泾河流域水沙特性及减水减沙效益分析

该文对泾河流域的水沙特性及水沙变化作了分析,并根据其产流产沙规律进行了流域“水文法”减水减沙效益计算,得出:1970～1989年综合治理减水效益为7.5%,减沙效益为14.4%。而降雨量减少影响减水32%,影响减沙48%。经与实施水利水保措施效益的结果对比验证,二者基本接近。同时,对该流域80年代沙量锐减的原因分析表明:80年代减沙的主要原因是降雨量减少,对减沙的影响程度为63%,综合治理影响程度为37%。     

鹤鸣观小流域综合治理减水减沙效益研究（Ⅰ）—水文统计法

本文根据鹤鸣观小流域有限的水文泥沙观测资料,在分析影响流域产流产沙的主要降雨因子的基础上,用水文统计法建立起流域天然状况下的产流产沙模型,对应用中出现的反向误差作出合理的分析和处理,进而计算出流域综合治理减水减沙效益,结果表明,小流域经台理后汛期平均减水,减洪,减沙效益为16．5％,18．2％,和69．2％,减沙效益显著,坡面土壤流失得到了有效的控制。     

甘肃天水市对比小流域暴雨洪水侵蚀产沙特性

 为分析黄土丘三区水土保持综合治理对小流域典型暴雨产汇流特性的影响,依据桥子东、西沟对比小流域暴雨洪水泥沙观测资料,结合实地调查对比分析雨、洪、沙特性。结果表明:在降雨差异很小的情况下,其水沙特性差异明显,桥子东沟较西沟洪峰削减率达66.9%,单位面积减洪量1万3336m3/km2,减沙量8534t/km2,2流域的流量和含沙量过程变化趋势基本一致,但西沟变率均大于东沟,且西沟流域侵蚀模数是东沟的3.5倍。桥子东沟流域各项水土保持措施发挥了显著的蓄洪拦沙作用,减洪效益59.9%,减沙效益79.5%;桥子西沟的林草措施减洪效益为6.9%,减沙效益8.4%。     

黄河中游侵蚀产沙环境要素临界与交互作用研究进展

目前黄河中游产沙的峰值区(多沙粗沙区)的范围已明确界定。但是，产沙峰值区的形成与地理环境要素(自然、人类活动)变化的响应机制是什么，影响产沙峰值区环境要素的综合作用和主导环境因素又是什么，还有待于深入研究。在前人研究的基础上，论述了黄河中游的环境因子和人类活动对流域侵蚀产沙影响研究的最新进展，根据研究中存在的问题及结合黄土高原正在开展的退耕还林的生物工程建设，指出加强流域产沙与环境要素临界特征与交互作用研究的重要性，揭示自然、人类活动在流域产沙的综合影响与交互作用，探讨在人类活动影响下植被的恢复前景与综合治理的减沙效益，是近期需要开展的主要研究方向。     

渭河流域降雨产流产沙经验公式初探

通过对渭河流域１９５４～１９７０年水沙资料统计分析和对影响产流产沙因子优选组合，分别建立了８个降雨产流、６个降雨产沙经验公式，并用之计算了流域水利水保措施综合治理的减水减沙效益，计算结果为：１９７０～１９８９年共减水４６４．７４亿ｍ３，效益为２９．３％；减沙量为１１．３５２亿ｔ，效益为３１．９％。为检验计算结果的科学性，采用“水保法”计算了同期水利水保措施减水减沙效益，其结果分别为２８．８％和３２．０％。两种方法计算结果基本吻合，说明所建立的经验公式具有一定的代表性。     

小流域综合治理的防洪减沙效应研究

以北庄小流域各观测站的实测水文资料为依据 ,对小流域综合治理的产流产沙及防洪减沙效应进行了系统分析和研究。就单场降雨而言 ,在产流方式上 ,未治理流域以蓄满产流为主 ,治理流域以超渗产流为主 ;小流域暴雨径流量 W与降雨量 P和前期影响雨量 Pa 相关 ,即 W =0 .0 0 0 4 7P1 .794 P0 .786 a ,小流域洪峰流量 Qm=0 .3 797A0 .6 86 7W0 .584 2 ,用此二式计算综合治理的防洪效益为 16.7%～ 3 7.5 % ,削减洪峰效益为 9.1%～ 2 8.6%。就单场降雨产沙分析而言 ,综合治理后日平均含沙量随降雨时间的延后而减小 ,日平均含沙量 Qs与日平均流量 Q呈正相关 ,即 QS=- 0 .0 4 3 6 19.2 97Q ,由此式计算治理 10年后减沙效益达 90 %以上。就一般年份即汛期雨量 <90 0 mm的年份而言 ,减水减沙效益明显。     

环江流域90年代水沙变化研究及治理方略探讨

 根据实测水文资料,对泾河2级支流环江流域20世纪90年代水沙变化进行了较为深入的分析和研究,利用3种方法计算环江流域90年代综合治理的减洪减沙效益;分析了流域地下径流补给变化情况,估算了流域地表水资源利用率;对环江流域水资源开发利用及今后治理方略进行了探讨。研究结果表明:进入90年代后,环江流域最大24h降雨量明显增大,径流、泥沙大幅度增加,单位(mm)有效降雨产洪产沙量为4个阶段的最大值。流域综合治理措施减洪减沙作用减弱,地下径流补给情况有所好转,地表水资源利用率不高。据此提出了环江流域综合治理的总方略,可供环江流域水土保持生态工程建设参考。     

大理河流域1970-2002年水保措施减洪减沙效益深化分析

根据实测水文资料,采用"水文法"和"水保法"两种方法,对大理河流域1970-2002年的水沙变化和水土保持综合治理减洪减沙效益进行了比较全面的计算和分析。大理河流域20世纪70,80,90年代降雨量、径流量和输沙量呈递减趋势,其中80年代减幅最大,70,90年代减幅接近。2000-2002年年降水量和汛期降水量分别比基准期增大了8.0%和9.3%,但径流、泥沙依然递减。"水文法"计算结果表明,1970-2002年大理河流域共计减少洪水10.114 5亿m3,年均减少洪水3 065万m3,其中水土保持综合治理年均减少洪水2 370万m3,占减少洪水总量的77.2%,年均减少洪水效益25.2%;共计减沙8.448亿t,年均减沙2 560万t,其中水土保持综合治理年均减沙1 940万t,占总减沙量的75.8%,年均减沙效益37.6%。"水保法"计算结果表明,1970-2002年大理河流域水土保持措施共计减少洪水7.524亿m3,年均减少洪水2 280万m3,年均减少洪水效益24.5%;水土保持措施共计减沙6.138亿t,年均减沙1 860万t,年均减沙效益36.6%。近期流域水土保持综合治理减洪减沙效益显著,水保措施减水减沙比依时序呈下降趋势。     

晋西王家沟流域水土保持综合治理效益分析

王家沟流域的水土保持综合治理始于50年代,至1994年止,流域在经济、社会与生态方面都取得了明显的效益.根据部颁规定利用微机对流域综合治理效益进行分析计算的结果是,经济效益的内部回收率为20.15%,静态回收期为12.20年,动态回收期为14.46年,静态产投比为3.14,动态产投比为3.81.现在流域治理度已经达到74.8%,林草覆盖度为45.3%,总减沙效益为71.3%,年人均占有粮食539.42kg,年人均纯收入为1013元.     

应用灰色系统动态模型群分析泾河流域减沙效益

本文以泾河流域出口站(张家山站)1952～1985年34年实测输沙量为原始数据，应用灰色系统理论，建立一套灰色动态模型群，对泾河流域1976～1985年10年减沙效益进行了分析。用水文法比较得到了理想结果，为计算较大流域减沙效益提供了新方法，并为较大流域的综合治理，水土流失预报提供了依据。     

Analysis of gully dimensions and sediment texture from southeast Australia for catchment sediment budgeting

Catchment scale sediment budgeting models are increasingly being used to target remediation works aimed at controlling erosion and improving water quality. Gully erosion is often a major sediment source and needs to be accounted for in such models in a manner consistent with the scale of analysis and available data. Using 130 measurements of gully cross-sectional area and 45 measurements of gully wall sediment texture, the variability in gully dimensions and particle size distribution for the Lake Burragorang catchment in Australia is examined. The distribution of gully cross-sectional area measurements is log-normally distributed and modelling indicates a representative value of 23 m² be used in catchment sediment budgeting applications. The proportion of gully eroded sediment contributing to the bedload budget (defined as particles > 63 μm diameter) of a river link is approximately half, though may be higher in igneous landscapes. A continental scale spatially distributed subsoil texture dataset provided limited capacity to predict the finer scale spatial variation in the proportion of sediment contributing to bedload from gully erosion within the Lake Burragorang catchment.     

Improving precision in sediment source and erosion process distinction in an upland catchment,south-eastern Australia

Analysis of sediment sources is an important component in the development of catchment sediment budgets and in determining links between erosion from sources and sediment delivery to catchment outlets. In this study ¹³⁷Cs and ²¹⁰Pb_ex were used to determine surface and sub-surface source contributions of fine sediment in a small upland headwater catchment (1.6 km²) in south-eastern Australia. The findings from this analysis are employed in an adjustment procedure to better differentiate sediment source erosion processes by utilising channel survey and erosion pin data. This improved the precision of estimates of sediment-source erosion-process contributions from hillslopes and channel/gully walls. A mean of 74% of in-channel deposits and suspended sediment exiting the study catchment was derived from sub-surface sources and when adjusted for erosion process this increased to 81%, which may be attributed to channel and gully wall erosion alone. Net erosion of the channel floor was low and constitutes only a small part of the total channel source input to sediment flux. Variability in sediment source contributions within the catchment was high, with rapid transition from hillslope to channel source dominance of sediment flux with distance downstream in the study catchment.     

ASSESSING THE PERFORMANCE OF A SPATIALLY DISTRIBUTED SOIL EROSION AND SEDIMENT DELIVERY MODEL (WATEM/SEDEM) IN NORTHERN ETHIOPIA

Most regional‐scale soil erosion models are spatially lumped and hence have limited application to practical problems such as the evaluation of the spatial variability of soil erosion and sediment delivery within a catchment. Therefore, the objectives of this study were as follows: (i) to calibrate and assess the performance of a spatially distributed WATEM/SEDEM model in predicting absolute sediment yield and specific sediment yield from 12 catchments in Tigray (Ethiopia) by using two different sediment transport capacity equations (original and modified) and (ii) to assess the performance of WATEM/SEDEM for the identification of critical sediment source areas needed for targeting catchment management. The performance of the two model versions for sediment yield was found promising for the 12 catchments. For both versions, model performance for the nine catchments with limited gully erosion was clearly better than the performance obtained when including the three catchments with significant gully erosion. Moreover, there is no significant difference (alpha 5 per cent) between the performances of the two model versions. Cultivated lands were found to be on average five times more prone to erosion than bush–shrub lands. The predicted soil loss values in most parts of Gindae catchment are generally high as compared with the soil formation rates. This emphasises the importance of implementing appropriate soil and water conservation measures in critical sediment source areas prioritising the steepest part of the catchment (i.e. areas with slope >50 per cent). The applicability of the WATEM/SEDEM model to environments where gully erosion is important requires the incorporation of permanent gully and bank gully erosion in the model structure. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Evaluating gully erosion using Cs and Pb/Cs ratio in a reservoir catchment

Water erosion in the hilly areas of west China is the main process contributing to the overall sediment of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River. The impact of gully erosion in total sediment output has been mostly neglected. Our objective was to assess the sediment production and sediment sources at both the hillslope and catchment scales in the Yangjuangou reservoir catchment of the Chinese Loess Plateau, northwest China. Distribution patterns in sediment production caused by water erosion on hills and gully slopes under different land use types were assessed using the fallout ¹³⁷Cs technique. The total sediment production from the catchment was estimated by using the sediment record in a reservoir. Sediment sources and dominant water erosion processes were determined by comparing ¹³⁷Cs activities and ²¹⁰Pb/¹³⁷Cs ratios in surface soils and sub-surface soils with those of sediment deposits from the reservoir at the outlet of the catchment. Results indicated that landscape location had the most significant impact on sediment production for cultivated hillslopes, followed by the terraced hillslope, and the least for the vegetated hillslope. Sediment production increased in the following order: top>upper>lower>middle for the cultivated hillslope, and top>lower>upper>middle for the terraced hillslope. The mean value of sediment production declined by 49% for the terraced hillslope and by 80% for the vegetated hillslope compared with the cultivated hillslope. Vegetated gully slope reduced the sediment production by 38% compared with the cultivated gully slope. These data demonstrate the effectiveness of terracing and perennial vegetation cover in controlling sediment delivery at a hillslope scale. Averaged ¹³⁷Cs activities and ²¹⁰Pb/¹³⁷Cs ratios in the 0–5 cm surface soil (2.22–4.70 Bq kg⁻¹ and 20.70–22.07, respectively) and in the 5–30 cm subsoil (2.60 Bq kg⁻¹ and 28.57, respectively) on the cultivated hills and gully slopes were close to those of the deposited sediment in the reservoir (3.37 Bq kg⁻¹ and 29.08, respectively). These results suggest that the main sediment sources in the catchment were from the surface soil and subsoil on the cultivated slopes, and that gully erosion is the dominant water erosion process contributing sediment in the study area. Changes in land use types can greatly affect sediment production from gully erosion. An increase in grassland and forestland by 42%, and a corresponding decrease in farmland by 46%, reduced sediment production by 31% in the catchment.     

Relative Contribution of Rill/Interrill and Gully/Channel Erosion to Small Reservoir Siltation in Mediterranean Environments

Reservoir siltation because of water erosion is an important environmental issue in Mediterranean countries where storage of clear surface water is crucial for their economic and agricultural development. The high density of gully systems observed in Mediterranean regions raises the question of their contribution to reservoir siltation. In this context, this study quantified the absolute and relative contributions of rill/interrill and gully/channel erosion in sediment accumulation at the outlet of small Tunisian catchments (0·1–10 km²) during the last 15 years (1995–2010). To this end, a fingerprinting method based on measurements of caesium‐137 and total organic carbon combined with long‐term field monitoring of catchment sediment yield was applied to five catchments in order to cover the diversity of environmental conditions found along the Tunisian Ridge and in the Cape Bon region. Results showed the very large variability of erosion processes among the selected catchments, with rill/interrill erosion contributions to sediment accumulated in outlet reservoirs ranging from 20 to 80%. Overall, rill/interrill erosion was the dominant process controlling reservoir siltation in three catchments whereas gully/channel erosion dominated in the other two catchments. We identified the presence of marly gypsum substrates and the proportion of catchment surface covered by soil management/conservation measures as the main drivers of erosion process variability at the catchment scale. These results provided a sound basis to propose guidelines for erosion mitigation in these Mediterranean environments and suggested to apply models simulating both rill/interrill and gully/channel erosion in catchments of the region. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

东北漫岗黑土区地形因子对浅沟侵蚀的影响分析

浅沟侵蚀是坡耕地上重要的产沙方式之一,地形是控制其发生及发展的关键因素。通过对东北漫岗黑土区两个小流域的地形因子和浅沟侵蚀进行相关分析发现,浅沟长度、侵蚀体积与坡面长度呈显著相关,与汇水面积也有较好的相关。根据地形临界理论,确定了研究区浅沟和切沟侵蚀发生的地形临界（S-A）关系：SEG=0.052AEG^- 0.148和SG=0.072 AG^- 0.141,可以用来预测小流域内可能发生浅沟侵蚀以及浅沟向切沟侵蚀转变的部位。在地形分析的基础上,建立了预测浅沟长度的回归模型,交叉验证表明模型对单条浅沟长度的预测误差较大,平均误差37%;而预测浅沟总长度效果较好,预测浅沟总侵蚀量与实测值的误差也只有6%。     

黄土区浅沟侵蚀影响因素对其侵蚀速率影响的模拟试验研究

浅沟侵蚀是黄土高原丘陵沟壑区的主要侵蚀类型之一。利用室内模拟降雨与放水相结合的研究方法,对雨强、上游汇水面积、坡度和耕作等因素对浅沟侵蚀的影响进行了初步研究,结果表明:浅沟侵蚀发生的速率与坡度、雨强和汇水面积均呈正相关关系。耕作通过改变表层土壤结构,改变了浅沟侵蚀随雨强、坡度和上游汇水面积与侵蚀速率的响应关系。且在较小坡度坡面上,耕作显著减少由于雨强变化引起的侵蚀变化,但在大坡度和大雨强条件下,耕作对雨强引起的侵蚀变化有加强作用。     

Impacts of land use change on patterns of sediment flux in Weraamaia catchment,New Zealand

Forest clearance between the 1890s and the early 1920s, subsequent scrub growth, and commencement of an afforestation program in 1979, modified the pattern and rate of sediment delivery to valley floors via shallow landslides and gully complexes in a steep headwater catchment (4.8 km²) in New Zealand. Analysis of the historical record, air photograph interpretation, and field survey indicates that both erosion types occurred across the catchment in the 1938 storm, aggrading channel beds and widening the active channel zone. In contrast, a 1 in 100 year event in 1988 (Cyclone Bola) induced numerous shallow landslides, but erosion of gully complexes was largely restricted to subcatchments that retained pasture, and the geomorphic impact of this event on channels was small. The changing volume and calibre of materials delivered to the valley floor, and the distribution of gully complexes, altered patterns and rates of channel adjustment after the events, and the resulting sediment flux. Development of gully complexes maintained coupling processes with channels for periods up to 10² years, forming wide channels in downstream reaches. Upstream–downstream connectivity along the trunk stream was altered by the formation of a large debris fan at the confluence with a tributary subjected to gully complex erosion. In contrast, slopes subjected to shallow landslides became decoupled from channels within 10 years, accelerating channel degradation and narrowing. Effective conveyance of a large volume of fine-grained materials promoted immediate aggradation of gentle-gradient channels downstream. As gully complex areas stabilized following an increase in forest and scrub cover, channel courses became significant sediment sources. Although shallow landslide activity will continue to induce intermittent aggradation in the future, it is inferred that average sediment yield will continue to diminish to levels approaching those experienced prior to clearcutting, and the pattern of sediment flux will recover by 2030.     

USE OF RESERVOIR DEPOSITS AND CAESIUM-137 MEASUREMENTS TO INVESTIGATE THE EROSIONAL RESPONSE OF A SMALL DRAINAGE BASIN IN THE ROLLING LOESS PLATEAU REGION OF CHINA

This paper reports the results of an investigation of the erosional response of the 3·86 km² Zhaojia Gully catchment in the rolling loess plateau region of Zichan County, Shaanxi Province, China. In the absence of direct measurements, information derived from reservoir deposits and from caesium-137 measurements on both the catchment soils and reservoir deposits was used to obtain a retrospective assessment of the longer-term (ca. 30 year) erosional response of the catchment and of the relative contributions of the rolling plateau surface and the gully areas to the sediment output from the basin. Net erosion rates on cultivated land occupying the gentle crest slopes and steeper lower slopes of the rolling plateau and the steep gully slopes were estimated to be 4500 t km⁻² year⁻¹, 8584 t km⁻² year⁻¹ and 15851 t km⁻² year⁻¹, respectively. Estimates of annual sediment yield from the study catchment based on analysis of sediment deposits in the two sediment-trap reservoirs ranged between 4627 and 32472 t km⁻² year⁻¹. Almost all the sediment transported from the catchment was contributed by 2–4 large floods each year. Measurements of the caesium-137 content of recent sediment deposits in a sediment-trap reservoir allowed the relative contributions of the total sediment yield derived from the rolling plateau and gully areas of the catchment to be estimated at 23 and 77 per cent, respectively. Analysis of the sediment deposits dating from 1973–1977 in another sediment trap reservoir allowed individual flood event couplets to be identified and indicated that the sediment associated with the first one or two floods in a season, when the soils of the plateau area were relatively dry, was derived primarily from the gully areas. The cultivated soils of the rolling plateau contributed an increased proportion of the total sediment yield during the latter stages of the flood season when the soils were wetter, and surface runoff and erosion were more widespread. Based on analysis of the caesium-137 content of the sediment deposited in this sediment-trap reservoir, the relative contributions of sediment from the rolling plateau and gully areas over the period 1973–1977 were estimated to be 21 and 79 per cent, respectively. The results obtained demonstrate the potential for using caesium-137 measurements and analysis of reservoir deposits to document the erosional response of a drainage basin. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

植被毯措施对黑土农田浅沟侵蚀的防护效果研究

为了探究植被毯在植被恢复早期的浅沟侵蚀防护效果,并为黑土农田浅沟治理提供科学依据。以黑土耕作层土壤为研究对象,通过室内模拟汇流冲刷试验,定量分析了植被毯在不同汇流强度下对农田浅沟侵蚀产流产沙的影响。实验结果显示:在小于30 L/min汇流强度时,植被毯措施可减少16.23%的径流和80%以上的产沙。当汇流强度增大到40 L/min时,植被毯措施减沙效益由82.19%下降到26.63%,而减流效益由15.74%减少到1.63%,基本无减流效果。继续增加汇流强度达到50 L/min时,植被毯措施的减沙效果进一步下降,并最终失去防护作用。研究表明植被毯措施在一定汇流强度下能够有较好的减流减沙作用,且其减沙作用明显高于减流作用。因此,一定条件下,可以有效防治浅沟的进一步侵蚀,且对于改善草被前期生长及生态环境有一定帮助。