和结露现象,稳态工作精度达温度23±0. 1℃,相对湿度50%±3%,满足国际标准化组织标准ISO 16000-9要求,达到稳态工作时间不超过8 h。     

论加气混凝土砌块的施工及适用性

某工程为三层学生宿舍楼,砖混结构。外墙为490毫米厚红砖,楼层板和楼梯均为整体现浇钢筋混凝土。接建的四、五层楼,内外墙均力250毫米厚的加气混凝土砌块墙体,每层设置圈梁, 接建工程一年后,天棚结露,外墙较普遍结露相发霉。窗台下内外墙皮起鼓,圈梁抹灰脱落。其中卫生间的天棚,墙內抹灰脱落较严重。窗台下及圈梁下的加气混凝土砌块     

寒冷地区墙体结露、发霉的原因分析及防治

为了更好地解决哈尔滨等寒冷地区室内墙体结露和发霉的质量通病，详细地介绍了在设计、施工、使用等方面加以控制和防治的方法。     

关于墙体冷桥及塑钢窗安装质量通病的几项处理方法

作者依据工程实例,就北方地区寒冷季节外墙、外窗的冷桥结露等长期困扰建筑设计人员的问题,提出了几点经济可行的好办法,具有很强的实用性。     

几种防水材料在高寒地区的应用比较

叙述了高寒地区屋面防水所存在的问题，比较了几种常见防水材料在材料特性，施工工艺、工程造价、存在问题诸方面的异同，并对保湿层内结露冻冰问题及漏水斗堵塞问题提出了相应的解决方案。     

玻璃纤维袋式除尘器

玻璃纤维袋式除尘器该除尘器采用耐高温、耐腐蚀、抗结露、粉尘剥离性能好的玻璃纤维滤袋作为过滤介质，对含尘烟气进行过滤，净化空气，回收干料。该除尘器适应性强可以搜集不同化学成分、不同粒径分布的粉尘，能在高温、高湿的工况条件下使用，处理风量可由每小时几百立...     

Effects of nutrition spatial heterogeneity on root traits and carbon usage by roots of Cercis chinensis seedlings in split root rooms

In natural ecosystems, nutrition available for plants shows great spatial heterogeneity. Much is known about plant root responses to the spatial heterogeneity of nutrition, but little is known about carbon usage in roots in nutrition-deficient patches and its effect on root longevity. In this study, split-room boxes were used for culture of Cercis chinensis seedlings, and the small rooms were supplied with different nutrition levels. The number of the first-order roots in the rooms with nutrition supply was significantly higher than that in the rooms with deficient nutrition. Specific root length (SRL) of the first-order roots in the rooms with deficient nutrition reached its peak at day 64 after nutrition treatment. There was no significant SRL differences between the two order roots during the experiment. Biomass of the first-order roots in the rooms without nutrition supply was significantly less than that of the first-order roots in the rooms with nutrition supply from day 64 to 96. The total biomass of the lateral roots in the rooms without nu-trition supply decreased from day 64 to 96. The activities of the enzymes in roots in the rooms without nutrition supply increased and the activities of alkaline invertases in roots in the two sides of split box did not change significantly. The activities of the enzymes in roots in the rooms without nutrition supply increased gradually. These results suggest that nutrition spatial heterogeneity induced the changes in root traits and plants actively controlled carbon usage in roots in nutrition-deficient patches by regulating the activities of invertases and sucrose synthases, resulting in the reduction in carbon usage in the roots in nutrition-deficient patches.     

桤木人工林细根与土壤养分含量季节动态变化

对桤木人工林细根、土壤养分含量的季节变化及其两者之间的关系进行了研究.结果表明:(1)桤木细根中大量元素N、Ca、K、Mg、P含量冬季高,春季最低;微量元素Fe、Mn、Zn、Cu、Pb、Ni、Cd含量冬季最低,春夏季较高.(2)土壤各层中大量元素N、Ca、K、Mg、P含量冬季最低,夏季最高;微量元素Mn、Zn含量在冬季最低,秋季最高;Fe、Ni、Pb、Cu、Cd含量在冬季最高,春秋较低.(3)细根和土壤中大量元素含量在冬季存在负相关关系,微量元素Fe、Ni、Cd含量在一年四季均存在显著负相关关系,Mn、Cu含量在春季、夏季和秋季存在负相关关系,Zn、Pb含量在春季、夏季和秋季存在正相关关系.     

全国杉木家系区域试验研究

湖南省林科院先后于 1984年春、 1989年春两次参加全国杉木家系区域试验。方差分析表明 :提供家系的种子园之间以及种子园内家系之间各主要数量因子存在显著差异。对样本观测值进行标准化变换主成分分析 ,求出遗传综合指数 ,再聚类分析评价 :湖南靖州、江西赣南、广西柳州、贵州东南、福建三明、广东曲江种子园提供的家系生长有明显优势。     

Transverse swelling behavior of hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa) revealed by the replica method

Transverse swelling and its anisotropy in hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa) in several kinds of organic liquids and in water were investigated by means the replica method. There was more cross-sectional swelling of cell walls and cell wall thickness in earlywood than in latewood. Marked swelling toward cell lumens was observed in wood swollen in liquids that had higher swelling potentials than water. This suggests that the swelling of cell walls in these liquids is much greater than the external swelling. Feret's diameters of the cell lumens were reduced by swelling in all the observed cases except in the tangential direction of earlywood, suggesting that cell walls swell to a much less extent in width than in thickness. Deformation of cell shapes caused by the tensile force from the latewood were observed in the earlywood and in the transitional region from earlywood to latewood. When swollen in water, transverse swelling anisotropy caused only by the swelling in cell wall thickness were calculated to be 1.2 for the whole region over an annual ring and 1.4 for the earlywood. These values could not account for the external swelling anisotropy of 2.1. Considering obvious deformations of cell shapes in the earlywood and in the transitional region, we conclude that the interaction between earlywood and latewood is one of the prime factors contributing to the transverse swelling anisotropy of coniferous wood.Part of this report was presented at the 48th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Nagoya, April 1998     

落叶松人工林土壤腐殖物质组分及其对酸度的影响

对落叶松人工纯林不同发育阶段幼龄林、中龄林、近熟林、成熟林及二代幼龄林土壤腐殖物质组分变化及其对酸度的影响进行研究,以次生林和一代幼龄林为对照,比较不同发育阶段落叶松人工林与天然次生林、一代幼龄林与二代幼龄林土壤有机质含量、腐殖物质组分特征的差异.结果表明:落叶松人工林从幼龄林到近熟林根际与非根际土壤有机质含量、胡敏酸含碳量、胡敏素含碳量随林龄的增大而增大;近熟林到成熟林根际与非根际土壤有机质含量、富啡酸含碳量和胡敏素含碳量随着林龄的增大而降低;土壤腐殖化程度(土壤中胡敏酸占全C的百分比)和土壤腐殖质中胡敏酸含碳量与富啡酸含碳量比值(HA/FA)为次生林大于幼龄林和近熟林;二代幼龄林与一代幼龄林相比,根际土壤有机质含量、富啡酸含碳量和胡敏素含碳量分别降低4.53%、35.8%和1.98%,非根际土壤有机质含量、胡敏酸含碳量、富啡酸含碳量和胡敏素含碳量分别提高46.44%、43.69%、47.45%和49.5%;土壤腐殖物质组分与酸度的相关关系随着年龄的变化而变化,并且不同发育阶段根际土壤腐殖物质组分与根际土壤活性酸(pH值)、交换性酸、水解性酸相关性密切.     

Weather and human impacts on forest fires: 100 years of fire history in two climatic regions of Switzerland

Understanding the factors driving past fire regimes is crucial in the context of global change as a basis for predicting future changes. In this study, we aimed to identify the impact of climate and human activities on fire occurrence in the most fire-prone regions of Switzerland. We considered forest fires, land use and meteorological data over the period 1904-2008 in the neighboring mountain cantons (states) of Valais and Ticino, which are characterized by distinct climatic regimes.The presence/absence of fire ignitions was analyzed using the Nesterov ignition index (as a proxy for fire weather), road density (for ignition sources), livestock density (for biomass removal), and change in forest area (for fire-prone abandoned agricultural areas).We found that fire weather played a key role in fire occurrence in both regions. Road and livestock densities had similar influences in the two cantons. However, while the increase in forest area was well correlated with fire occurrence in Ticino, no such correlation was evident in Valais, probably because land abandonment and forest cover change have been less extensive there. Our findings emphasize the non-linear nature of the relationships between fire occurrence and anthropogenic drivers, as we found thresholds above which road density was no longer correlated with fire occurrence. This implies that the projected future increase and spatial concentration of the human population may not result in a further increase in fire risk in intermediately to densely populated areas in both cantons.The driving factors behind fire activity differ slightly in the two cantons, in particular with increasing forest area enhancing fire occurrence in Ticino but not in Valais. These differences should be taken into account when assessing future fire risk, especially in Valais where the potential for an increase in the fire-prone area is still high. Fires are likely to become more frequent in a warmer climate, but future fire activity may develop differently in the two cantons. This should be taken into account when planning optimized fire prevention measures. This case study should help to better understand fire activity in highly populated regions where fire activity is still moderate but might markedly increase under a projected more fire-prone climate.     

西藏色季拉山冷杉树冠营养元素的分布特征

2001年10月15日至25日在色季拉山生态系统定位站原始冷杉林,采用标准地调查取样与实验室分析,测定了其优势树种急尖长苞冷杉林冠的养分,结果表明:1年生叶片养分总含量是多年生叶片的1.12倍;叶片在树冠阳面养分总含量高于阴面;林冠的不同高度叶片的养分含量不同;同一枝条不同部位的叶片在养分含量上也有一些差异.枝条与叶片有着相似的养分含量分布规律,这种一致性说明在养分的分配、积累过程中,枝条和叶片对养分的利用是同步的.     

北京八达岭植物群落多样性特征分析

根据34个样地的调查资料,分析了该地区森林植物群落物种多样性的特征:群落内各层物种丰富度指数的大小为草本层>灌木层>乔木层;多样性指数的大小为乔木层<灌木层和草本层。灌木层与草本层的多样性指数随林分郁闭度变化而变化,在林分郁闭度为25%的侧柏黄栌混交林中,灌木层的多样性指数和丰富度指数小于草本层;在郁闭度53%的杂木林中,灌木层和草本层的多样性指数接近;在郁闭度53%以上的各个群落内,草本层的多样性指数和丰富度指数基本上都大于灌木层。人工林中的物种多样性变化多样,明显低于天然林,林分层次单一,更新不良,缺乏灌木层和地被植物,生态系统很不稳定。     

香榧细小卷蛾生物学特性及防治研究

香榧细小卷蛾Lepteucosma torreyaeWu et Chen是危害香榧的主要害虫之一,在浙江省绍兴市1 a发生2代,以老熟幼虫在枯枝落叶中做茧越冬,翌年2月中旬化蛹,3月上旬成虫羽化并产卵,3月下旬第1代幼虫孵化,5月中旬化蛹,5月下旬成虫羽化,6月上旬产卵,6月中旬第2代幼虫孵化,11月上旬开始越冬。在第2代幼虫期,使用1.8%阿维菌素乳油、5%抑太保乳油、2%阿维苏云制剂、35%吡虫啉乳油及20%杀灭菊酯乳油等5种药剂10个浓度进行喷雾防治试验,施药9 d后,防治效果均达到100%。     

Effect of prevailing monsoons on the distribution of beeches in continental East Asia

Beech trees occur in significantly lower latitudes in continental East Asia than in Europe and North America. They are common deciduous trees in the deciduous forests of the temperate zone in Europe, the eastern part of North America and Japan. In continental East Asia, however, they are absent in the deciduous forests of the temperate zone, but occur in the forests of mountains in the moist subtropical zone, south of 34° Northern Latitude. The lower limits of their distribution in these mountains show a significantly different pattern from the usual distribution pattern of plants and vegetation: it declines as the latitude decreases. The altitudinal belts of beech species lie higher in the northern than in the southern parts of their distribution areas in China. Based on an analysis of the climate and the phenology of these deciduous trees, we show that the prevailing monsoon conditions are the main factor affecting the distribution of the Chinese beech species.