火炬松菌根育苗技术研究

火炬松原产美国东南部。苏北东海县已引种成功,营造了大面积纯林和松栎混交林。但过去对松树根系必须与土壤中某些真菌共生形成菌根不太了解,在育苗上受到不少挫折,成功率较低。为了将该树种在苏北、鲁南等原来缺少松树,因而土壤中缺少松树菌根真菌的地区大面积推广,现将李埝林场近10年探索研究的火炬松菌根接种和容器育苗技术总结报道如下。     

马褂木菌根真菌筛选和菌根化育苗效果研究

通过对马褂木菌根真菌种类调查,发现其为典型的内生菌根树种,分离和鉴定出地表球囊霉菌、苏格兰球囊霉菌和摩西球囊霉菌3种优势的共生菌根.利用马褂木福建武夷山种源苗木,通过接种效果比较,摩西球囊霉菌的促生效果最好,为马褂木的优良菌根菌种.利用摩西球囊霉菌进一步的菌根化育苗试验表明,马褂木菌根化育苗的促生效应明显,显著促进了苗木对N、P素的吸收利用,其苗高、地径、根长、侧根数和干物质积累量分别较未接种试验对照提高了42.41%、38.30%、12.90%、21.13%和137.78%.此外,菌根化育苗还能有效地改善基质的理化性质,其速效N和有效P含量分别较育苗前原始基质提高了158.48%和48.09%.     

缩短落叶松育苗周期的途径

对兴安落叶松开展 PT菌根剂在育苗技术上的应用研究表明 ,人工芽苗截根接种 PT菌根剂可明显提高兴安落叶松苗木的苗高、地径生长量 ,增加根系体积。利用温室培育菌根化苗木与田间芽苗移栽相结合的办法可大大缩短兴安落叶松的育苗周期     

彩色豆马勃与松树形成内外生菌根的研究

采用组培菌根合成技术、纸—三明治菌根快速合成技术和圃地截根菌根化育苗技术使彩色豆马勃RG310和RG49菌株在马尾松、火炬松、湿地松上形成内外生菌根,不同菌根化技术形成菌根的过程和类型有差异。在组培菌根合成的条件下,菌与根接触后的第3—4d首先开始形成菌丝套,第8d开始形成哈蒂氏网,第18d菌丝进入皮层细胞内,哈蒂氏网由单列变为多列菌丝细胞组成;采用纸—三明治菌根快速合成技术进行截根菌根化,促进了菌根真菌的定殖,以截面伤口侵入为主要的侵入方式,扩大了根内外菌根侵染区(MIZ),定殖、侵染同时发生,菌丝套、哈蒂氏网和胞内菌丝结构几乎同时形成,仅在2．5h内就开始形成,菌根真菌的菌丝进入了内外皮层和髓部;采用圃地截根菌根化育苗技术,仍然形成内外生菌根,但菌丝不侵入内皮层以内的根组织。根据研究提出“菌根类型”假说,即树木形成的菌根类型不但随菌根真菌和树木种类而异,而且随菌根化方法、生态条件等其它因子而异。     

菌根生物技术与林业生产

根据国内外有关菌根的文献资料，对菌根的特点和类型进行了介绍，综述了菌根在林业生产中引种、育苗、逆境造林及抗病性等方面的应用，体现了菌根对林业生产的重要性。     

外生菌根菌在杨树生产中的研究现状

通过对杨树外生菌根资源情况的介绍,及总结杨树菌根化育苗技术、菌根对杨树矿质营养吸收的影响、菌根对杨树抗逆性的影响等方面的研究现状,提出了外生菌根菌在杨树生产应用中未来研究的主要方向。     

截根菌根化技术的研究

通过大量室内外对比试验和用现代化手段进行分析，创造性地提出了林木菌根化的新途径－截根菌根化，并就截根对菌根真菌侵染的影响，截根菌根化育苗和造林，截根菌根化机制和截根菌根化技术等主要研究及其成果作一综述，对该成果的更广泛的应用进行了讨论。     

截根菌根化育苗和造林技术

截根菌根化育苗技术是中国林科院菌根中心研究开发的林业生产先进技术 ,是林业部 1997年林业科技推广项目之一。安徽省太湖县从 1998年春季起 ,连续 3年在湿地松容器苗培育和板栗实生苗培育中大面积推广应用 ,提高了苗木的产量和质量 ,增强了苗木的抗病虫害能力 ,节约了育苗成本 ,取得了良好的经济效益。1　造林步骤国外松容器苗造林是太湖县近几年大力推广的造林新技术。在芽苗移栽过程中进行截根 ,接种菌根 ,实行菌根化育苗。其过程如下 :种子处理—催芽—营养土 (培育基质 )准备—装容器—芽苗接菌移栽—菌根化育苗管理—出圃造林。1 1　…     

林业的绿色革命──试述菌根生物技术及在海南和雷州半岛的应用

菌根在在林生态系统中具有重要作用，是树木引神成功、提高林分质量和地力的自然资源。本文择要介绍了我国十多年来在菌根应用研究上的重大成就，例举了理论先进、使用简便、效益显著的Ｐｔ菌育苗造林技术，指出海南和雷州半岛在生态保护恢复和迅速发展的林业建设中，高科技和价廉的菌根生物技术，在生产应用中需要重视的几个方面问题，展示了这一地区菌根应用的前景。     

培养基种类对外生菌根真菌生长的影响

外生菌根是真菌同寄主植物形成的一种互益的联合体 ,它对寄主植物的有益作用主要表现在 :扩大寄主植物根系的吸收面积 ,产生植物激素等生长调节物质以及抗生素和某些挥发性物质 ,进而增强了寄主植物的抗逆性 ,同时它对许多林木根部土传病害有良好的防治效果。目前 ,外生菌根主要应用在容器育苗、苗圃育苗和大规模造林等方面 ,在干旱地区、草原、侵蚀地、工业废地、荒地及采伐迹地造林上也都需要外生菌根。随着菌根研究的不断深入 ,人们发现在生长过程中 ,不同菌根真菌对营养的要求不同。因此 ,用不同的培养基 ,在 2 5℃无光条件下培养、筛选…     

浙江天童常绿阔叶林马尾松菌根研究

对浙江天童常绿阔叶林马尾松菌根进行了研究,分析了马尾松在不同样地以及不同季节菌根的感染率.结果表明:在温度低、气候干燥、土壤贫瘠的环境下,菌根感染率较低,而在温度高、气候湿润、土壤肥沃的环境下,菌根感染率较高;在调查中发现,与马尾松共生的菌根真菌有4科6属8种,其中硬皮马勃科Scleroderm ataceae的彩色豆马勃P isolithus tinctor ius(P ers.)和大包硬皮马勃S clerod erm a bov ista F r.以及红菇科Russu lacese的松乳菇L acta r ius d eliciosus(L.ex.F r)G ery分布较广泛,在多数样地中均可找到相应的子实体;通过菌根在生态系统中的作用,初步探讨了菌根与常绿阔叶林整体退化机制之间的关系.     

尾叶桉、深山含笑、红锥苗接种内生菌根菌试验

将从荔枝分离的AM菌根菌接种于尾叶桉组培苗，深山含笑和红锥种子苗，结果表明，AM菌根菌剂对供试的3种幼苗有明显的增效作用，对林业具有实际应用与开发价值。但其增效作用有差异，尾叶桉呈现逐渐增长的趋势，而深山含笑和红锥增长率达到最大后呈现缓慢下降的趋势。     

Effect of soil humus cover on the establishment and development of mycorrhiza on containerised pinus sylvestris L. and pinus contorta ssp. latifolia Engelm. after outplanting

The presence of humus was evaluated as a factor affecting the establishment and development of mycorrhiza in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta ssp. latifolia Engelm.) during the first growing season after outplanting on two clear‐cut sites. Humus proved to be of minor importance for the formation of mycorrhizae. Instead, the colonisation showed a patchy pattern, indicating spatial variation in the amounts of active inoculum. This variation may reflect differences in soil microhabitat and perhaps the mycorrhizal distribution in the logged stands. Total mycorrhizal short‐root frequency increased from 10% at outplanting in June to 40–65% in October. The nursery mycorrhiza accounted for 80–95% of the total mycorrhiza at the end of the investigation. However, by this time 60–90% of the seedlings had, to some extent, indigenous mycorrhiza with fungi from the clear‐cut sites. Piloderma croceum tended to be formed at a higher rate in the presence of humus than in its absence while another mycorrhizal type increased faster in the mineral soil.     

Dynamics of symbiotic establishment between an IAA-overproducing mutant of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum and Pinus pinaster

To clarify the early steps of symbiotic establishment, we studied the dynamics of Pinus pinaster (Ait.) Sol. tap root colonization and mycorrhiza formation by an IAA-overproducing mutant of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum Romagnesi and by the corresponding wild type strain. Differences between wild type and mutant strains were quantitative rather than qualitative and were detected two days after inoculation. Both fungal strains established a typical Hartig net when they colonized the tap roots. Consequently, colonized tap roots exhibited features of a true mycorrhiza and fungal colonization enhanced plant growth. Fungal colonization and Hartig net formation were more rapid with the mutant than with the wild type. Colonization, especially with the mutant strain, increased rhizogenesis and the production of mycorrhizas. The mutant formed a hypertrophic Hartig net in tap roots and mycorrhizal short roots and we obtained evidence that the process of short root transformation into mycorrhiza started before their emergence from the tap root. Hyphae of the Hartig net in the tap root penetrated the cortex of young lateral roots at the beginning of their elongation, after the endodermis layer broke under the pressure of the elongating lateral root. Colonization was inhibited when triiodobenzoic acid was added to the culture medium, providing circumstantial evidence that auxin is involved in mycorrhiza formation.     

INOCULATION EFFECTS OF SUILLUS GREVILLEI ON LARCH SEEDLINGS

INTR0DUCTl0NCultivatingseedlingswithmycorrhizaistmiversallyacknowledgedasthethirdkeyelementincultivatioroffastgrowingandhigl1yeildforests.Seedlingswithmycorrhizatakenbymanycountfiesoftheworldasoneoftheeffectivcmeasurestthichcanincreaseyieldsin'agricultUreandforestry,hasbeenpaidclosedattentionextensivelyandutilizedinforestproduction.Inordertoenhancetechnologylevelofseedlingcultivationandsurvivalrateofplanta-tion,weestablishedaworkplaceintheCentraINursery,Chao3uanF0restBureautomakemycorrhi…     

Inoculation effects ofSuillus grevillei on Larch seedlings

A large areas of Larch seedlings, including container and bare-root seedlings (new and transplanted seedlings) were inoculated pure inocula that were cultivated by usingSuillus grevillei. Compared with those of control area, all growth indices as rate of emergence, growth(in seedling height, collar diameter and number of lateral branch-root), rate of mycorrhiza inoculum, rate of survival and content of nutrient elements were greatly increased. Therefore,Suillus grevillei is a better and suitable mycorrhizal fungus to larch seedling either in the severe cold mountain area or in the plain region. It should be spread and used in larch cultivation and planting.     

马占相思优势外生菌根菌与根瘤菌双接种效应初报

马占相思（ＡｃａｃｉａｍａｎｇｉｕｍＷｉｌｄ）是速生优良多用途树种,其根部具有根瘤,具有共生固氮功能。为了使根瘤菌更好地促进马占相思的生长,国内外对其根瘤菌进行了大量的研究［１］。其中包括双接种根瘤菌与ＶＡ菌的研究［２］。虽然ＶＡ菌根菌能较好地促进马...     

Effects of exogenous diamines on the interaction between ectomycorrhizal fungi and adventitious root formation in Scots pine in vitro

Production of free and conjugated polyamines by two ectomycorrhizal fungi, Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Coker and Couch and Paxillus involutus (Batsch) Fr., was studied in vitro. Spermidine was the main polyamine in the mycelium of both fungi. Paxillus involutus also produced large amounts of the diamine putrescine, whereas Pisolithus tinctorius contained traces of the diamine cadaverine and released into the culture medium an unknown compound probably related to cadaverine or N-methylputrescine. Both fungi accelerated adventitious root formation and increased subsequent root growth of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) hypocotyl cuttings in vitro. Exogenous cadaverine enhanced rooting caused by Pisolithus tinctorius and also promoted mycorrhiza formation by the fungus. Putrescine and Paxillus involutus had a synergistic effect on root initiation, but not on subsequent root growth. We conclude that specific diamines may be involved in the interaction between ectomycorrhizal fungi and adventitious root formation in Scots pine, and that the effects of specific exogenous polyamines are dependent on the fungal strain and its ability to produce these compounds. The finding that Paxillus involutus enhanced rooting and root growth without mycorrhiza formation indicates that fungal-induced rooting is not necessarily related to visible mycorrhiza formation.     

林木育苗技术研究综述

从播种育苗，无性繁殖，容器育苗，生物制剂，密度，施肥和苗根对苗木生长的影响出发，对苗木培育理论和生产技术的研究现状进行了综述。     

世界形态改良苗木生产技术发展现状和趋势

从充分发挥林木遗传改良种子的增产潜力出发，综合世界林业生产先进国家在形态改良苗木培育领域的经验，介绍了几项目前在我国可行的，能有效利用种子，培育出以提高根系质量为中心的苗木培育技术。