不同火烧木管理方式火烧迹地林下物种多样性及地上生物量研究——以寒温带兴安落叶松林为例

以内蒙古大兴安岭兴安落叶松林火烧迹地为研究对象,采用分层取样的方法对群落中植被进行了调查,分析比较了不同火烧木管理方式下兴安落叶松林林下群落恢复过程中物种组成、多样性指数及地上生物量的差异。结果表明:火烧木择伐方式下火烧迹地与未火烧对照样地林下群落相似性最大。不同火烧木管理方式下,火烧迹地林下群落多个α多样性指数均表现为草本层灌木层的趋势。不同火烧木管理样地草本层Simpson和Shannon-Wiener指数均小于对照样地,而在灌木层都大于对照样地。3种不同类型火烧木管理方式火烧迹地恢复13年后,林下草本层生物量均小于对照样地,而灌木层生物量较对照样地相比都有不同程度的增加。     

砒砂岩区不同人工林林下草本层植物的结构特征

指出了人工林林下草本植物生物量的增加、生物多样性的恢复已经成为经营管理人工林的目标之一。以准格尔旗内砒砂岩区的10年生柠条林、沙棘林、山杏林、油松林、山杏柠条混交林5种类型人工林为研究对象,通过采用样线调查法,结合室内数据分析,对6种人工林的林下草本层植被物种组成和多样性指标进行了研究。结果表明：5种不同类型人工林下共有草本植物35种,其中沙棘林草本层的物种数最多,为23种;山杏林下草本植物物种数最少,为15种;5种不同类型人工林下植被均以羊草为优势种。5种人工林下草本层平均盖度、生物量大小变化规律与物种数一致。山杏柠条混交林、沙棘林的物种丰富度指数、多样性指数都高于其他配置类型的人工林结构。     

塞罕坝主要森林类型林下植被多样性研究

以塞罕坝地区主要森林类型为研究对象,运用α多样性指数和β多样性指数对其林下灌木层和草本层生物多样性进行研究。结果表明,各林分类型草本层丰富度指数均大于灌木层丰富度指数。在多样性方面,灌木层的Simpson指数和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数最大的林分分别为樟子松林、山杨林,最小的是华北落叶松;草本层Simpson指数和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数最大的林分分别为华北落叶松林、白桦林,最小的为山杨林。在均匀度上,灌木层Jsw和Jsi均匀度指数最大的林分均为樟子松,华北落叶松林最小。草本层均匀度指数Jsw最大为樟子松林,Jsi最大的为华北落叶松林,白桦和山杨都相对较小。对β多样性的研究则表明各林分类型之间灌木层和草本层的相异系数都较大,不同林分之间共有种较少。     

燕山北部山地人工落叶松林与天然次生林物种多样性的比较

为了解燕山北部山地华北落叶松人工林植被物种多样性维持功能的高低，选取13a和30a生人工落叶松林，以13a和28a生天然次生杨桦林作为对照，对两种林分的植被多样性进行调查和分析，并研究了间伐对人工落叶松林植被物种多样性的影响。结果表明，林龄相同或相近的两种林分类型相比，无论是乔木层、灌木层或是草本层，人工落叶松林丰富度、Simpson指数、Shannon—Weiner指数均表现出相当或略高于天然次生杨桦林（30a生人工落叶松林乔木层多样性指数除外）；间伐对人工落叶松林植被物种多样性的短期影响主要体现在乔木层，对林下灌木层和草本层无明显影响。燕山北部山地人工落叶松林具有较高的植物多样性维持功能，没有导致物种多样性的降低。     

乌拉山自然保护区主要森林群落物种多样性与群落结构研究

乌拉山自然保护区位于典型草原与荒漠草原的交界处,是研究干旱区山地物种多样性的理想区域。利用α多样性指数、β多样性指数以及重要值,对乌拉山主要森林群落（白桦林、油松林）林下灌木层和草本层的物种多样性以及群落结构进行了研究,结果表明：（1）群落草本层α多样性指数明显高于灌木层;（2）群落灌木层、草本层α多样性指数表现为：白桦林〉天然油松林〉人工油松林;天然油松林〉人工油松林〉白桦林〉柄扁桃灌丛;（3）群落β多样性指数表现出同一种森林群落类型之间绝大多数呈轻度相似性;不同森林群落类型之间呈极不相似;生境条件的差异、人为干扰等因素对群落β多样性的影响较为明显;（4）群落物种组成以菊科、蔷薇科植物为主,草本植物以多年生中生、中旱生、旱生植物为主,林下灌木水分生态型以中生为主。     

八达岭林场水源涵养林多样性特征分析

对八达岭林场16种林分类型水源涵养林物种丰富度、多样性、均匀度等多样性特征指标进行了研究。结果表明:在西沟油松林、杂木林和黑桦林中多样性指数变化表现为灌木草本乔木,在其他群落类型中多样性指数与丰富度指数一致;多样性指数在刺槐残次林、侧柏黄栌混交林、油松林、元宝枫林和华山松林中表现为草本层灌木层乔木层,华北落叶松林群落内部各层次物种多样性指数为灌木层草本层乔木层。     

山西好地方林场华北落叶松群落结构及物种多样性

通过在太岳山好地方林场接石沟地区设立标准样地进行调查取样,研究华北落叶松(Larix principis-rupprechtii)人工林的群落结构和物种多样性。结果表明:1)好地方林场华北落叶松人工林样地中有维管束植物74种,隶属于32科60属,幼、中、近、成4个龄组群落垂直结构上植物种类分布均为草本层灌木层乔木层。2)乔木层以华北落叶松纯林为主,灌木层主要物种为蔷薇科和忍冬科植物,草本层优势种主要有蛇莓、大油芒、细叶薹草等。3)林龄的变化对物种组成和物种重要值的影响明显;幼、中、近、成4个龄组群落林下物种多样性指数、物种丰富度指数和均匀度指数均为草本层灌木层,成熟林中灌木层的多样性指数值最大,最稳定;近熟林中草本层的多样性指数值最大,最稳定。     

间伐强度对杉木人工林林下植被和土壤性质的影响

【目的】从发展林下植被、改善群落结构的角度,探讨适合杉木人工林的间伐强度,为提高人工林的稳定性和维护地力、维持人工林的可持续经营提供依据。【方法】2013年对福建省将乐国有林场的杉木人工林采取3种强度间伐:弱度间伐(LT,10%～25%)、中度间伐(MT,25%～35%)和强度间伐(HT,40%～50%),并设置对照样地(CK,未间伐)。于2016年对样地内林木进行每木检尺,调查林下植被物种多样性、盖度、生物量和土壤理化性质。对测定数据进行单因素方差分析,用Tukey法多重比较进行两两差异显著性检验,并对林下植被与土壤理化性质进行Pearson相关分析。【结果】间伐3年后,未间伐、弱度和中度间伐的盖度分别为25.52%、52.81%和58.98%,林下植被均未能形成群落,强度间伐的盖度为100%,林下形成灌木蕨类群落;灌木层物种丰富度、多样性指数、盖度和生物量均随间伐强度增加而增加,均匀度指数随间伐强度的增加而降低;草本层物种丰富度、多样性指数、均匀度指数、盖度和生物量均随间伐强度增加而增加;间伐3年后,弱度、中度、强度间伐林比未间伐林的表层土(0～10 cm)有机质含量分别增加71.41%、39.31%和98.10%,全氮含量分别增加82.76%、51.27%和115.87%,碱解氮含量分别增加49.47%、25.59%和42.22%,有效磷含量分别增加138.29%、112.23%和174.29%,速效钾含量分别增加-16.25%、-24.25%和16.27%,对表层土pH值、全磷含量和土壤物理性质的影响均不显著;灌木的盖度和生物量与土壤的有机质、全氮、全磷和有效磷含量均显著(P<0.05)正相关,此外灌木的盖度还与速效钾含量显著(P<0.05)正相关,草本盖度与土壤理化性质相关性不强,草本生物量与土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮以及有效磷含量显著(P<0.05)正相关,林下植被的盖度和生物量均与土壤pH值和物理性质没有显著相关性。【结论】未间伐的杉木人工林林下植被的物种多样性、盖度和生物量均低,林下植被未能形成群落,缺乏稳定性;间伐能够促进林下植被的发育,增加林下植被生物多样性、盖度和生物量,林下植被能形成群落,可提高维护地力的能力,尤其是强度间伐;建议杉木人工幼龄林进行40%～50%强度的抚育间伐,将郁闭度调整到0.6～0.7较为合理。     

毛乌素沙地杨树人工林林下植物群落特征

[目的 ]研究人工林林下植物群落特征及其与林分因子的关系,对沙地植被恢复成效的评价和人工林管理具有重要意义。[方法 ]本研究以毛乌素沙地杨树人工林群落为研究对象,调查研究林下植物群落特征,并重点探讨了林分郁闭度、密度等林分因子对林下植被的影响。[结果 ]研究区杨树人工林林下共发现植物32种,隶属于12科28属,其中豆科、禾本科、菊科植物最多,占总植物种的62.51%;林下草本植物生活型以多年生草本植物为主,占总物种的78.13%,植物水分生态类型以旱生、中旱生植物为主,占总物种数的75.00%,其次为旱中生和中生植物;林下草本层Margalef丰富度指数变化范围为1.20～3.17,Simpson优势度指数变化范围为0.48～0.88,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数变化范围为0.95～2.34,Pielou均匀度指数变化范围为0.16～0.48,林龄32年生时林下物种多样性最高;结构方程模型结果显示林分郁闭度和密度与林下灌木层盖度之间存在负效应关系,人工林郁闭度较高时,林下无灌木层形成。林分郁闭度的增加有利于草本层的发育,而林分密度与草本层盖度、地上生物量、物种丰富度和Shan...     

冰砬山不同林龄落叶松人工林林下植被群落结构与物种多样性分析

文章对不同林龄冰砬山落叶松人工林林下物种组成和物种多样性特征进行研究,结果表明：冰砬山落叶松人工林林下灌木层植物种类较少,珍珠梅种群在群落中居于优势地位.草本层物种较为丰富,水金凤在幼龄林、中龄林中优势性显著,成熟林的优势种为林茜草.冰砬山落叶松人工林以地下芽植物占绝对优势,其次是地面芽和高位芽,1年生草本植物和地上芽植物较少,林间具有藤本植物,其草本层植物多样性指数均表现为随着林龄的增加呈下降趋势.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.