植被对南方红壤丘陵区土壤侵蚀的影响研究

本文以南方红壤区为研究对象,以传统径流小区观测为主要手段,共布设8个径流小区,每个径流小区设置不同的植被类型和植被盖度。本试验观测了36场次降雨条件下降雨量、径流量和泥沙量资料,分析了植被类型和植被盖度对减流减沙的作用规律,结果表明:①在减流作用中,乔灌木林混交林纯林;②林分结构越复杂,减沙效果越显著;③植被类型对减流减沙具有整体效果,而植被盖度更突出在影响其变化幅度上。     

中国东南部丘陵红壤地区的土地可持续利用

In the present work,an integrated analysis of natural and socio-economic conditions in the hilly red soil region of southeastern China is made by means of a Geographic Information System.Particular emphasis lies on soil degradation and other adverse ecological and environmental effects of the prevalent and irrational land-use systems of mono-and valley-agriculture in the region.Moreover,taking into account the simultaneous existence of enormous potentials and serious constraints and the high diversity and complexity of the biophysical and socio-economic environments,a set of strategies and countermeasures are also proposed for appropriate management of environmental resources,in terms of maintaining harmony between utilization and coservation of the natural environment,including 1) adjustment of the agricultural structure and optimization of ecological patterns of stereo-agriculture;2) improvement and integrated exploitation of the low-yield lands and wastelands;3) ehabilitation and conservation of soil and water resources;and 4) establishment of production bases of tropical and subtropical cash crops and fruits.     

不同植被种植模式对红壤坡面侵蚀影响试验研究

采用天然降雨试验,研究南方典型花岗岩红壤坡面土壤侵蚀过程及不同植被种植模式、降雨量和降雨强度对红壤坡面产流、产沙的影响,定量研究了不同种植模式的拦沙蓄水效益,并建立了天然降雨试验下土壤侵蚀模型。结果表明:(1)相同降雨条件下,不同植被种植模式土壤侵蚀量的大小关系为:全裸露条带播草全覆盖条沟播草;(2)当平均雨强为0.3mm/min时,全覆盖种植模式优于条沟播草种植模式;当平均雨强为0.6mm/min时,条沟播草种植模式的蓄水能力更显著;(3)土壤侵蚀量的粒径大小主要集中于0.25mm,是形成土壤侵蚀的主要原因,不同植被种植模式各个粒径泥沙含量集中在0.25mm,泥沙颗粒量大小总量的变化规律为:裸露模式全覆盖种植模式条带种植模式条沟种植模式。通过对比得出条沟播草种植模式的拦沙蓄水效果最佳,以期为南方丘陵区治理水土流失提供参考。     

红壤侵蚀区马尾松林下植被特征与土壤侵蚀的关系

针对南方花岗岩发育的红壤侵蚀区,在赣县大田乡选择5个低丘马尾松林,利用植物样方调查方法对样地的地形、土壤、植被、侵蚀沟进行调查和测量,基于获取的数据,利用统计学方法分析植被特征与土壤侵蚀的关系.结果表明：1）马尾松人工林郁闭度低,林木生长状况差,林地阳坡半阳坡植被总盖度仅为36.9％;2）林下灌草生物量低,物种丰富度、多样性、均匀度差,物种较为单一;3）林下植被以草本为主,草本以芒萁为主,其生物量占草本总生物量的75％以上;4）马尾松林下细沟、浅沟发育,土壤侵蚀严重,仅细沟、浅沟流失的土壤厚度达71.2 mm;5）不同坡位的侵蚀沟发育相关性显著,侵蚀沟与坡面的微环境差异明显,尤其是土壤密度和土壤水分差异显著;6）马尾松林下土壤侵蚀量对植被恢复具有抑制作用,但沟壑密度的发育能够提高灌草物种丰富度、多样性,以及促进灌草均匀性分布.     

红壤区常用土壤侵蚀模型中植被因子估算方法研究进展

受自然环境和人为因素的共同影响,我国南方红壤区水土流失分布广泛。植被因子作为通用土壤流失方程的一个重要因子,对土壤流失量的准确预测具有重要意义。梳理近些年国内外学者对红壤区植被因子的相关研究,基于大尺度和小尺度区域的研究成果总结红壤区植被因子测算的方法、可行性及精度,发现当前红壤区的相关研究中还存在植被因子测算精度不高、结果移植性差、标准不一致等亟待解决的问题。为此,提出以下研究展望：逐步建立系统化、标准化的地面监测系统,通过系列化标准小区监测结果确定植被因子的量化结果;合理考虑植被结构,对红壤区植被因子的测算进一步细化;结合地理信息技术改善植被盖度的观测方法与精度;关注不同尺度的植被因子测算方法,以完善适合红壤区的土壤侵蚀模型的研发与应用。     

南方红壤区植被盖度对水土流失影响初探

以南方红壤区灌草边坡为研究对象,以坡面径流小区观测为主要方法,布设了不同植被盖度灌草边坡3个,分析不同植被盖度下水土流失规律。结果表明:12号小区年侵蚀模数为2 054t/km~2·a,3号小区年侵蚀模数为2 179t/km~2·a,4号径流小区年侵蚀模数为2 433t/km~2·a;3个小区植被盖度依次为4号3号2号,即在降雨量相同的情况下,植被盖度越大,减少水土流失效果越显著,两者必然存在一定的定量关系;2从全年土壤侵蚀情况分析,在降雨强度不同的月份,同一类型边坡植被盖度呈增长趋势,土壤侵蚀量呈减小趋势,植被盖度是减少水土流失的主要因素。     

不同植被下降雨类型对红壤坡地土壤侵蚀特征的影响

根据武汉市蔡甸区西湖流域径流小区记录的146场次降雨资料,研究了植被类型和降雨类型对红壤坡面产流量与土壤侵蚀量的影响。基于K均值分类,将当地降雨划分为A型降雨（中雨量、弱雨强、长历时和高频次）、B型降雨（极大雨量、极强雨强、短历时和低频次）、C型降雨（大雨量,强雨强、中等历时和低频次）和D型降雨（小雨量,弱雨强、短历时和高频次）四种雨型。发现裸地与果林地的产流输沙量大,水沙关系稳定,水土保持能力在各类侵蚀性降雨下均较弱,A雨型和C雨型是导致此类坡面土壤侵蚀的主要雨型。阔叶林、针叶林、牧草地和草坪地坡面的产流输沙量小,水沙关系不稳定,植被的水土保持能力总体较强,但是在B雨型下偏弱,B雨型和C雨型是导致此类坡面土壤侵蚀的主要雨型。     

黄土高原土壤侵蚀特点与植被对土壤侵蚀影响的研究

黄土高原土壤侵蚀异常强烈,并且大部分地区以水蚀为主。在水蚀区,土壤侵蚀主要由少数几次暴雨所引起。黄土高原的土壤侵蚀情况比较复杂,以各种类型的沟蚀为主,并具有垂直分带性。坡耕地的土壤侵蚀,占总侵蚀量的比重很大。同时,根据在子午岭地区的土壤侵蚀调查,讨论了植被对土壤侵蚀的影响。     

漓江上游红壤侵蚀区不同植被群落环境因子差异

 为给漓江流域红壤侵蚀区植被恢复和重建提供科学理论依据,研究漓江上游流域红壤侵蚀区主要植被类型群落内小气候环境因子的差异,采用“以空间导时间”的方法分析植被退化过程中主要环境因子的变化。在植被退化的过程中,由于植被群落结构和物种组成的退化,主要的小气候环境因子均发生比较明显的变化,主要表现:针阔混交林类型群落和常绿阔叶林类型群落照度的垂直差异和时间变化非常小,而草丛群落以及灌丛群落的照度存在比较明显的垂直差异,光照强度随高度的增加而增大,在150cm以上的高度,照度的时间变化比较明显;针阔混交林类型群落和常绿阔叶林类型群落气温的垂直变化非常小,一般在0．5℃以下,在监测时段内其气温的变化幅度在2℃左右,而草丛群落和灌丛群落气温的垂直变化和时间变化相对较大,气温垂直变化的幅度最大可达到6℃; 针阔混交林类型群落和常绿阔叶林类型群落空气相对湿度的垂直变化不明显,变化范围一般在5％以下,草丛群落和灌丛群落空气相对湿度的变化幅度比较大,最大可达25％;常绿阔叶林类型群落的土壤内部温度变幅最小,在0．5℃以下,而灌丛群落的波动幅度较大,可达8℃左右。总体而言,在植被退化过程中,光照强度、空气温度、土壤温度和气地温差不断增大,空气湿度逐渐降低,同时,主要小气候环境因子的时空波动性从平缓渐趋剧烈。     

湘北红壤丘岗稻田土壤有机碳、养分及微生物生物量空间变异

通过对湘北典型红壤丘岗254个稻田耕层样(01～8.cm)进行分析,比较了微地形对稻田土壤有机碳、氮、磷和微生物生物量的影响。结果表明,丘岗底部稻田土壤有机碳、全氮、微生物生物量碳、微生物生物量氮、可溶性氮含量分别比丘岗中下部稻田高14.6%1、3.6%、24.6%、20.4%和95.8%,丘岗中下部稻田土壤Olsen-P含量比丘岗底部稻田高33.3%,差异均达极显著水平(P0.01)。不同部位稻田土壤全磷、微生物生物量磷含量和有效磷库(微生物生物量磷与Olsen-P之和)含量差异不显著。此外,丘岗底部稻田土壤碳磷比、微生物生物量碳磷比和微生物商比丘岗中下部稻田高12.7%,28.5%,8.2%,其差异达显著(P0.05)或极显著(P0.01)水平。但微生物生物量氮/全氮、微生物生物量磷/全磷、土壤碳氮比和微生物生物量碳氮比差异不显著。     

不同自然植被管理措施对红壤丘陵果园水土流失的影响

丘陵是“山—丘—谷”的过渡地带，生态系统脆弱，一旦植被遭破坏，极易水土流失。在红壤丘陵园地应用除草剂调控水土流失试验结果表明：与传统的清耕法相比，克无踪、草甘膦、草草克、克克草和生草法可使地表径流量分别减少47.7%，20.8%，31.4%，41.3%和45.5%；可使土壤侵蚀量分别减少52.4%，39.0%，48.1%，50.7%和55.2%；可使土壤养分分别减少50.2%，37.0%，41.8%，45.8%和60.3%。除草剂对杂草再生率影响，与生草法比较，克无踪可达67.2%，草甘膦达30.3%，草草克36.8%，克克草51.2%和清耕法55.1%；克无踪调控杂草效果分别是草甘膦的2.2倍，清耕法的1.2倍。克无踪调控杂草效果显著，有望成为红壤丘陵园地培肥与水保相得益彰的有效措施。     

Effects of exclosure on soil nutrients,vegetation diversity and biomass production in hilly rangelands

Livestock grazing is one of the most important factors influencing the soil nutrients, soil surface, vegetation diversity, and the above-ground biomass production in a natural rangeland ecosystem. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of the long-term grazing on soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), available phosphorus (Available P), exchangeable potassium (Exchangeable K), diversity and the above-ground biomass production. This study was conducted in Maraveh Tapeh hilly rangelands of Golestan province, Iran. Soil and vegetation samplings were conducted based on the randomized systematic method. Three 150 m transects were positioned randomly within each grazing management practice. Soil samples were systematically taken every 3 m along each transect. Thirty (30) randomly chosen quadrats were sampled in each transect for vegetation diversity and biomass assessment. The effects of grazing management practices and aspect on soil nutrients, vegetation diversity, and biomass production were detected by analysis of variance (ANOVA) (at α = 0.05). Results of this study indicated, Exclosure north aspects had the maximum soil pH. There were significant differences found between soil electrical conductivity values in the grazed south aspect and the other treatments. Soil TOC, TN, available P and exchangeable K values increased significantly in the exclosure north aspects. Shannon diversity index and the above-ground biomass production had highest values in the exclosure north aspects.     

Effects of forest plantations on rainfall redistribution and erosion in the red soil region of Southern China

To evaluate the effects of different forest plantations on rainfall redistribution, we measured throughfall, stemflow, interception loss, surface runoff and soil loss from July 2004 to September 2005 in the three types of forest plantations Eucommia ulmoides, Vernicia fordii and Pinus massoniana. The results showed that differences in throughfall and stemflow between the three forest plantations were significant (p < 0·05). Throughfall was highest in the V.fordii plantation and stemflow was highest in the E.ulmoides plantation. Throughfall plus stemflow below the E.ulmoides canopy was greater than that underneath the other forest types. Moreover, significant spatial variation in throughfall was observed. Throughfall in P.massoniana was 28·0–39·7% higher at a stem distance < 60 cm or 11·5% lower at a stem distance > 120 cm than in the other forests, but the difference was not significant between E.ulmoides and V.fordii. Moreover, the difference in throughfall at stem distances 60–120 cm was not significant between the different forest plantations. For E.ulmoides, throughfall under the peripheral crown part was 16·1% higher than that close to the stem. In contrast to E.ulmoides, P.massoniana had 26·8% lower throughfall under the peripheral crown part than close to the stem. No significant difference was found in throughfall for the various stem distances underneath V.fordii. Stemflow in E.ulmoides was 2–3 times higher than in the other forests (p < 0·01). Interception loss accounted for 19·9% of gross rainfall for E.ulmoides, 20·8% for V.fordii and 27·2% for P.massoniana. Surface runoff and soil loss differed considerably among the three types of forest plantations. Annual runoff and total soil loss were lowest in the P.massoniana forest and highest in the V.fordii forest. This study indicated that P.massoniana, as a reforestation tree species, had the most positive effect on soil and water conservation among the three forest plantations. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

不同栽培方式对菜地土壤养分和生物学特性的影响

通过田间小区试验,以芹菜、西兰花、生菜和胡萝卜为供试作物,分析比较了有机栽培、安全环境质量栽培、特别栽培和常规栽培对土壤养分和生物学特性的影响.结果表明,有机栽培、安全环境质量栽培和特别栽培下土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量比常规栽培均不同程度地增加.有机栽培、安全环境质量栽培和特别栽培均显著提高了土壤微生物量碳含量,比常规栽培分别提高48.6％、42.9％和26.6％,并达到显著(P＜0.05)或极显著(P＜0.01)差异.土壤过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性在有机栽培、安全环境质量栽培和特别栽培下比常规栽培显著提高17.4％ ～38.8％,且过氧化氢酶活性达到显著(P＜0.05)或极显著(P＜0.01)差异.有机栽培、安全环境质量栽培下土壤转化酶活性比常规栽培有所提高,但是没有达到显著差异.不同栽培方式对土壤养分和生物学特性影响作用的大小为有机栽培＞安全环境质量栽培＞特别栽培＞常规栽培.     

Effect of vegetation changes on soil erosion on the loess plateau

Vegetation is one of the key factors affecting soil erosion on the Loess Plateau. The effects of vegetation destruction and vegetation restoration on soil erosion were quantified using data from long-term field runoff plots established on the eastern slope of the Ziwuling secondary forest region, China and a field survey. The results showed that before the secondary vegetation restoration period （before about 1866-1872）, soil erosion in the Ziwuling region of the Loess Plateau was similar to the current erosion conditions in neighboring regions, where the soil erosion rate now is 8 000 to 10 000 t km^-2 year^-1. After the secondary vegetation restoration, soil erosion was very low; influences of rainfall and slope gradient on soil erosion were small; the vegetation effect on soil erosion was predominant; shallow gully and gully erosion ceased; and sediment deposition occurred in shallow gully and gully channels. In modern times when human activities destroyed secondary forests, soil erosion increased markedly, and erosion rates in the deforested lands reached 10 000 to 24000 t km^-2 year^-1, which was 797 to 1682 times greater than those in the forested land prior to deforestation. Rainfall intensity and landform greatly affected the soil erosion process after deforestation. These results showed that accelerated erosion caused by vegetation destruction played a key role in soil degradation and eco-environmental deterioration in deforested regions.     

南方红壤区植被结构类型与降雨模式对林下水土流失的影响

植被和降雨是水土流失的关键因素,探究二者对水土流失的影响对开展水土保持具有重要意义。该研究基于鹰潭红壤生态试验站5种植被结构类型的径流小区2016-2018年93次降雨、径流、泥沙观测资料以及各小区植被结构参数,利用自组织映射(self-organizing maps,SOM)方法,根据雨量、历时、60 min最大雨强、平均雨强、降雨集中性等特征指标划分降雨模式,研究了不同降雨模式和植被结构类型的水土流失特征,并采用冗余分析(RDA)定量研究降雨与植被对林下水土流失的影响。结果表明,SOM方法能客观识别红壤区4种典型侵蚀降雨模式,R_Ⅲ模式(短历时、大雨强、雨量集中)是造成水土流失的主要降雨模式,R_Ⅳ模式(多雨量、大雨强、长历时)最具侵蚀性破坏力;植被结构类型显著影响水土流失,水土保持功能从大到小依次为:灌草混交林、草地、低灌林、乔木林、高灌林。RDA分析表明,降雨模式与植被结构类型能够改变降雨、植被对水土流失的影响,随着降雨模式由弱到强转变,植被的水土保持功能逐渐减小,降雨影响增强,水土流失由植被主控演变为平衡控制、降雨主控;随着植被结构类型...