Phylogenetic networks to study the origin and evolution of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) in Cuba

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the essential etiological infectious agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), which is considered one of the most economically important swine diseases worldwide. In this study, a comparison between methodologies based on classical phylogenetic trees and networks to infer the origin of PCV2 in Cuba was performed. In addition, the mechanisms supporting the genetic variability of Cuban PCV2 populations were investigated. A retrospective study, using pig sera collected in Cuba from 1993 to 2004, to evaluate the presence of PCV2 genome and PCV2-specific antibodies was also conducted and revealed a lack of evidence of PCV2 infection in Cuban swine from years 1993 to 2004. A total of 24 complete Cuban PCV2 sequences collected between 2005 and 2009 from different regions of the country were analyzed. Three classical methods of phylogenetic analysis, namely Neighbour-Joining, Maximum Parsimony and Bayesian Inference, as well as haplotype network construction, were used. Whereas the classical phylogenetic trees suggested different origins for the Cuban PCV2 strains, the haplotype network revealed a direct connection between all the Cuban sequences in agreement with the obtained epidemiological and viral sequence data. Moreover, the importation of pigs carried out in 2005 from the Quebec-Ontario region, Canada, seems to be the most likely origin of PCV2 in Cuba. Likewise, the genetic variability of Cuban PCV2 sequences was supported by geographic segregation and positive selection pressure with estimated rates of nucleotide substitution on the order of 3.12×10(-3) and 6.57×10(-3) substitutions/site/year, which are closer to those reported for RNA viruses.     

木聚糖酶对草鱼生长性能和消化率的影响

选用120尾初始体质量(37.64±1.81)g的当年鱼种,随机分为4组(即对照组、组1、组2和组3),每组30尾,进行饲养。对照组饲喂基础饲料,组1在基础日粮中 0.05%木聚糖酶,组2在基础饲料中 0.1%木聚糖酶,组3饲喂基础日粮 0.2%木聚糖酶,每天投喂4次,试验时间49d。结果表明,饲料中添加木聚糖酶,草鱼增重率提高,饵料系数降低,干物质、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和粗纤维的消化率提高。     

The effect of feed intake on ileal rate of passage and apparent amino acid digestibility determined with or without correction factors in pigs

The apparent ileal digestibilities of amino acids and rate of passage were evaluated in pigs (BW = 78.3 +/- 7.4 kg) fed a semipurified diet. The pigs were fed 1.82, 2.73, or 3.65 kg DMI/d. The highest level of feed intake was considered to be ad libitum feeding. The pigs were fed according to a 3 x 3 Latin square design and were allowed to adapt to each experimental diet for 5 d. This was followed by 1 d of continuous collection of ileal digesta and a 2nd d of continuous collection separated into six 2-h postprandial time blocks. Ytterbium chloride hexahydrate was used to determine rate of passage. The ileal digestibilities of amino acids and rate of passage were unaffected (P > 0.05) by level of feed intake. The use of correction factors to more accurately express amino acid concentrations in the diet and digesta affected (P < 0.05) the apparent ileal digestibility coefficients of some amino acids.     

家禽饲料加工与营养之间的相互关系(2)

营养学家早已知道对家禽饲料进行制粒加工的好处(Patter n等,1937;Calet,1965;Moran,1989和Jensen,2000)并有充分评述。饲喂制粒日粮的典型效果是促进增重(BWG),增长幅度从4．59％(Munt等,1995)到11．76％(Plavnik等,1997);制粒还可能提高饲料转化率(FCR),这种效果并不总是很显著,     

Estimate of digestibility in dairy cows using an indicator method in comparison to the Hohenheimer feed value test

In order to measure the digestibility of feed with an indicator method two trials were realized on the dairy research farm "Karkendamm". The first trial was to test the suitability of TiO2 as an indicator to determine the digestibility in cows. The rate of recovery of the indicator was 98.8% (95.5%-101.9%). The concentration of TiO2 of the rectal samples in the morning (daily or every second day) corresponded very well with the values from total faeces collection. The samples taken in the evening showed lower concentrations. The estimation of digestibility of organic matter led to the same values with the total collection or the indicator method with morning samples. The digestibility derived from evening samples were 1.7-2.3%-units digestibility derived from evening samples were 1.7-2.3%-units lower in comparison to total collection. In the second trial the digestibility derived from the in vitro method "Hohenheimer-Futterwert-Test" and from a digestion trial with 30 cows using the indicator method were compared. The digestibility calculated from the date of the in vivo trial was 9.9%-units lower than the one from the "Hohenheimer-Futterwert-Test". The depression of digestibility was due to the variation in concentrate feeding between cows. If the cows got less than 8 kg concentrates the depression in digestibility was 1.9% when increasing the level of feeding one unit of maintenance requirement. If the cows got more than 8 kg concentrates the depression was 3.1%-units. It could be concluded that the "Hohenheimer-Futterwert-Test" underestimates the digestibility if the level of feeding is increased to a certain extent.     

Influence of mechanical and thermal treatment of animal feed on the true digestibility of amino acids. 2. True digestibility of amino acids in treated horse beans]

Trials were performed to investigate in which way mechanical and/or thermal treatment of horse beans would have an effect on the harmful components that were shown to be present in horse beans. In the course of these trials amino acids from heat-treated horse beans (variety Fribo) were analyzed for their true digestibility. Apart from heat-treated horse beans the investigation included undecorticated and decorticated beans and a mixture of horse beans with spring barley.     

The use of the mobile bag technique in swine. 2. Determination of the apparent and true crude protein digestibility of 15N-labeled feed]

In a series of experiments in two ileo-rectostomized pigs the precaecal apparent and true digestibilities for crude protein of seven 15N-labelled feedstuffs were studied using the mobile bag technique. True digestibility values of crude protein calculated with the help of isotope dilution were 4-14 units higher than the corresponding apparent digestibility values. This is caused by the infiltration of the bag residues with endogenous unlabelled nitrogen. In dependence on the kind of feedstuff the endogenous N portion in the bags amounted to 25-70% of the total N. In addition, the contamination is influenced by differences between the animals (mean 4-7%) and by different treatments of bags after gut passage (3-10%).     

水飞蓟复合饲料对猪生长性能及日粮养分消化率的影响

选择36只平均重25kg左右的杜×长×大三元杂交猪,按体重和性别随机分为2组,每组3个重复,每个重复6只。在试验组中应用水飞蓟药物残渣作为其主要饲料成分,并添加中草药复合制剂,对照组为抗生素组,研究对猪生长性能和饲料利用率的影响。结果表明:水飞蓟组在提高日增重和日粮养分消化率方面与抗生素组没有明显差异,但试验组经济效益明显。     

Influence of hay particle size at different concentrate and feeding levels on digestive processes and feed intake in ruminants. 2. Passage, digestibility and feed intake.

In order to study the main effects of particle size, three ruminally fistulated cows (550 to 580 kg BW) were fed a constant low concentrate level (3.56 kg DM/d, 20% of total DMI) and a fibre-rich hay (approximately 60% NDF in DM) in long (28.7 mm), chopped (9.2 mm) and fine ground (2.9 mm) form in a 3 x 3 Latin square design. In another three factorial experiment with 8 wethers (4 animals were ruminally fistulated, mean BW = 68 kg) the main effects and interactions of the above mentioned hay particle sizes at two concentrate levels (10.4 to 13.3% and 29.5 to 40.1% of DMI, resp.) and two intake levels (restricted and ad libitum) were investigated. In comparison to long hay (28.7 mm), feeding of chopped hay (9.2 mm) at low concentrate levels, increased not only the hay intake (7% in dairy cows and 13% in sheep) but also the intake of digestible organic matter (12% in dairy cows and 32% in sheep), due to an increase in the apparent digestibility of OM by 3.8% in dairy cows and 8.2% in sheep. Ad libitum feeding of fine ground hay in combination with low concentrate amount in the ration increased the passage rate in the hindgut and consequently the hay intake, but not the intake of DOM, due to a significant depression of digestibility, especially of fibre fractions (4 to 7% in dairy cows and 4.5 to 14% in sheep), in comparison to 28.7 and 9.2 mm hay particle sizes. The digestibility decreased significantly with restricted feeding of fine ground hay in sheep only in comparison to 9.2 mm particle size. A threefold increase of concentrate amount leveled out all effects of the particle size reduction. The effect of particle size was more pronounced in sheep than in dairy cows.     

挤压膨化对水产饲料营养成分及消化率的影响

挤压膨化技术因其较多的优点在水产饲料生产中被广泛应用。挤压膨化是综合了水、压力、温度和机械剪切的作用完成的 ,在挤压膨化过程中 ,挤压腔内的温度可以达到 90～ 2 0 0℃ ,挤压延续时间在 1 0～ 30s范围 ,因而挤压产物会发生一系列物理、化学变化 ,诸如淀粉糊化、蛋白质变性以及酶类、有毒成分和微生物的失活等 ,通常会提高挤压饲料产品的养分消化率 ,降低一些抗营养因子含量 (如大豆中的抗胰蛋白酶、棉籽中的棉酚 ) ,还会杀灭饲料中细菌、霉菌和减少粉尘的含量 ,改善饲料适口性等。鱼、虾类动物的消化道比较短 ,所以挤压膨化加工工艺…     

The effect of a reduced drinking water dose on the digestibility of nutrients and several metabolic parameters in sheep. 2. N-balance, water balance and several physiologic parameters

Wethers of an average live weight of 43.2 kg received alfalfa pellets either according to maintenance requirement (1.3 kg = group I) or ad libitum (1.5 times the amount; 2.0 kg = group II). In variant a both groups received water ad libitum, in variant b the animals received 1/3 of the amount of water, which was taken in ad libitum. Apparent digestibility was between 59 and 64%, the lower value of which was ascertained with the higher feed intake in variant a. 85% of the apparently digested nitrogen were excreted in urine after optimal water supply and ca. 100% after reduced water supply, so that a slightly negative N balance (Ib) and an N balance of +2.3% res (IIb) were achieved. The N balances amounted to +9.4% (Ia) and +8.4% (IIa) resp. after sufficient water supply. The water intake in liters/kg consumed DM reached the following values (in brackets total water intake from drinking water + water in the feed): Ia = 3.16 (3.30), Ib = 1.38 (1.52), IIa = 2.94 (3.08) and IIb = 1.58 (1.72). The water balance (in % of the total water intake) reached the following values in the same sequence: 13.7, 13.2, 17.2 and 25.3. The water content of the body (according to the phenazone dilution method determined from one sheep each) decreased in Ib by 4.7% and in IIb by 5.7% and thus did not reach critical limits. The quota of urea N in urine significantly increased after water restriction. Urea concentration and haematocrit in the blood plasma did not show any significant changes in dependence on water intake; the same was ascertained for the molar quotas of volatile fatty acids in the rumen fluid and in faeces.     

脂肪营养及在饲料中添加（下）

遗传因素对脂肪利用率的影响 在自然情况下,不同动物产品的脂肪酸模型(fatty acids profile)差别很大。单胃动物的脂肪酸模型与其食物中脂肪酸模型类似,所以单胃动物饲料中脂肪酸模型可在产品中如猪肉、鸡蛋中反应出来。而反刍动物的产品如牛油或奶油则不能反应其食物中脂肪酸模型,这是由于瘤胃微生物对不饱和脂肪酸具有加氢作用。奶油中的脂肪可以部分反应瘤胃发酵的结果。     

The effect of copper and cobalt supplementation on the digestibility of fibrous feed in sheep]

The effects of an addition of copper, cobalt, and copper + cobalt on the in vitro digestibility of hay, treated beech sawdust and cellulose by the rumen fluid of sheep fed a complete food ration, complete food ration with 15% treated beech sawdust and a diet consisting of 80% hay and 20% barley were investigated, respectively. The rumen fluid obtained from animals fed a complete food ration showed the significantly higher digestibility of hay (Tab. I) when Cu (P less than 0.05), Co, or Cu + Co (P less than 0.001) had been added into the rumen. The cellulose digestibility increased only after Co application (P less than 0.05). The microelements supplementation in all three forms had a very significant effect on the digestibility of treated beech sawdust by the rumen fluid of sheep fed a diet with 15% sawdust content, although the initial digestibility by the rumen fluid in the control animals (without microelements) was only 44.9%. A similar trend was also observed in the cellulose digestibility, but after Co application this increase was not significant. The rumen fluid of animals fed hay (80%) and barley (20%) showed the highest digestibility. The digestibility of sawdust reached 60% and the of cellulose 95.9% without microelements supplementation (control). In this case the effect of microelement supplementation on the sawdust digestibility was manifested only in the case of cobalt by the digestibility decrease (P less than 0.001). The cellulose digestibility also decreased after administration of Cu (P less than 0.01) and Co (P less than 0.05). The Cu + Co supplementation did not influence its digestibility.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Protein and amino acid digestibility in various sections of the digestive tract of swine. 2. Protein sources of plant origin

Growing pigs provided with ileocaecal re-entrant cannulae were fed three rations containing plant protein sources and two N-free rations. The crude protein and amino acid flow in the digestive tract as well as the apparent and true digestibility of the crude protein and the amino acids for the individual sections of the intestines are explained. It shows that relating the calculation of metabolic faecal amino acids to live weight results in more realistic values than relating it to feed intake.     

Effect of parota (Enterolobium cyclocarpum) pod protein supplement on feed intake and digestibility and calf ruminal characteristics

Tropical Animal Health and Production - The objective of this study was to estimate genetic parameters for age at first farrowing (AFF), length of productive life (LPL), lifetime number of piglets...     

Potential value of tedera (B. bituminosa) as high protein resource for poultry feed

Bituminaria bituminosa (C.H. Stirt.) is a drought tolerant legume that grows spontaneously in subtropical areas: Canary Islands (Spain) and in North African and Mediterranean regions, traditionally used as forage for ruminants. The aim of this research was to investigate the potential of B. bituminosa as a high protein resource for poultry feed by means of feed intake, growth, feed conversion rate (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and the influence of B. bituminosa feed form (fresh green and dried) on the preference by chicks. B. bituminosa showed higher crude protein content (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and gross energy than commercial feed. Average daily feed intake (ADFI) for the commercial feed group (control group) was higher than ADFI of the B. bituminosa group (experimental group). However, both groups had no significant differences in total crude protein intake, total NDF intake, average daily gain (ADG), FCR, and PER. The poultry’s preference for fresh green B. bituminosa was higher than for dry B. bituminosa. Our results suggest that B. bituminosa (tedera) could be an alternative feedstuff in tropical countries or where protein sources are scarce and costly.

     

The energy requirement of heifers. 4. Comparison of the digestibility and rumen physiologic parameters in heifers and full-grown sheep

In 159 comparative studies with fully grown sheep and heifers of the digestibility and of rumen physiologic values at a variation of the feed ration in the crude fibre content between 112 and 318 g, in the crude protein content between 94 and 194 g and in the content of nitrogen free extractive between 484 and 641 g/kg DM is provided that the digestibility of energy in heifers was, on average, 4 digestibility units lower than in sheep. The corresponding values for the digestibility of crude protein and crude fibre are 12 and 3.5 digestibility units. Due to the lower methane energy excretion of the heifers the difference at the level of metabolizable energy is reduced to 1.5% of the gross energy. The level of the differences in digestibility is influenced by the development of the young cattle and the composition of the rations. In young cattle of the live weight range between 100 and 150 kg the digestibility of the energy is 6-8 units lower than in sheep. A higher crude fibre content in the ration diminishes the difference in the digestibility of energy and the nutrients between the two animal species.     

挤压技术及其在饲料工业中的应用(2)

3挤压或膨胀饲料对猪生产表现的影响Fedal等人(1988)发现,用挤压大麦与大豆9:1混合料饲喂育肥猪(体重78kg),可以使回肠日粮干物质(D M)、总能(G E)、淀粉和氮(N)的消化率分别从55.6%、57.9%、83.7%和62.4%提高到62.0%、64.9%、96.9%和69.2%。H erkelm an等人(1990)报道,挤压玉米日粮使哺乳仔猪(体重20kg)的消化能从85.6%提高到87.7%(p<0.05),代谢能从83.7%提高到85.6%(p<0.05)。Jones等人(1990)发现,将饲喂豆粕日粮与饲喂挤压豆粉日粮的猪加以比较,其D M表观消化率分别是72.3%与76.1%,N的表观消化率是52.1%与54.1%。H ancock等人(1991a…