脂肪酸钙对中国荷斯坦牛干物质采食量产奶量及经济效益影响的研究

选择6头经产、胎次相同或相近、产后10～20天的中国荷斯坦牛,采用3×3重复拉丁方设计,研究脂肪酸钙对中国荷斯坦奶牛泌乳早期的干物质采食量、产奶量的影响.试验处理分别为处理A组为基础日粮;处理B组为基础日粮+200克脂肪酸钙处理C组为基础日粮+400克脂肪酸钙.试验结果表明(1)日添加200克的B组对干物质采食量没有影响(P＞0.05);日添加400克的C组使干物质采食量显著下降,日干物质采食量比对照组下降了1.2千克(P＜0.05).(2)B组日产奶量比对照组提高了2.33千克(P＜0.05),C组产奶量未得到显著提高(P＞0.05);(3)日添加200克脂肪酸钙经济效益显著,每头牛每天可增加纯收入2.90元人民币;400克组从经济效益分析每头每天亏损0.92元人民币.     

脂肪酸钙不同添加剂量对荷斯坦奶牛产奶量的影响

在荷斯坦奶牛日粮中分别添加脂肪酸钙150g/头·日、250g/头·日、350g/头·日,观察其对产奶量的影响,结果表明,添加250g/头·日的脂肪酸钙,可使奶牛产奶量、乳脂率、标准乳分别提高17.54%(P<0.01)、12.79%(P<0.05)、24.92(P<0.01),平均每头奶牛每日增收3.05元。     

脂肪酸钙对鹿消化率影响的初步研究

脂肪酸钙对鹿消化率影响的初步研究黑龙江八一农垦大学徐长友，张爱忠，苗树君，宋义臣勃利外贸养殖场徐连忠，杨静宇本试验采用常规方法测定了东北梅花鹿喂饲脂肪酸钙后的表观消化率，结果如下：试验组和对照组饲料粗纤维的消化率分别为２６．９９％，１４．１８％，差异...     

脂肪酸钙添加剂对荷斯坦奶牛产奶量的影响

在荷斯坦奶牛日粮中分别添加脂肪酸钙 150g/头、250g/头、350g/头,观察其对产奶量的影响。结果表明:添加250g/头的脂肪酸钙,可使奶牛产奶量、乳脂率、标准乳分别提高 17. 54% (P<0.01)、12.79% (P<0.05)和 24.92(P<0.01),平均每头奶牛每日增收 3.05元。     

提高中国荷斯坦牛乳脂率的途径

提高中国荷斯坦牛乳脂率的途径朱奎新白永辉林春艳高庆文（黑龙江省畜牧兽医学校·双城市·１５０１１１）（双城市水泉乡畜牧站乳脂率是遗传力较高的性状,在奶牛育种中,通过严格的个体选择,能够改进提高,在后代中取得预想的良好效果。乳脂率的高低又受日粮中能量充足...     

中国荷斯坦牛白细胞粘附缺陷病遗传分析

荷斯坦牛白细胞粘附缺陷病（BLAD）是一种遗传性免疫缺陷病，患病牛出生后，生长发育差，绝大多数在1年内死亡，且不具繁殖和哺育能力。该病的遗传基础为CD18基因编码区383位的A／G点突变导致白细胞表面的β2整合素表达缺陷。目前欧美等奶牛业发达国家都已经建立了完善的BLAD分子检测方法和跟踪监控体系。中国长期从国外进口荷斯坦公牛精液、胚胎或活体，由此可能引进了BLAD基因。本研究采用PCR—RFLP方法对116头可疑中国荷斯坦牛进行了检测．确定了2头BLAD携带者公牛和8头携带者母牛．未发现隐性纯合个体．     

对中国荷斯坦牛体型线性评定的浅见

对中国荷斯坦牛体型线性评定的浅见黑龙江省家畜繁育指导站（１５００６０）葛星明，杨红，李洪铎近年来，我国荷斯坦牛体型线性评定已在各奶牛场相继开展。１９９０年中国奶牛协会主持召开首届奶牛体型线性评定研讨会，会议决定全面普及推广奶牛的体型线性评定（详见《中...     

中国荷斯坦牛饲养管理技术规程(Ⅲ)

6 .1.3　饲料原料的选择应使所配合日粮既能满足奶牛的营养需要 ,又能具有与奶牛消化道相适应的容积 ,并符合奶牛的消化生理特点。6 .1.4　饲料原料的选择应考虑经济原则 ,尽量选用营养丰富而价格低廉的原料。6 .2　日粮配合的基本步骤6 .2 .1　根据饲养标准计算出奶牛总的营养需要量 ,查出各种饲料的营养成份。6 .2 .2　计算每天给予的粗饲料数量。一般粗饲料干物质应占总干物质食入量的 4 0 %～ 70 % ,计算出由粗饲料提供的能量、蛋白质等营养成份。6 .2 .3　从总营养需要量中扣除粗饲料提供的部分 ,得出需由精饲料提供的各种营养的数量 ,…     

中国荷斯坦牛饲养管理技术规程(Ⅲ)

(上接 2 0 0 3年第 7期 58页 )表 3　哺乳期犊牛饲养方案kg日龄牛乳牛乳牛乳犊牛料干草青贮饲料1～ 74 .0 2 8.0 4 .0 2 8.0 4 .0 2 8.0 - - -8～ 14 5.0 35.0 5.0 35.0 5.0 35.0训练采食自由采食 -15～ 2 16 .0 4 2 .0 6 .0 4 2 .0 6 .0 4 2 .0小量饲喂自由采食 -2 2～ 2 86 .54 5.57.0 4 9.0 7.0 4 9.0自由采食自由采食 -2 9～ 356 .54 5.57.0 4 9.0 7.0 4 9.0自由采食自由采食 -36～ 4 2 5.0 35.0 6 .0 4 2 .0 6 .54 5.5自由采食自由采食 -43～ 4 93.0 2 1.0 4 .531.55.538.5自由采食自由采食 -50～ 56 2 .0 14 .0 3.0 2 1.0 4 .531.5自…     

加拿大荷斯坦牛与中国荷斯坦牛生产性能对比

黑龙江省八五二农场１９９０年底从加拿大引进１１０头荷斯坦育成母牛,平均１２月龄,现已全部投产。为了解加拿大荷斯坦牛在中国北方地区的适应性及其生长发育情况和生产性能,与当地中国荷斯坦母牛进行了对比饲养试验。１材料和方法１．１供试牛选择：试验组为加拿大荷...     

丙酸钙对泌乳早期奶牛泌乳性能和代谢产物的影响

选用32头经产奶牛,根据泌乳期、上个泌乳期305 d产奶量和预产期,采用随机区组设计分为4组,对照组饲喂基础日粮,处理1、2、3组分别在基础日粮基础上添加丙酸钙100、200、300 g/d.结果显示,日粮添加丙酸钙对奶牛的采食量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率、乳糖率和乳干物质率无显著影响,200、300 g/d组产奶量和饲料转化效率显著高于对照组(P<0.05).200、300 g/d组血浆葡萄糖和胰岛素浓度显著高于对照组(P<0.05),而血浆游离脂肪酸和β-羟丁酸浓度显著低于对照组(P<0.05);200、300 g/d组尿酮浓度显著低于对照组和100 g/d组(P<0.05).试验结果表明,丙酸钙适宜添加量为200 g/d.     

丙酸钙对泌乳早期奶牛体况和能量平衡的影响

选用32头经产奶牛,根据泌乳期、上一泌乳期305 d产奶量和预产期,采用随机区组设计分为4组,研究丙酸钙(0、100、200 g/d和300 g/d)时泌乳早期奶牛体况评分、体重变化和能量平衡的影响.结果表明:日粮添加丙酸钙对奶牛体况评分无显著影响,添加丙酸钙200 g/d和300 g/d显著改善了泌乳早期奶牛能量负平衡.减少了体重的下降.总之,添加丙酸钙明显改善了泌乳早期奶牛能量平衡,丙酸钙适宜添加量为200 g/d.     

Effect of physical effectiveness on digestibility of ration for cows in early lactation

A study was conducted to investigate the effects of a diet particle size on nutrient digestibility in cows in early lactation. Treatments were diets with forage to concentrate ratio 43:57% in diet dry matter, with four different physically effective fibres (peNDF) content based on different cut length of corn silage and alfalfa haylage. The physical effectiveness factors (pef) and peNDF content of TMRs (total mixed ration) were determined using Penn State Particle Separator (PSPS) with two (pef_8.0, peNDF_8.0) or three (pef_1.18, peNDF_1.18) sieves. The reducing of cut length of forages and particle size of diets did not affect on dry matter intake, while decreased peNDF intake by 16.34 and 8.83%, for peNDF_8.0 and peNDF_1.18 respectively. Apparent total tract digestibility of the nutrients was measured using two indicators: acid insoluble ash (AIA) and acid detergent insoluble lignin (ADL). Decreasing of forages cut length significantly increased apparent total tract digestibility of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) from 48.39% to 53.84% and from 53.9% to 58.66%, of crude protein from 73.96% to 79.24% and from 71.56% to 77.90%, with contemporary decreasing of non‐fibre carbohydrate from 90.89% to 84.81% and from 91.99% to 86.80%, with AIA or ADL as indicator respectively. Dietary value of net energy for lactation (NE_L) and energy intake was not affected by the peNDF content of the diet.     

酵母培养物对热应激奶牛泌乳性能和营养物质表观消化率的影响

文章旨在研究炎热夏季条件下日粮中酵母培养物添加水平对荷斯坦奶牛生产性能和营养物质表观消化率的影响。试验选取60头中国荷斯坦奶牛,按照胎次、泌乳天数和产奶量进行区组设计,随机分为3组,每组有20头奶牛。对照组奶牛饲喂基础日粮,试验1组奶牛和试验2组奶牛分别在基础日粮的基础上补充饲喂100 g/d·头和200 g/d·头的酵母培养物。预试期2周,正试期8周。试验期间每天记录产奶量,每周采集奶样测定乳成分,正试期最后3 d进行消化试验,采用酸不溶灰分法测定营养物质表观消化率。试验期间,每天大部分时间牛舍的平均温湿指数大于72,意味着奶牛试验期间遭受不同程度的热应激影响。酵母培养物显著提高热应激泌乳早期奶牛的干物质采食量,以饲喂200 g/d·头的奶牛具有最大干物质采食量(P <0.05)。酵母培养物显著增加遭受热应激的泌乳早期奶牛的产奶量,本试验条件下呈线性增加(P <0.05)。酵母培养物显著提高遭受热应激的泌乳早期奶牛的乳糖率,本试验条件下呈线性增加(P <0.05)。遭受热应激的泌乳早期奶牛补充饲喂酵母培养物对其他乳成分无显著影响(P> 0.05)。酵母培养物显著提高热应激条件下泌乳早期奶牛的干物质、粗蛋白质和中性洗涤纤维的消化率(P <0.05),而对粗脂肪和酸性洗涤纤维的消化率无显著影响(P> 0.05)。因此,酵母培养物饲喂遭受热应激的泌乳早期奶牛可以显著增加其干物质采食量和提高产奶量,并改善营养物质消化率,本试验中以200 g/d·头的饲喂剂量最佳。     

Nutritional efficiency of feed-restricted F1 Holstein/Zebu cows in early lactation

Tropical Animal Health and Production - The quantitative feed restriction of lactating cows has been used in intensive production systems as a strategy to reduce production costs. However, the...     

丙酸镁对泌乳早期奶牛体况、泌乳性能和代谢参数的影响

选用36头经产奶牛,根据泌乳期、上一泌乳期305 d产奶量和预产期,采用随机区组设计分为4组,对照组饲喂基础日粮,处理1,2和3组分别在基础日粮基础上添加丙酸镁50,100和150 g/d,研究丙酸镁对泌乳早期奶牛采食量、泌乳性能、血液代谢参数和尿酮浓度的影响。结果表明,添加丙酸镁对奶牛的采食量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率、乳糖率和乳干物质率无显著影响,添加丙酸镁100和150 g/d对产乳量、饲料转化效率、体况及代谢参数有改善,该二处理组产奶量、饲料转化效率、体况评分、能量平衡、血浆葡萄糖和胰岛素浓度均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),而血浆游离脂肪酸和β-羟丁酸浓度显著低于对照组(P<0.05),尿酮浓度(除100 g/d组产后7 d测定值与50 g/d组无显著差异外)显著低于对照组和50 g/d组(P<0.05)。根据试验结果,丙酸镁适宜添加量为100 g/d。     

Effects of malic acid on feed intake, milk yield, milk components and metabolites in early lactation Holstein dairy cows

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of malic acid (MA) on feed intake, milk yield and composition, blood metabolites and energy balance in early lactation Holstein dairy cows from 1 to 63 day in milk (DIM). Twenty-eight multiparous Holstein dairy cows, blocked by lactation number, previous 305-d mature equivalent milk production, and expected calving date, were arranged into four groups in a randomized block design. Treatments were: control (without MA), LMA, MMA and HMA with 70, 140 and 210 g malic acid per cow per day, respectively. The supplement of food grade MA (99.8% of MA) was hand-mixed into the top one-third of the daily ration. Cows were fed ad libitum a total mixed ration consisting of equal proportion of forage and concentrate. Milk yield increased (P = 0.04), but feed intake and milk components were not affected (P > 0.05) by MA supplementation. The energy balance, expressed as the difference between energy input and output, tended to be higher (P = 0.08) for MA supplemented cows during the 63-DIM period MA and supplemented cows showed a trend (P = 0.07) toward less loss of BW during the 63-day period, especially during the first 21-day of lactation. Concentrations of plasma glucose and serum insulin were higher for cows fed LMA, MMA, and HMA relative to control and linearly (P < 0.01) increased with increasing MA supplementation. Concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) and urine ketones were lower for MA-supplemented cows at 7, 14 and 21 DIM of lactation and linearly (P < 0.01) decreased with increasing MA supplementation. Although feed intake was not affected, milk yield increased, MA-supplemented cows experienced higher concentrations of plasma glucose and serum insulin, lower concentrations of plasma BHBA and NEFA, and lower concentrations of urine ketones, suggesting that nutrient digestibilities and energy availability may have been improved.     

Expression of fatty acid sensing G-protein coupled receptors in peripartal Holstein cows

Background: G-protein coupled receptors(GPCR), also referred as Free Fatty Acid Receptors(FFAR), are widely studied within human medicine as drug targets for metabolic disorders. To combat metabolic disorders prevalent in dairy cows during the transition period, which co-occur with negative energy balance and changes to lipid and glucose metabolism, it may be helpful to identify locations and roles of FFAR and other members of the GPCR family in bovine tissues.Results: Quantitative RT-PCR(qPCR) of subcutaneous adipose, liver, and PMNL samples during the transition period(-10, +7, and +20 or +30 d) were used for expression profiling of medium-(MCFA) and long-chain fatty acid(LCFA)receptors GPR120 and GPR40, MCFA receptor GPR84, and niacin receptor HCAR2/3. Adipose samples were obtained from cows with either high(HI; BCS ≥ 3.75) or low(LO; BCS ≤ 3.25) body condition score(BCS) to examine whether FFAR expression is correlated with this indicator of health and body reserves. Supplementation of rumen-protected methionine(MET), which may improve immune function and production postpartum, was also compared with unsupplemented control(CON) cows for liver and blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes(PMNL) samples. In adipose tissue, GPR84 and GPR120 were differentially expressed over time, while GPR40 was not expressed; in PMNL, GPR40 was differentially expressed over time and between MET vs. CON, GPR84 expression differed only between dietary groups, and GPR120 was not expressed; in liver, GPCR were either not expressed or barely detectable.Conclusions: The data indicate that there is likely not a direct role in liver for the selected GPCR during the transition period, but they do play variable roles in adipose and PMN. In future, these receptors may prove useful targets and/or markers for peripartal metabolism and immunity.     

基于转录组测序的奶牛泌乳初期与干奶期肝脏差异表达基因分析

旨在通过对奶牛干奶期和泌乳初期肝脏组织进行转录组测序和生物信息学分析,探明其不同生理阶段的差异表达基因和差异代谢通路。选取305 d产奶量接近、干奶天数一致、怀孕天数接近的中国荷斯坦奶牛3头,分别在干奶期(产前50 d)和泌乳初期(产后15 d)活体采集肝脏组织,利用Illumina Hiseq~(TM)2500高通量RNA-seq测序技术对干奶期和泌乳初期肝脏RNA测序,使用TopHat2软件将测序得到的reads序列与牛(UMD3.1.66)参考基因组序列比对,在GO和KEGG数据库中进行聚类分析和富集分析。结果显示,泌乳初期和干奶期肝脏中差异表达基因共有409个,与干奶期相比,泌乳初期表达上调的基因有235个,下调的基因有174个。GO功能分类注释到生物学过程、细胞组成和分子功能数据库中的GO条目分别有63,41,15条。注释到KEGG的显著富集通路有21条(P0.05)。该研究结果为挖掘奶牛产奶性状的候选基因提供了技术依据。     

Carbon kinetics of milk formation in Holstein cows in late lactation

Carbon transfer to milk in Holstein cows in late lactation was measured by introducing changes in the natural stable carbon isotope composition of the feed. Six Holstein cows in mid-lactation were placed on a diet naturally low in 13C (-25.0% vs Pee Dee belemnite [PDB] an international carbon isotope standard), based on alfalfa-barley, and six others were placed on a diet naturally enriched in 13C (-11.5% vs PDB), based on corn. After a 7-wk equilibration period on these diets, three cows were switched from alfalfa-barley to corn, and three were switched from corn to alfalfa-barley. The three other cows in each group served as controls. 13C/12C ratios were measured in daily morning milk samples during the week before and for 6 wk after the changes in diet. After the diets had been switched, milk isotope ratios rapidly approached the isotopic composition of the new diet, indicating rapid transfer of dietary carbon into milk. The data were consistent with a model whereby milk was synthesized from a single precursor pool that responded rapidly to dietary perturbation. The milk precursor pool had a half-life of approximately .9 d and had a mass of approximately 7 kg of carbon, which was renewed daily by the entry of 5 kg of digestible dietary carbon.