果蔬产后病害生物防治新进展

本文综合评述了果蔬产后病害生物防治的研究进展,主要包括果蔬病害生防的新气候,独特环境,拈抗菌的鉴定和特征,生防制剂的商品化。     

果品采后病害及生物防治研究进展

综述了果品采后病害病症、生防微生物种类、生防机理以及生防方法,并展望了果品采后病害生物防治的应用前景。     

果蔬产后病害生物防治研究进展

产后果蔬贮存条件的可控制性、稳定性及其经济价值,使这些商品病害的生物防治成功率高于大田作物病害的防治。已发现有不少拮抗细菌和真菌可有效地控制挑、柑桔、苹果、葡萄和番茄等的腐烂病,并已批量生产。植物次生代谢物和产后商品抗病性也表现出对产后病害的控制能力。本文对果蔬产后病害生物防治途径、作用机制、方法等方面作了综述。     

番茄内生细菌的分离及拮抗菌株的筛选

生物防治以其安全、高效及无污染等特点已经成为植物病害防治的重要途径。植物内生细菌在植物体内具有稳定的生存空间、不易受外界环境的影响等特点,近年来受到广泛关注[1]。番茄灰霉病和叶霉病是番茄重要病害,多年来一直依赖化学药剂防治。据报道,这两种病害的生防菌株主要是从土壤中分离的,与植物内生细菌相比,这些“外来”微生物在与植物根际土壤中大量习居微生物的竞争中难以占居优势,田间防治效果大多不明显甚至无效。作者从健康番茄植株体内分离内生细菌,筛选出对灰霉病菌和叶霉病菌有拮抗作用的菌株,以期探索新的生物防治途径。1材料…     

果蔬产后病害生物防治研究进展

产后果蔬贮存条件的可控制性，稳定性及其经济价值，使这些商品病害的生物防治成功率高于大田作物病害的防治。已发现有不少拮抗细菌和真菌可有效地控制桃，柑桔，苹果，葡萄和番茄等的腐料病，并已批量生产。植物次生代谢物和产后商品抗病性也表现对产后病害的控制能力。本文对果蔬产后病害生物防治途径，作用机制，方法等方面作了综述。     

一株对西红花种球腐烂病有生防效果的蜂房类芽胞杆菌

西红花Crocus sativusL.是一种名贵中药材,西红花种球腐烂病是制约西红花生产的土传病害.本实验室前期研究表明,浙江省建德地区的室内和大田西红花种球腐烂病主要由尖孢镰刀菌Fusarium oxysporum引起.目前,国内防治该病害的主要措施是使用化学杀菌剂,但效果不理想,而且造成病菌的抗药性不断增强,使生态环境污染和农药残留愈加严重.生物防治因其对环境友好和可持续性等优势越来越受到青睐,但至今国内外尚未见有关西红花种球腐烂病生物防治的报道,本研究从腐烂的西红花种球及土壤中分离到大批的拮抗菌株[1],发现其中的一株革兰氏阳性菌ZJUB2011-1菌株具有生防潜力,并对该菌株作了进一步研究.     

葡萄灰霉病生物防治研究进展

本文阐述了葡萄灰霉病的症状、病菌形态、生物学特性以及病害发生规律;介绍了葡萄灰霉病生物防治的微生物种类及其生防机制的研究进展。同时,讨论了目前生物防治中存在的主要问题,并就应用前景作了展望。分析认为,生物防治在未来葡萄灰霉病的防治和食品安全问题中将发挥重要的作用。     

稻瘟病菌拮抗细菌bio-2的抑菌作用及其鉴定

稻瘟病是水稻的重要病害,可引起大幅度减产.目前,利用水稻抗瘟性品种和使用化学农药仍是防治稻瘟病行之有效的方法,但因抗瘟品种的单一化、稻瘟病菌生理小种组成的复杂性和变异性、化学农药的毒性以及病原菌的抗药性,使水稻稻瘟病的防治受到一定的制约,因此,生物防治越来越受到人们的关注.     

石榴干腐病生防菌株Z2的鉴定及其培养条件的优化

 从石榴根际土壤中分离获得一株生防细菌菌株Z2。根据16S rDNA、gyrA 基因序列分析和特定基因的选择性扩增,结合形态学、生理与生化特性鉴定和Biolog 检测,将生防菌株Z2鉴定为解淀粉芽胞杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)。通过单因素试验研究菌株的培养条件,并经过正交实验设计对培养条件进行优化,探究生防菌对Zythia versoniana引起的石榴干腐病的防治效果。生防菌株Z2的优化培养条件为:温度27℃,pH =6或8,LB培养基,培养时间3 d。采用新鲜离体石榴果实针刺接种方法进行菌株生防效力检测,与其他供试植物病原真菌相比,菌株Z2对石榴果实干腐病菌Z. versoniana具有较强的抑菌活性,对石榴果实干腐病的病斑抑制率达31.27%~81.89%。本研究获得的生防菌株Z2对石榴干腐病生物防治具有开发应用潜力,优化的培养条件可为该生防菌的产业化和大田应用奠定基础。另外,菌株Z2对植物病原真菌有较宽的抑菌谱,表明该菌株对其他作物病害的防治也具有潜在的应用价值。     

我国植物病害生物防治的现状及发展策略

植物病害生物防治是利用有益微生物和微生物代谢产物对农作物病害进行有效防治的技术与方法,本文介绍了我国在生物农药资源筛选评价体系、基因工程、发酵代谢工程等方面取得的可喜进展和研制出的多种高效植物病害生物防治药物;提出未来5～10年,植物病害生物防治学科领域主要工作是集成现代科学技术,进一步明确不同生防因子控制植物病害的分子机制,加强国际合作与交流,建立有关领域共享技术的合作研究平台,提高植物病害生物防治的基础与应用基础研究水平;指出植物病害的生物防治是保障食品和环境安全的重要措施,对国家可持续农业的健康发展具有重大的战略意义。     

Biological control of postharvest diseases of fruit

Postharvest decay in harvested fruit causes considerable economical losses. Fungicides are the primary means to control these losses. Public concern in food safety and environmental issues and the increase of pathogen resistant populations have enhanced the interest in developing alternative methods to fungicides to control postharvest fruit decay. During the last two decades a huge information and advances concerning the selection of antagonists, mode of action, different approaches to enhance biocontrol activity, formulation and production have been achieved, and some biofungicides are already in the market. It is likely that several more products will enter the market in the near future, as the result of the biological control research programs worldwide. Nonetheless, it is necessary to continue finding new potential microorganisms, better understanding the mode of action, and pathogen, antagonist and host interactions, to increase the potential of biocontrol helping to become a real alternative to synthetic postharvest fungicides. This article presents an overview of postharvest biological control approaches and explores new research possibilities to improve biocontrol activity.     

Fenpropimorph: a promising fungicide for postharvest diseases in citrus fruits

Sour rot, green mold and blue mold are postharvest diseases of citrus fruit. Benzimidazole and imidazole fungicides control molds, and guazatine controls sour rot, but strains ofPenicillium spp. resistant to these chemicals have been reported. Aqueous formulations of fenpropimorph, a morpholine fungicide, are very active in controlling fungi attacking postharvest citrus fruits. The fungicidal effect of the chemical in the coating wax was investigated in combined treatments with guazatine in dip or spray applications on various citrus fruit varieties. Fenpropimorph alone was as good as or a better curative and protective treatment than the current commercial treatments applied in packinghouses in Israel for decay control.     

采后菠萝黑腐病的发生及防治

采后菠萝果实在常温下贮藏７～１４ｄ后，常出现黑腐病症状，冬、夏两季病害发展没有显著的差异。采前果实保留冠芽、采后用蜡乳剂、杀菌剂、赤霉素ＧＡ_３处理和１２℃低温贮藏，可以防止黑腐病的发生，减少采后菠萝果实腐烂     

Epidemiology and management of brown rot on stone fruit caused by Monilinia laxa

Stone fruit is attacked by various pathogens, of which brown rot disease is one of the important diseases. There are three Monilinia species mainly responsible for the brown rot disease: Monilinia fructicola is mainly found in North America and Australasia, and M. laxa and M. fructigena mainly in Europe. Both M. fructicola and M. laxa can infect flowers, resulting in blossom blight, as well as both healthy and wounded fruit, resulting in brown rot. On the other hand, M. fructigena can only infect wounded fruit. Compared to the two other species, M. fructicola has been extensively studied, whereas the equally important M. laxa has had less attention. This paper addresses this imbalance and reviews research on the biology, epidemiology and management of M. laxa on stone fruits. Due to EU regulations, the number of fungicides available for controlling plant diseases has been steadily decreasing, particularly in the post-harvest environment. This has placed much more emphasis on alternative control methods, a focus of the present review. Numerous physical and biological approaches to control have achieved successful outcomes but often in small-scale trials and in isolation from integrated strategies. Promising physical control methods include removal of mummified fruit in orchards and post-harvest hot-water treatment. Many micro-organisms have been shown to have biocontrol potential against brown rot but only a few have been commercially formulated. It is generally agreed that the use of biocontrol agents needs to be integrated with other measures. Current research focuses on disease management from flowering to post-harvest period. Recent results have suggested that reducing overwintering inoculum should be considered as one of key aspects of integrated management of brown rot on stone fruit. Finally, we make recommendations about future research and development on integrated pest management strategies for control of M. laxa, especially on strategic deployment of biocontrol agents and interactions among brown rot pathogens.     

Applications of ionizing radiation for the control of postharvest diseases in fresh produce: recent advances

Postharvest diseases cause considerable losses to harvested fruits and vegetables worldwide. In addition to various treatments to control postharvest losses caused by pathogens, the global trend is shifting toward more ecofriendly alternatives safer to human health. Thus far, the main approach to postharvest disease control has mostly relied on the use of chemicals. However, the intense use of chemical fungicides has caused side effects such as environmental issues and evolution of fungicide‐resistant isolates. With increasing demand for the use of non‐chemicals, ionizing radiation has been investigated for application in many aspects of postharvest treatment, especially as an approach with significant potential for the control of postharvest disease. Recently, a number of more or less technologically advanced methodologies, e.g. irradiation combined with other types of treatments and induced disease‐resistance, have been developed to control postharvest diseases as well as to increase the quality and storage life of fresh commodities. Challenges for future application of irradiation in fresh produce are the cost, lack of irradiation facilities, lack of knowledge about optimal conditions for different commodities, and lack of acceptance of irradiated fresh produce. This review aims to document the advances in understanding of the effects of irradiation on postharvest disease, the possible modes of action, and the perspectives in commercial use.     

Resistance management in diseases of top fruit in Japan

Top fruit is grown widely in Japan but the wet climate favours the development of diseases; this, and the demand for blemish-free fruit, necessitates the use of chemical disease control. Many applications of fungicides during the growing season could lead to the development of resistance and this paper presents a brief history, current status and future management of resistance to fungicides with special reference to diseases of apples and Japanese pears. ©1997 SCI     

Hot-water baths,biologicals and re-curing effects on rhizopus soft rot during sweetpotato packing

Rhizopus soft rot (RSR) caused by Rhizopus stolonifer is one of the most devastating postharvest diseases of sweetpotato. It causes greatest losses when sweetpotatoes are removed from storage, washed and packed for marketing. The disease has been managed effectively by prophylactic application of synthetic fungicides on the packing line. However, there is increasing demand for alternative management strategies that do not rely on prophylactic use of synthetic fungicides. While curing immediately after harvest is a standard industry practice, re-curing after storage is not widely practised for postharvest disease management. In this study, the use of hot-water baths, biocontrol agents and re-curing after storage were investigated as potential replacements for synthetic fungicides that are widely used during sweetpotato packing. Hot-water baths at 52 °C for 10–15 min immediately after inoculation reduced RSR incidence by as much as 75%, but increased susceptibility to post-treatment Rhizopus infection. The biological control product Bio-Save® (a.i. Pseudomonas syringae strain ESC-10), used in conjunction with a 4 min water bath at 52 °C, gave similar protection (1.2% RSR, t = −1.7, P = 0.514) as the industry standard treatment with dicloran. Re-curing for as little as 4 h after washing roots significantly reduced RSR and deserves further evaluation to optimize conditions and determine its influence on other postharvest diseases.     

杏采后病害病原菌鉴定及室内药剂筛选

［目的］ 确定引起杏采后病害的主要病原菌及筛选有效防治药剂,以延长杏果贮藏期,降低损失。［方法］ 对引起甘肃省兰州市杏采后病害的病原菌进行分离鉴定、致病性测定及回接试验,并针对主要病原菌进行室内药剂筛选。［结果］ 引起杏采后果实腐烂病的致病菌有粉红聚端孢霉（Trichothecium roseum Lk. ex Fr.）、链格孢［Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl.］、黑根霉［Rhizopus nigricans (Ehrenb.)］、青霉（Penicillium frequentans）、灰葡萄孢菌(Botrytis cinerea)和核果褐腐菌［Monilinia laxa (Aderh. &; Ruhl.) Honey］等6种真菌。其中链格孢、黑根霉和粉红聚端孢霉为主要致病菌,其分离频率分别为28.5%、48.9%和9.4%。链格孢、黑根霉有伤无伤接种发病率均为100%,粉红聚端孢霉为83%。药剂筛选结果表明,在PDA培养基上,50%咯菌腈可湿性粉剂和50%异菌脲悬浮剂对3种主要致病菌抑菌效果最好,抑菌率达94%以上。杏果实采后主要病害防治试验结果表明,50%咯菌腈可湿性粉剂 9000倍液和50%异菌脲悬浮剂 1000倍液常温浸果处理3 min,第7天和第13天,咯菌腈对粉红聚端孢霉、链格孢和黑根霉的防效分别为78.3%和65%、79%和67.5%以及80.3%和69.6%。异菌脲防效分别为76%和64.3%、78.3%和64.4%以及78.6%和66.4%。［结论］ 本文研究结果可以指导杏采后病害的防治。     

天然产物防治果蔬采后病害研究进展

果蔬采后病害的防治正朝着安全、环保的方向发展,各种生物防治方法成为研究的热点,天然产物用于控制果蔬采后病害的研究也受到了越来越多的关注。本文综述了风味化合物、精油、乙酸、茉莉酸类化合物、芥子油甙、蜂胶、植物提取物、壳聚糖、醋酸瓜类萎蔫醇等天然产物在果蔬采后病害防治中的研究、开发与应用,为未来的商业化开发提供新的思路。     

微生物制剂对草莓重要真菌病害的作用研究

为筛选防治草莓几种重要真菌病害的高效微生物制剂,本研究测定了以植物免疫蛋白、淡紫拟青霉、枯草芽胞杆菌和粉红黏帚霉等为活性成分的3种微生物制剂对草莓炭疽病、灰霉病和白粉病的防治作用及对草莓生长的影响。结果表明,3种微生物制剂对草莓炭疽病的防效均在65%以上,对灰霉病的防效在30%~55%。对于草莓白粉病害,沃丰康-克线散防治效果较好,达到64.1%,而普绿通粉剂和沃丰康-复合微生物菌剂防效不明显（<40%）。此外,3种微生物菌剂均表现出明显的促生、增产作用,其中沃丰康-复合微生物菌剂效果最为显著,植株干重增加57.3%,草莓干重增加83.1%;施用沃丰康-克线散粉剂植株和果实增幅分别为47.5%和76.1%,普绿通粉剂分别增加17.9%和66.2%。本研究表明,生防制剂可以替代化学农药用于草莓病害防治和有机生产。