宝鸡不同密度旱作苹果园产量和深层土壤水分动态响应模拟

为揭示半湿润黄土台塬沟壑区不同密度旱作苹果园产量长周期演变趋势与深层土壤水分变化动态, 应用WinEPIC模型定量模拟分析了1965-2009年期间宝鸡6种种植密度(D1: 2 m×3 m; D2: 2 m×4 m; D3: 2.5 m× 4 m; D4: 3 m×4 m; D5: 4 m×4 m; D6: 4 m×5 m)苹果园果品产量和0~15 m土层土壤水分变化动态, 并据此确定了当地旱作苹果园最佳种植密度和适宜种植年限。结果表明: (1)在1968-2009年42年苹果产果期间, 各密度苹果园果品产量呈现逐渐增高后又强烈波动性降低趋势, 前21年平均产量明显高于后21年。(2)随着种植密度增大, 苹果园果品产量逐渐增加, 当种植密度达到D3(2.5 m×4 m)~D4(3 m×4 m), 即833~1 000 株·hm^-2后, 增产幅度趋缓。(3)随着种植密度增加, 果园0~15 m土层土壤有效含水量逐渐降低, 深层土壤干层形成时间逐渐缩短。(4)从产量、干旱胁迫日数、土壤有效含水量和土壤剖面湿度分布演变趋势和变幅分析, 宝鸡旱作苹果园地最佳种植密度为D3(2.5 m×4 m)或D4(3 m×4 m), 即833株·hm^-2或1 000株·hm^-2, 种植年限为30年左右为宜。     

林下植被对半干旱区不同密度刺槐林地土壤水分环境的指示作用

 研究林下植被对不同密度林地土壤水分环境的指示作用,可以为造林营林中的密度调控、提高林分生产力和林分稳定性等,提供理论根据。为此,对山西黄土丘陵沟壑区的14年生人工刺槐(Robiniapseudoacacia)林6种造林密度(1.5m×2m、1.5m×3m、1.5m×4m、1.5m×5m、1.5m×6m、1.5m×7m)林分的土壤水分、林下光照强度等环境因子进行观测,同时,采用样方调查法,对不同密度林内的树木生长情况和林下植物的类型、数量、分布及发育状况进行了研究。结果表明:密度小的林分内,各小环境指标均优于密度大的林分,其中土壤水分、光照强度有显著的随林分密度增大而减小的趋势,刺槐林地内随着林分密度的增大,渐渐出现干旱、半干旱地区成龄人工林土壤干化的现象,林下植被的种类和数量相应减少,物种丰富度和物种多样性指数也降低,且逐步由以鹅观草(Roegneriakamoji),小菅草(Themedaminor)为典型的中生植物,向以角蒿(Incarvilleasinensis),灰绿藜(Chenopodiumglaucum)为典型的旱生植物过渡,反映出林分内的小环境条件随林分密度变化的特征。因此,在半干旱区造林和营林中,密度不可过大,以便提高林分生产力和林分稳定性。     

不同规格可降解沙障铺设5年后土壤粒度及有机质特征

为了探究可降解沙障铺设5 a后土壤粒度及有机质含量特征,采集库布齐沙漠东南缘铺设5 a后不同规格(0.5 m×0.5 m,1 m×1 m和2 m×2 m)、不同坡位(坡底、坡中、坡顶)的PLA沙障内近地表层(0—3 cm)土壤样品,通过激光粒度仪测试并分析了土壤粒度、有机质含量的变化情况及二者的相关性。结果表明:(1)PLA沙障内主要以细砂和粗砂为主,随着铺设规格的增加细砂含量逐渐增加,2 m×2 m(80.66%)>1 m×1 m(75.8%)>0.5 m×0.5 m(45.15%),每种规格坡顶处细砂含量最高分别为23.39%,31.73%,41.17%,坡中粗砂含量最高分别为44.91%,36.42%,42.88%。(2)障格内分选性均变差,峰态偏离正态分布,沉积物颗粒频率分布曲线部分波段变窄,表层颗粒逐渐细粒化。(3)土壤有机质含量表现出1 m×1 m>0.5 m×0.5 m>CK>2 m×2 m的规律; 3种规格有机质含量均表现为坡底>坡中>坡顶; 且极细砂与有机质含量呈现显著正相关,与中砂呈现显著负相关。上述结果说明,对于本研究区内,铺设5 a后1m×1m规格PLA沙障防护效益更优,且1 m×1 m规格和坡底处有利于有机质的积累,极细砂和中砂是有机质积累的关键粒级。     

沙柳沙障防风效益模拟试验研究

研究设定了2组试验,用沙柳柳条人工插成方格沙障,一组方格沙障高度1 m,规格分别为4 m×4 m,5 m×5m,6 m×6 m;另外一组方格沙障高度1.5 m,规格分别为6 m×6 m,7.5 m×7.5m,9 m×9 m。测定了每种规格沙障的地表粗糙度,防风效益。试验结果表明:在宽高比相同的情况下,1 m高的沙柳沙障的粗糙度大于1.5 m高的沙障,防风效益也好于1.5 m高的沙障;而在沙障高度一定的情况下,随着沙障面积的增大,沙障的防风效益在逐渐减弱。     

毛乌素沙地不同植被恢复类型的土壤碳水效应

[目的] 探讨不同植被恢复类型下土壤有机碳和水分含量特征及其关系,为毛乌素沙地植被恢复类型的选取提供科学依据。[方法] 以毛乌素沙地自然恢复草地及沙蒿、沙柳、沙蒿×沙柳(灌灌混交)、樟子松、沙柳×樟子松(乔灌混交)为研究对象,并以裸沙地为对照,分析不同植被恢复类型对0-5.0 m土层土壤剖面碳、水的影响及其相关性。[结果] (1)植被恢复增加土壤有机碳含量,沙柳×樟子松、樟子松、草地、沙蒿×沙柳、沙柳、沙蒿依次降低,0—0.2 m土层显著高于深层,表现为表聚效应;随着土层深度的增加,各植被类型的有机碳含量逐渐降低;沙蒿、沙柳、沙蒿×沙柳在0.8—2.2 m土层范围内表现为碳损失。(2)不同植被恢复类型在深层均存在不同程度的水分亏缺,主要集中在1.0—3.0 m土层,具体亏缺程度为沙柳×樟子松＞樟子松＞沙蒿×沙柳＞沙柳＞草地＞沙蒿。(3)根系是影响土壤有机碳含量和水分消耗的主要因素;土壤有机碳含量与土壤含水量在0—5.0 m土层范围内负相关。[结论] 植被固存有机碳以消耗深层土壤水分为代价,沙柳×樟子松固定同等单位量的碳消耗水分最少。因此,从土壤固碳和保水2个角度同时考虑,沙柳×樟子松在毛乌素沙地的植被恢复中具有较好的恢复效果。     

大叶速生槐基地速成技术

大叶速生槐是从国外引进,经杂交选育而成的抗逆性强、适应性广、速生高产的优质饲料槐,兼有良好的生态功能.多采用根茎无性繁殖,可育苗栽植,也可直接将根茎埋在定植区域.饲料槐定植密度株行距40cm×50 cm,生态林定植密度2 m×3 m.栽植种根时宜深不宜浅,上覆塑膜可促苗早发,多次摘心可促进分枝,提高饲草产量.     

林分结构调整对固沙林地生态环境影响

辽宁彰武为辽宁及东北地区典型的风沙易旱区。1973年开始该地区人工大规模营造樟子松防风固沙林,现已形成针叶林与林下草场复合的生态模式,起到了很好的防风固沙作用。由于受当地气候条件限制,原造林密度大等原因,30 a后出现林木增长缓慢的趋势……,为达到可持续经营的目的,樟子松林急需科学的间伐。试验选择3种处理:保持原有防风固沙林现状、株行间伐、行间伐。结果表明:在干旱或易旱地区,通过采取林分密度调控措施,可降低单位面积林木负载量,从而降低林木单位面积土地的耗水量,0~100 cm土壤含水量平均增加4.50%;林木生长量分别对照增长5%,胸径增长3%;林下植被总盖度增加了13.78%~16.3%;林下鲜草质量增加了12.88%~14.25%、林下干草质量增加了10.42%~14.89%、林下植被种类增加了3~7种。可以认为30 a生樟子松林的林分结构调整至4 m×6 m的株行距为宜。     

规模化奶牛场粪污全量贮存及肥料化还田工艺设计

为推进粪污全量贮存和肥料化还田模式在规模化奶牛场的应用,该研究以存栏500头规模奶牛场为例,分析了粪污收集量、贮存工艺与设施和粪肥还田等内容,提出了粪污贮存池设计容积和粪肥还田配套土地面积等参数。结果表明：奶牛粪污全量收集量为17.33 t/d,全量贮存设施分为舍内贮存池和舍外贮存囊2种。单个舍内贮存池尺寸为85 m×12 m×2 m（长×宽×深）,粪污存储期9个月,所需贮存池数量为5个,总容积10 200 m3;舍外贮存囊占地尺寸为90 m×30 m（长×宽）,深2.2 m,总容积5 615 m3。粪肥全部还田所需土地面积与种植作物类型和种植制度相关,种植作物为小麦、玉米、小麦+玉米和水稻（1年2熟）时,需配套土地分别为248.4、400.6、122.8和127.0 hm2。粪肥还田成本为10.37万元/a,全部还田可节省化肥22.8万元/a,年可产生经济效益12.43万元。     

会宁县旱地大豆全膜覆土穴播密度试验

以张豆1号为指示品种,在会宁县旱地进行了大豆全膜覆土穴播适宜种植密度试验。结果表明,当行距为60 cm、穴距为14 cm时,大豆折合产量最高,为3 156.25 kg/hm2;行距为50 cm、穴距为18 cm和20 cm时,大豆折合产量较高,分别为3 054.17、2 987.50 kg/hm2。且这3个密度处理的大豆综合性状优良。因此认为,会宁县旱地大豆全膜覆土穴播栽培的最佳种植密度为行距60 cm、穴距14 cm和行距50 cm、穴距18～20 cm。     

烟草赤星病菌的生物学特征

对烟草赤星病菌[Alternaria alternata(Fries)Keissler]的形态、生物学特性测定的结果表明:它的分生孢子呈链状串生,有分枝链,大小为11.3～51.3μm×5.6～16.3μm,平均25μm×9.3μm.病菌生长温度范围6～37℃,适宜温度为20～30℃,最适温度25℃;分生孢子的致死温度为49℃10min,或50℃5min,生长的酸碱度范围是pH3.03～12.49,最适pH为5.56。分生孢子在饱和相对湿度下萌发率仅46％,但在水滴中可达85％。在0.1％蔗糖液、0.1％葡萄糖液和5％烟叶汁中,孢子的萌发均良好,和在水滴中的比,无显著差异,其中以5％烟叶汁的萌发率较高(94.4％)。温度在20～30℃时均适宜孢子的萌发,但以25℃为最适宜。     

Oleaster (var. sylvestris) and subsp. cuspidata are suitable genetic resources for improvement of the olive (Olea europaea subsp. europaea var. europaea)

The olive belongs to Olea, a complex genus and to a species with six subspecies. Subsp. europaea includes both the cultivated olive and the oleaster, the wild ancestor of the olive. Little is known on the phenotype of fruits from subsp. cuspidata. We aimed to compare europaea and cuspidata trees for oil content and composition and to verify whether natural hybrids may exist between the two subspecies. Specimens were from Kenya and putative natural hybrids between cuspidata and europaea were from Stellenbosch (South Africa). Cultivar and oleaster trees were sampled in France (continental and Corsica), Italy (Continental and Sardinia) and Tunisia. We have examined the fruit (drupe) structure between subsp. cuspidata and europaea and extracted oil from the pulp, seed and total drupe. Comparison for oil content was made between the cultivated olive and the oleaster and some cuspidata trees from Kenya. A few of cuspidata individuals from Botanical gardens do not enable phenotyping for oil content and composition. Oil composition analyses were performed for the main fatty acids to compare the three taxa. We used microsatellite markers at 11 loci to compute genetic distances between cuspidata, oleaster and cultivar trees and to reveal eventual hybrids. The SSR polymorphisms were huge between the two subspecies and they revealed that putative hybrids were true hybrids sampled around olive orchards. The whole comparison of oil content shows that olive cultivars display higher oil content than the subsp. cuspidata and that the oleaster trees are intermediate, whereas for oil composition of the drupe, cuspidata from Kenya shows less oleic acid than europaea. However, the cuspidata trees show seed oil composition similarities with the other two taxa. The discussion deals with possible reasons to explain the differences and of the possible uses of these taxa for breeding both the olive and brown olive. H. Hannachi and H. Sommerlatte have equal contribution in the article.     

菲对秀丽隐杆线虫、中杆属和拟丽突属线虫毒性效应研究

采用悉生培养系统,研究不同浓度菲对秀丽隐杆线虫、拟丽突属与中杆属线虫的毒性效应,以及3种线虫对菲的去除作用。结果表明:(1)随着菲浓度的增加,3种线虫存活率逐渐降低。秀丽隐杆线虫在不添加菲的处理中,48 h内出现繁殖,而在添加菲的处理中,即使在最低浓度5 mg/L下,繁殖现象也会消失。中杆属与拟丽突属线虫由于世代时间较长,在本试验周期内均未出现繁殖现象。(2)暴露24 h时,比较不同浓度菲处理下线虫的相对死亡率,得到3种线虫的耐性依次为中杆属线虫≥秀丽隐杆线虫≥拟丽突属线虫,且随菲浓度的增加,秀丽隐杆线虫耐性水平逐渐降低;暴露48 h时中杆属线虫耐性依旧高于拟丽突属,而72 h时中杆属与拟丽突属线虫的耐性趋于一致。(3)3种线虫受菲胁迫后均失去头部正常摆动能力,且秀丽隐杆线虫与拟丽突属线虫体长随菲浓度的增加而逐渐降低。(4)不同种类线虫的添加均能促进菲的去除,不同线虫之间无显著差异。因此,菲会显著抑制3种线虫的存活率和生长发育,抑制秀丽隐杆线虫的繁殖。线虫的存活率受线虫种类、暴露时间、菲浓度及其交互作用的影响显著,其中中杆属线虫对菲的综合耐性最强,3种线虫均能促进溶液中菲的去除。     

Nuclear DNA content estimations in wild olive ( Olea europaea L. ssp. europaea var. sylvestris Brot.) and Portuguese cultivars of O. europaea using flow cytometry

Olive tree (Olea europaea L.) is an economically important woody fruit crop widely distributed in the Mediterranean regions. In this work the genome size of six Portuguese cultivars of olive (O. europaea ssp. europaea var. europaea) and wild olive (O. europaea spp. europaea var. sylvestris) was estimated for the first time. The nuclear DNA content of O. europaea cultivars ranged between 2.90 ± 0.020 pg/2C and 3.07 ± 0.018 pg/2C and the genome size of wild olive was estimated as 3.19 ± 0.047 pg/2C DNA. These results suggest a low intraspecific variation at least among the studied cultivars and between them and wild olive. This is not in accordance with previous results in some Italian cultivars where high genome size heterogeneity was found. The methodology presented here seems appropriate for genome size estimations within this genus and opens good perspectives for a large screening of estimation of nuclear DNA content among O. europaea cultivars and Olea species that could clarify this issue.     

Morphological characterization of seeds of three Australian wild Citrus species (Rutaceae): Citrus australasica F. Muell., C. inodora F.M. Bailey and C. garrawayi F.M. Bailey

The comparative morphology of the seeds of three Australian Citrus species, C. australasica C. inodora and C. garrawayi, was studied. Their seed characteristics were broadly similar to those of the cultivated species of the genus, when observed under light and scanning electron microscopy. Citrus garrawayi differed in seed shape (rounded to triangular) and seed coat morphology (i.e., thicker with longer epidermal protrusions) from C. australasica and C. inodora (rounded surface with flat underside in shape). The well-developed minute epidermal protrusions on the seed coat of C. garrawayi were more similar to those in the cultivated species, C. × sinensis and C. × aurantium. In contrast, the surface topography of C. australasica and C. inodora seeds was more like that of the cultivated species, C. × aurantifolia and C. × limon. Seed morphology, especially surface topography, was found to be a useful tool for taxonomic identification in Australian wild citrus.     

尖镰孢萎蔫专化型在土壤中的存在状态与菌量消长的关系

尖镰孢萎蔫专化型(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.vasinfectum)是一种寄生兼腐生的土传性植物病原真菌,这种真菌除引起棉花枯萎病,严重危害棉花生产外,还能侵染大豆、烟草、花椰菜等40多种作物¹⁾,以及多种杂草^[6]。因此,该种真菌既能在受侵染的棉花植株体内繁殖蔓延,也能在其它宿主体内生存,并随同作物残体进人土壤中以腐生方式生活,或以厚垣抱子等休眠结构维持其生命。     

铅胁迫下小花南芥与玉米间作对根系分泌物 有机酸的影响

为了揭示Pb胁迫对间作和单作的超累积植物和作物根系分泌低分子有机酸的影响,研究设置400 mg·L?1Pb胁迫,采用水培曝气法试验,以玉米和小花南芥单作为对照处理,研究Pb胁迫下玉米和小花南芥间作对植物根系形态、根系分泌有机酸及Pb吸收的影响。结果表明:与单作相比,间作小花南芥情况下,玉米根系分泌物检测到乳酸;玉米分根条数、根表面积和根密度与单作相比分别增加60%、15%和42%,地下部和地上部干重生物量分别增加108%和75%,玉米地下部Pb含量下降44%;与单作相比,间作玉米条件下,小花南芥根系分泌物检测到乙酸和乳酸,小花南芥根系分泌物量与单作相比增加103%~1 700%,小花南芥地下部和地上部Pb累积量分别比单作增加49%和75%,转运系数增加22%。相关分析结果表明,单作小花南芥只有地上部Pb累积量与草酸显著相关,而间作小花南芥地下部和地上部Pb累积量与草酸、柠檬酸和苹果酸显著相关。研究表明超富集植物小花南芥与玉米间作体系,根系分泌的有机酸改变了Pb在小花南芥和玉米体内的累积特征,促进超累积植物小花南芥累积Pb,减少农作物玉米植株体内Pb含量。Pb胁迫下超累积植物小花南芥与玉米间作是一种可行的修复模式。     

酸枣荆条耗水特征及其茎木质部解剖构造

[目的]研究酸枣和荆条耗水特征与其茎木质部解剖构造之间的关系,为中国北方干旱区造林树种的选择提供技术支持。[方法]采用热扩散式液流探针(TDP)法对酸枣和荆条的树干液流进行监测,并于监测完成后,采用切片法,观察其茎木质部解剖构造。[结果](1)不同季节2树种的耗水特征存在差异,与湿润季节相比,干旱季节两树种树干液流变化均具有较强的波动性,其日均液流速度和日均耗水量均较小;2树种相比,干旱季节时酸枣的最大液流速度、日均液流速度以及日均耗水量均显著大于荆条,而湿润季节与之相反。(2)就其茎木质部解剖构造而言,酸枣的导管形状大小比较均一,而荆条的导管形状大小参差不齐;酸枣的导管直径、长度、面积平均值及边材相对输导面积均小于荆条,而其导管密度大于荆条。(3)酸枣的相对输导率和脆性指数均小于荆条,说明酸枣的水分输导的有效性小于荆条,而其安全性和抗旱性大于荆条;另外,在湿润季节,二者的耗水特征主要取决于其水分输导的有效性,而在干旱季节,主要取决于其安全性和抗旱性,进而阐明了二者在不同季节表现出不同耗水差异的原因。[结论]与荆条相比,酸枣的茎解剖构造更有利于其在干旱季节维持较高的树干液流,进而得以正常的生长,因此更适合于干旱区造林。     

Biological control of Phytophthora parasitica var. Nicotianae on tobacco seedlings with non-pathogenic binucleate Rhizoctonia fungi

Nonpathogenic binucleate Rhizoctonia fungi (BNR) controlled black shank caused by Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae on greenhouse-grown tobacco seedlings in styrofoam float trays. Three BNR isolates were incorporated into a soil-less mix on colonized, pulverized, sifted rice particles; colonized whole rice grains; or on pelleted tobacco seeds coated with 0.5% methyl cellulose. Five-wk-old seedlings were inoculated with zoospores of P. parasitica var. nicotianae and disease rated over 10 d. The level of protection varied with method of BNR application, ranging from 40 to 70%. Overall, control was better when BNR isolates were applied on rice inocula rather than on BNR-colonized tobacco seeds. From 15% to 80% of individual roots from seedlings grown in soil-less mix amended with BNR-colonized rice grains were colonized while only 0–20% of roots from seedlings grown from BNR-colonized tobacco seeds were colonized. Likewise, 37–100% of soil-less mix amended with BNR-colonized rice grains contained BNR's while less than 3% of soil-less mix was colonized when seedlings emerged from BNR-colonized tobacco seeds. This is the first demonstration of biocontrol of Phytophthora by BNR fungi.     

rDNA polymorphism of foxtail millet (Setaria italica ssp. italica) landraces in northern Pakistan and Afghanistan and in its wild ancestor (S. italica ssp. viridis)

Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) spacer length polymorphism was studied in foxtail millet (Setaria italica ssp. italica) landraces from Pakistan and Afghanistan and in its wild ancestor (S. italica ssp. viridis) from Pakistan by PCR-based methods. Sequence polymorphism was also investigated for accessions selected based on the observed length polymorphism. The PCR-based length polymorphism and sequence polymorphism of rDNA intergenic spacer (IGS) clearly demonstrated genetic differentiation between cultivated and wild forms in the region. Genetic differentiation was observed between different areas to some extent in the cultivated form, and between different regions in the wild form of northern Pakistan. Based on the results, we discuss the genetic differentiation of foxtail millet and wild ancestor in this region and possible utility of rDNA markers to trace the dispersal of this crop in the region.     

腐殖酸结合汞对多年生植物(Citrus Sinensis L. Osbeck)的生物有效性初探

野外采集广柑树及供其生长的土壤,研究多年生植物对土壤Hg的吸收及与土壤理化性质、腐殖酸结合汞（HS—Hg）的关系。结果表明,在酸性土壤环境中,酸性过强,果树吸收Hg量会更低;果实部分Hg含量与土壤的有机质或腐殖酸含量呈现负相关关系;HS—Hg特别是FA—Hg（富啡酸结合汞）组分是果树吸收、积累Hg的重要来源,其与根Hg的相关系数达到0．700^＊-0．759^＊＊,且以表层土壤更能提供有效的HS—Hg。