高粱田除草剂种类及施药方法筛选试验初报

为了筛选高效的高粱除草剂和适合的施药方式, 我们进行了高粱田间杂草化学防除药剂及施药方法筛选试验, 通过除草效果、产量和收益分析, 初步认为:施药方法上土壤封闭明显优于茎叶处理。土壤封闭剂中, 42%丁·异·莠去津SC、42%异丙草·莠SC除草剂对阔叶杂草和禾本科杂草防除作用优良, 鲜重防效均超过90%, 高粱产量虽低于人工除草, 但差异不显著, 减产幅度在1%以下; 使用这类药剂高粱生产的利润高于人工除草。茎叶处理剂中, 25%辛酰溴苯腈EC等除草剂对高粱生长影响较小, 对藜、反枝苋等阔叶杂草防效高, 高粱产量低于人工除草, 但高粱生产的利润高于人工除草。建议在高粱生产中使用这些除草剂。     

Change in weed control studies of rice paddy fields in Korea

This paper was reviewed on the research status of weed control according to cultivating patterns of rice in Korea. Weed control study in a nursery bed was chiefly carried out to control the species of barnyardgrass at the times of machine transplanting. Propanil and nitrofen were applied successfully in wet-nursery beds, and chlornitrofen and pyrazolate/butachlor were also successfully applied in protected semi-irrigated rice nursery beds in the 1970s. Sequential application of herbicides in the mid-1980s has resulted in the end of hand weeding. In machine transplanting, basic research such as the selection of herbicides was conducted in the early 1970s, and its related research including crop injury, seedling age, and reaction of cultivars were done in the late 1970s to early 1980s. Effects of the continuous application of herbicides and its methods of labor saving for rice cultivation were studied in the mid to late 1980s. When the rice planting methods were newly established, such as transplanting when seedlings were 10-days-old and direct seeding from the early 1990s, weed control research relating to herbicides was carried out (e.g. herbicide registration, crop injury, water management, appropriate application time, and neighboring application with insecticide). Weed control for the dill seeding of fields in wetted and reclaimed saline land have been experimented with, particularly in terms of the physio-ecological characteristics and the control of problematic weeds, and the resistance of weeds to herbicides was also investigated systematically.     

Biological Control of Lantana

Abstract

Experiments conducted at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in the Philippines, showed that all commonly marketed formulations and derivatives of 2,4-D and MCPA were equally effective in controlling barnyard grass [Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv.] and other annual weeds in transplanted rice (Oryza sativa L). In the Philippines, these phenoxy acid herbicides cost US$2.50/ha as liquid formulations and US$5.50/ha as granular formulations. These low-cost herbicides provide excellent alternatives to hand weeding in transplanted tropical rice. Other herbicides which can control weeds before or after the weeds emerge are more expensive than 2,4-D or MCPA. Some of these selective herbicides, such as butachlor and TCE-styrene + 2,4-D, are in the Philippine market. Their prices vary from US$8 to US$12/ha.

For direct-seeded flooded rice, granular formulations of several new herbicides, such as butachlor, benthio-carb and C-288 (chemistry not yet disclosed), were highly selective in controlling barnyardgrass and other annual weeds under tropical conditions. C-288 controls algae in addition to annual weeds in direct-seeded flooded rice. Of these three promising herbicides, only butachlor is marketed in the Philippines at US$8/ha. For upland rice, the chemicals which look promising are butachlor, benthiocarb and fluorodifen. Butachlor liquid is available to rice farmers in Asia at about US$16/ha. These herbicides provide an excellent alternative to hand weeding. Generally a complete job of weed control in upland rice requires more than one hand weeding.     

Assessment of Chemical and Manual Weed Control Approaches for Effective Weed Suppression and Maize Productivity Enhancement Under Maize-Wheat Cropping System

Effective weed management in maize-wheat (M-W) cropping systems are accountable for higher yield and plant biomass. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of manual weeding and chemicals (pre- and post-emergence herbicide) for actual weed control to enhance maize yield and M?W system productivity. Herbicides were treated as pre-emergence (sole), post-emergence (sole) and its combined application (pre- and post-emergence) for weed eradication and suppression. Sole pre-emergence herbicide (acetyclour?+?atrazine) and sole post-emergence herbicides (nicosulfuron), and its mixed application were used in the experiments. The experiment was comprised on 6 treatments with one weedy check or control plot: W1?=?weedy check, W2?=?acetyclour?+?atrazine, W3?=?atrazine, W4?=?nicosulfuron, W5?=?nicosulfuron?+?atrazine, W6?=?acetyclour?+?atrazine?+?nicosulfuron and W7?=?manual weeding. Main weeds were Cyperus rotundus, Tribulus terrestris, Dactyloctenium aegyptium and Cynodon dactylon. Experiential findings revealed that manual weeding was found most effective in terms of controlling weed and suppression. Among the herbicides application, promising results in terms of weed destruction and suppression were shown by combined application of acetyclour?+?atrazine?+?nicosulfuron which effectively controlled weeds as compared to other treatments. It was concluded that manual weeding drastically reduced weeds frequency and biomass while among the herbicides application acetyclour?+?atrazine and nicosulfuron could be promising for weeds suppression and clamp downing as compared to all other treatments under M?W cropping system.

     

Weeding techniques in transplanted and direct wet-seeded rice in Pakistan

Field studies were undertaken to explore the weed management strategies for transplanted and direct wet-seeded rice in the Dera Ismail Khan district of North-west Frontier Province, Pakistan. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with a split plot arrangement. The main plots consisted of two planting techniques (transplantation and direct seeding), while weed control practises assigned to the subplots included the use of the granular herbicide Sunstar 15WG (ethoxy sulfuron), Machete 60EC (butachlor), conventional hand weeding, and the weedy check (untreated control). Data were recorded on weed dynamics and the agronomic parameters of the rice crop. Economic analyses on the data were also run. The weed density and biomass were lower in the transplantation plots than the direct-seeding plots. The herbicides ethoxy sulfuron and butachlor reduced the density over the weedy check, with a density comparable to hand weeding in 2002, but slightly higher in 2003. As a result of weed management by hand weeding and herbicides, the paddy yield and its components were significantly higher for the transplanted method compared to the direct-seeded method. The comparable yield of herbicides with hand weeding offers an option for the use of herbicides as an alternative management tool. In light of our findings, it is concluded that for good economic returns, rice crops may be transplanted rather than direct-seeded. The herbicides ethoxy sulfuron and butachlor offer a weed control cover comparable with hand weeding under the transplantation method, while butachlor is good for controlling weeds even under the direct-seeded conditions in the agroclimatic conditions of the area.     

Effects of time and frequencies of weeding on the growth of polybag oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) seedlings

In oil palm seedlings grown in polybags, delaying the initial hand-weeding of both the polybags and the intervening ground by up to 16 weeks after sowing and subsequently weeding at intervals of 2–6 weeks, had no adverse effects on seedling growth. A delay of initial weeding for 20 weeks after sowing and weeding intervals of 8 weeks retarded seedling growth, particularly number of leaves/plant, plant height and girth, leaf area index and seedling dry weight. Initial weeding delayed beyond 4 weeks after sowing and weeding intervals longer than 2 weeks progressively increased both weed growth and the number of oil palm seedlings affected by blast caused by Rhizoctonia lamellifera Small and Pythium splendens Braun. The seedling population at the end of the experiment was, however, similar in all the weeding treatments. Plant height was the only parameter of seedling growth significantly influenced by different combinations of weeding the polybags and the intervening ground separately at intervals of 4, 8 and 12 weeks respectively, starting after sowing. In view of these findings, four to six weedings after sowing, rather than the present monthly weedings, are recommended over a 12-month period in a polybag oil palm nursery. Effets de l'époque et la fréquence des sarclages sur des jeunes plants de palmier à l'huile (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) cultivés en polysac Pour les jeunes plants de palmier à l'huile cultivés en polysacs, retarder jusqu'à 16 semaines après le semis le premier sarclage manuel des polysacs ainsi que du sol avoisinant et sarcler ensuite à l'intervalles de 2–6 semaines n'a pas nui à la croissance des jeunes plants. Cette croissance a été réduite quand le premier sarclage a été retardé jusqu'à 20 semaines après le semis et que les sarclages ultérieures ont eu lieu à des intervalles de 8 semaines. La réduction s'est fait voir surtout dans le nombre de feuilles par plante, la hauteur et la circonférence des plantes, l'index ce la surface foliaire et le poids sec des plants. Lorsque le premier sarclage a été retardé jusqu'à plus de 4 semaines après le semis et que les sarclages se sont faits à intervalles de plus de 15 jours, l'enherbement est devenu progressivement plus fort ainsi que le nombre de jeunes palmiers touchés par la brûlure provoquée par Rhizoctonia lamellifera Small et Pythium salendens Braun. Néanmoins la population déjeunes plants à la fin de l'expérience était semblable pour tous les systèmes de sarclage. Seule la hauteur des jeunes plants a témoigné d'une influence significative lorsque les polysacs et le sol avoisinant ont été désherbé indépendamment l'un de l'autre à intervalles de 4, 8 et 12 semaines respectivement, à partir du semis. A base de ces résultats, on conseille 4–6 sarclages pendant 12 mois à partir du semis, au lieu des sarclages mensuels pratiqués actuellement dans les pépinières de palmier à l'huile. Ueber die Wirkung von Anzahl und Zeitpunkt der Handjätungen in Oelpalmen-Baumschulen (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) In dieser Studie wird untersucht, welchen Einfluss der Zeitpunkt der ersten Handjätung und die Intervalle zwischen den folgenden manuellen Unkrautentfernungen auf die Entwicklung der in Kunststoffbehältern kultivierten Sämlinge der Oelpalme ausüben. Es wurde kein negativer Einfluss auf des Wachstum der Sämlinge beobachtet, wenn die erste Handjätung bis zu 16 Wochen nach der Aussaat verzögert worden war und die späteren Jätungen in Intervallen von 2–6 Wochen ausgeführt wurden. Hingegen hatten ein Hinausschieben der ersten Entunkrautung auf 20 Wochen nach der Aussaat und Intervalle von 8 Wochen zwischen den weiteren Jätungen eine negative Auswirkung auf die Entwicklung der Sämlinge, insbesondere auf die Anzahl Blätter pro Pfianze, Pflanzenhähe und Stammumfang, Blattflächenindex und Trockengewicht der Sämlinge. Erfolgte die erste Unkrautentfernung später als 4 Wochen nach der Saat und wurden die Intervalle zwischen den späteren Jätungen auf mehr als 2 Wochen ausgedehnt, nahmen in steigendem Masse die Unkrautentwicklung und die Anzahl der durch Rhizoctonia lamellifera Small und Pythium splendens Braun. befallenen Oelpalmensämlinge zu. Immerhin waren am Ende des Versuchs die Sämlingspopulationen in alien Versuchsvarianten ähnlich. Die Pflanzenhöhe war der einzige Parameter des Sämlingswachstums, der durch die verschiedene Kombinationen der separaten Jätungen der Plastikbehälter und des dazwischenliegendun Terrains in Intervallen von 4, 8 und 12 Wochen nach der Aussaat signifikant beeinflusst wurde. Aufgrund der vorliegenden Resultate sind viersechs manuelle Unkrautentfernungen über eine Periode von 12 Monaten verteilt, den heuteüblichen monatlichen Jätungen in Oelpalmen-Baumschulen vorzuziehen.     

Ecology and control of blackberry (Rubus fruticosus L. agg.)

Cutting off the canes, either at ground level or at a height of IS cm, stimulated the formation of suckers from lateral roots of Rubus procerus P. J. Muell. The application of 2,4,5-T or picloram sprayed on the foliage killed many plants, suppressed shoot production from the crowns of others, but stimulated sucker formation. Within age groups of from 1 to 5 years, older plants were more resistant to 2,4,5-T (0067%, 020%) and to picloram (0067%) than were younger plants. Picloram (020%) was the most effective treatment and affected plants of all ages equally. it is suggested that the age of plants may be a major source of variation in the efficacy of herbicides on other perennial weeds. Ecologie des ronces (Rubus fruticosus L. agg.) et méthodes de lutte. III-Réaction de R. procerus au fauchage et aux applications d'herbicides sur le feuillage Le fauchage des tiges, aussi bien au niveau du sol qu'a une hauteur de 15 cm, a stimuli la formation de drageons k partir des racines laterales de Rubus procerus P. J. Muell. L'application de 2,4,5-T ou de piclorame en pulvérisation sur le feuillage a tué beaucoup de plantes, a supprimé chez d'autres la production des pousses à partir des couronnes, mais a stimulé la formation de drageons. Parmi les groupes d'àge de un à cinq ans, les plantes les plus agés ont été plus riisistantes que les plus jeunes au 2,4,5-T (0,067%, 0,20%) et au piclorame (0,067%). Le piclorame (0,20%) a été le traitement le plus efficace et a affiectéégalement des plantes de tous âges. II est suggéré que l'âge des plantes peut étre une importante source de variation dans l'efficaclté des herbicides sur d'autres plantes pérennes. Ökologie und Bekämpfung der Brombeere (Rubus fruticosus L. agg.) 111. Reaktion von Rubus procerus auf meehanische Entfernung oberirdisclier Pfianienteile und auf blartapplizierte Merbizide Das Abschneiden der Ruten—entweder an der Bodenober-filiche Oder in 15 cm Höhe—fordert bei Rnbus procerus P. J. Muell. die Ausbildung von Wurzelsprossen aus Seitenwurt zeln. Die Blattbehandlung mit 2.4,5-T oder Picloram toter viele Pflanzen ab und unterdrilckt die Sprossbildung de-Seitentriebe, fordert aber die Wurzelsprossbildung. Inner-halb der Ahersgruppen von 1–5 Jahren sind Sltere Ptlanzen widerstandsfahiger gegenuber 2,4.5-T (0.067%, 0.20%) und Picloram (0.067%) als jungcre Pflanzen. Picloram (0,20%) zeigte die beste Wirkung und erfasste die Pflanzen in alien Altersstufen gleich. Es wird vermutet, dass das Alter von Pflanzen die Hauplurscahe unterschiedlicher Wirksamkeit von Herbiziden auch bei anderen mehrjflhrigen Unkrflutern ist.     

Weed infestation and tea growth under various weed management methods in a young tea (Camellia sinensis[L.] Kuntze) plantation

A field experiment was conducted in the low country of Sri Lanka, during the period 1994–1995 to investigate the severity of weed infestation and tea growth in relation to weed management methods in newly established tea ( Camellia sinensis [L.] Kuntze). Manual weeding (hand and slash weeding) at various intervals was compared with various herbicides, with or without mulching. Weed control with herbicides was superior to that of hand weeding at 6-week intervals or more. Weed control with oxyfluorfen at 0.29 kg ai ha⁻¹ + paraquat at 0.17 kg ai ha⁻¹ or glyphosate at 0.99 kg ai ha⁻¹ + kaolin at 3.42 kg ha⁻¹ were superior. Plots unweeded for 12 weeks or more produced significantly greater ( P  < 0.05) weed biomass than plots unweeded for 6 weeks. Although the least weed dry weight ( P  < 0.05) and the greatest number of weed species were recorded with hand weeding at 2 week intervals, there was no particular benefit on tea growth when compared with hand weeding at 6 and 12 week intervals. Inter row mulching in chemically treated plots was more favorable for tea growth than no mulching, while living weed cover in unmulched slash weeded plots suppressed tea growth. A combination of mulching and herbicides, particularly oxyfluorfen and paraquat, followed by hand weeding at least every 6–8 weeks was considered the most appropriate weed management system for young tea.     

Weed Control in Rainfed Cotton in Northern Ghana

Abstract

In field experiments conducted at the Nyankpala Agricultural Station, Ghana, during 1976–77, soil moisture conditions appeared to be the deciding factor in determining the frequency of handweeding needed to obtain maximum seed cotton yields. In 1976, when planting was early and the late, heavy rains in October prolonged weed growth, two handweedings at 4 and 8 weeks after seeding (w.a.s.) gave comparable yields to continuous weeding and significantly better yields than an alachlor + fluometuron herbicide mixture. Supplementary weeding did not enhance the mixture's performance.

In 1977, planting was relatively late and in the peak of the rainy season and so late weed growth was reduced. A single handweeding at 4 w.a.s. gave as good a yield as repeated handweeding treatments under these conditions. The alachlor + fluometuron mixture also gave adequate weed control and again supplementary weeding did not improve it significantly.

In herbicide evaluation experiments, the safety and performance of pendimethalin and dinitramine herbicides were much influenced by the rainfall pattern immediately following application. With a relatively drier period following application in 1976, the higher rate of these herbicides depressed yields. This rate produced optimum yields in 1977, however, when a very wet period followed application.

Prodiamine and the alachlor + fluometuron mixture were the herbicides least affected by soil moisture and they consistently produced good yields.     

Herbicide safety relative to common targets in plants and mammals

Most modern herbicides have low mammalian toxicity. One of the reasons for this safety is that the target site for the herbicides is not often present in mammals. There are approximately 20 mechanisms of action that have been elucidated for herbicides. Of these, some do share common target sites with mammals. The mechanisms include formation of free radicals, protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PROTOX), glutamine synthetase (GS) and 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD). PROTOX, HPPD and GS inhibitors have been shown to inhibit these enzymes in both plants and mammals and there are measurable effects in mammalian systems. However, the consequences of inhibiting a common target site in plants can be quite different than in animals. What may be a lethal event in plants, eg inhibition of HPPD, can have a beneficial effect in mammals, eg treatment for tyrosinemia type I. These chemicals also have low mammalian toxicity due to rapid metabolism and/or excretion of the herbicide from mammalian systems.     

Herbicide‐resistant weeds in the Philippines: Status and resistance mechanisms

Two major weeds in rice in the Philippines, Sphenochlea zeylanica Gaertn. and Echinochloa crus‐galli (L.) Beauv., are controlled with chemical and cultural methods. In the 1980s, after >10 years of continuous use of 2,4‐D, S. zeylanica evolved resistance to the chemical in those rice fields that had been treated with 2,4‐D once or twice every cropping season. In the 1990s, E. crus‐galli evolved resistance to butachlor and propanil in rice monocrop areas where both herbicides were used continuously for 7–9 years. Rice farmers continue to use 2,4‐D, butachlor and propanil extensively and are often unaware of herbicide resistance or the potential for cross‐resistance, its causes or its implications. In order to control herbicide‐resistant E. crus‐galli, farmers are shifting to locally available herbicides with different modes of action, such as bispyribac, an acetolactate synthase inhibitor, and cyhalofop, an acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase inhibitor. Follow‐up manual weeding or rotary weeding after herbicide spraying, a common farmers’ practice, removes the susceptible and resistant biotypes and could help to delay or prevent the evolution of resistance. Although the resistance mechanisms of both weeds are not determined yet, they could be related to enhanced degradation that is similar to the mechanisms that are shown by the resistant biotypes in other countries.     

Historical review of rice herbicides in Japan

A historical review on rice herbicides in Japan was conducted. Rice cropping patterns (transplantation and flooded or dry‐direct seedings) are described, followed by a comparison of the economics of hand weeding and herbicide use. Changes of herbicide chemicals, formulations and application methods are also described. Weeds resistant even to herbicides designed for use with rice agriculture were found. Mode of action and selectivity mechanism of these herbicides are discussed from the standpoint of fish toxicity, which is especially important in rice culture. Finally, a view for the future is presented.     

Cyperus rotundus control using a mechanical digger and solar radiation

Cyperus rotundus (purple nutsedge) is considered one of the most noxious weeds affecting agricultural areas worldwide. With its fast growth rate, it competes with annual crops for water, minerals, light and space. It excretes allelopathic materials that impede crop development. Controlling this weed is difficult and is done mostly by manual weeding, cultivation and herbicides, with limited effectiveness. A method was developed for the control of C. rotundus. A machine penetrates the soil and rearranges it, so that the tubers are lifted to the upper soil layer, where they are left exposed to the hot summer climate, dehydrate and die. The method was tested in seven field experiments on various soil types. Two months after the experimental plots were irrigated, 70–100% weed control was observed. The machine's speed (at 1.2 or 1.8 km h^?1) and the number of treatments (one, or two treatments a month apart) did not influence the level of weed control. The method has a very high potential to replace manual weeding and application of herbicides. Further work will test whether the treatment has a long‐term effect or should be repeated every season.     

Yield Response and Economics of the Use of Herbicides in Upland Rice Fields of Raipur

Abstract

The present status of weed control in the major tropical root and tuber crops is reviewed. The importance of early weeding is emphasised and summaries of the results obtained with herbicides are given.     

Evaluation of herbicides for maize production in three ecological zones of Nigeria

Abstract

Maize cultivation in Nigeria has increased rapidly in the last few years as fertilizers have become more readily available to farmers. Without the use of herbicides however, the area of land that can be brought under maize production will be limited. The following herbicides were evaluated in three ecological zones of Nigeria: atrazine and mixtures of atrazine and simazine, atrazine and metolachlor and atrazine and cyanazine. All herbicide treatments were applied at the rate of either 1.0 or 2.0 kg a.i./ha. The plots that received 1.0 kg a.i./ha also received one supplementary hand weeding. All treatments gave yields comparable to the weed free control, with the exception of the unweeded higher rate of the atrazine and cyanazine treatment which gave the lowest grain yield as a result of poor weed control.     

Joint action of sulfonylurea herbicides and MCPA

The joint action of mixtures of the sulfonylurea herbicides chlorsulfuron, metsulfuron and tribenuron and MCPA as a dimethylamine salt was assessed on Stellaria media L. and Lamium purpureum L. Two statistical analyses, and appropriate experimental designs, were used—the additive dose model (ADM) and the principle of parallel dose-response curves. The ADM analyses revealed that mixtures of the sulfony-lureas and MCPA were less potent than expected on Stellaria while the parallel-line assay analyses showed that activity of the sulfonylurea herbicides on Stellaria and Lamium was reduced in mixtures with MCPA. The antagonism was found to be dependent on the ratio of the two herbicides. Activity decreased with increasing MCPA ratios in the mixtures. Sequential spraying and selective placement of droplets revealed that MCPA only antagonized the sulfonylureas when the herbicides were in physical contact with each other. The benefits of applying both statistical methods when studying the joint action of two herbicides both possessing activity on the test plants are discussed. Action de melanges d'herbicides sulfonylurées et de MCPA L'action de melanges des herbicides sulfonylurées chlorsulfuron, metsulfuron et tribénuron avec le MCPA formulé en sel de diméthylamine, a été etudiée sur Stellaria media L. et Lamium purpureum L. Deux analyses statistiques asso-ciées a deux systèmes expérimentaux appropriés ont été utilisés: le modèle à doses additives (ADM) et le principe du parallélisme des cour-bes dose-effet. Les analyses ADM ont montré que les melanges de sulfonylurées et de MCPA ont été rnoins efficaces qu'attendu sur Stellaria. Les analyses en courbes parallèles ont montré que 1'activité des herbicides sulfonylurées sur Stellaria et Lamium était réduite dans des mélanges avec le MCPA.L'antagonisme dépendait du rapport entre les doses des deux herbicides, 1'activité décroissant avec 1'augmentation du taux de MCPA. Des traitements séquentiels et des dépôts localisés de gouttelettes ont montré que le MCPA n'était an-tagoniste des sulfonylurées que lorsque les herbicides étaient physiquement en contact. L'intérêt est discuté, d'utiliser les deux méthodes statistiques de concert pour étudier les interactions entre deux herbicides actifs sur les plantes test. Gemeinsame Wirkung von Sulfonylharnstoff-Herbiziden und MCPA Die Wirksamkeit von Mischungen der Sulfonyl-hamstoff-Herbizide Chlorsulfuron, Metsulfuron und Tribenuron mil MCPA als Dimethylamin-salz wurde an Stellaria media L. und Lamium purpureum L. bestimmt. Die Versuche wurden so angelegt, um 2 statistische Analysen anzuwen-den: das Additiv-Dosis-Modell (ADM) und das Prinzip paralleler Dosis-Wirkungs-Kurven. Die ADM-Analyse ergab, daß diese Mischungen gegenüber Stellaria weniger wirksam als erwartet waren, während die Parallel-Analyse zeigte, daß die Wirksamkeit der Sulfonylharnstoff-Herbiz-ide in Mischungen mil MCPA gegeniiber den beiden Arten herabgesetzt war. Es ergab sich, daß der Antagonismus vom Verhältnis der Mischungspartner abhängt. Die Wirkung nahm mit steigenden MCPA-Anteilen in den Mischungen ab. In Spritzfolgen und bei separater Applikation zeigte sich, daß MCPA nur dann gegenüber Sulfonylharnstoffe antagonistisch wirkte, wenn sich die Herbizide vermischten. Die Vorzüge der Anwendung der beiden statistischen Methoden zur Untersuchung des gemeinsamen Effektes von 2 Herbiziden ähnlicher Wirkung werden diskutiert.     

棉花密植化学除草不中耕的研究

棉花采用密植化学除草不中耕是当前棉花栽培另一种方法。它比早播、稀植、中耕多次的播种期晚30—40天,但提早拔秆15天左右,前后作物可以不套种。为了发挥群体增产作用,每亩密度为15000—20000株。早打顶,每株留3—4个果枝,主攻伏挑。前期用除草剂灭草,中、后期以密植控草,整个生育期不中耕。经我省连续5年多点试验和大面积示范证实,它可以克服我省3—4月播种时,低温多雨,烂种死苗和深秋低温多雨烂桃或不吐絮等不良气候的影响,能一播全苗,提高棉花品质;能避开前期棉蚜、地老虎和后期第四代棉铃虫的为害;还能调节棉花与小麦、油菜等春收作物及插早稻争季节、争劳力、争土地的矛盾,从而提高了土地利用率,争取粮棉、油棉双丰收。在同一品种,土、肥、水相当的条件下,棉花采用密植与化学除草不中耕相结合,除草效果达75—95%,其产量,一般比当地早播、稀植、多次中耕的增产两成左右。高的每亩产皮棉150—200斤。省工50%左右,降低成本20—30%。     

Recent Developments in the Use of Herbicides in Rubber and Oil Palm

Abstract

Recent developments in the use of herbicides during the establishment of leguminous cover crops and the mature phases of rubber and oil palm plantings are discussed. Results of 12 semi-commercial and commercial scale trials showed that chemical weeding using paraquat and diuron post-emergence or oxyfluorfen pre-emergence with supplementary manual or chemical control was considerably cheaper than exclusive manual weeding during the six months following the sowing of legumes. Reductions in weeding costs ranged from 6 to 66%. In the mature phase a wide range of herbicide treatments involving extensively used herbicides such as paraquat, MSMA, 2, 4-D amine and sodium chlorate for the suppression of weed growth along rubber tree rows and in oil palm circles and harvesters' paths were compared. Results indicate that there are several suitable alternatives to sodium arsenite, a formerly widely used herbicide which is now banned for general weed control. In both crops, the most cost effective treatments for controlling mixed vegetation were Ustinex Special (MCPA + diuron + amitrole, 2:3:6) at 1.48 kg a.i.ha + Gramoxone (paraquat) at 0.22 kg a.i./ha and Paracol (paraquat + diuron, 1:1) at 0.56 kg a.i./ha + DMA Amine (2, 4-D) at 0.50 kg a.e./ha.     

Weeds and weed management in rice production in Japan

The area of paddy rice fields in Japan was 1.79 million ha in 1998 almost all of which was planted with young seedlings from nursery boxes by a mechanical rice transplanter. Japanese farmers controlled paddy weeds mainly by chemical herbicides, which were applied around 1.8 times in one growing season of rice by sequential treatment. The cost of herbicides was 35 320 ¥/ha on average, the main of which was ‘one‐shot’ herbicides, while weeding labor for the paddy field, including herbicide application, was 19.0 h/ha, or 29 976 ¥/ha in labor cost, in 1998. Under the Integrated Weed Management (IWM) for sustainable paddy rice production, other technologies for weed management are also recommended to paddy farmers, such as ecological or cultural, mechanical, biological methods and so on.     

PLANT GROWTH STIMULATION BY SUBLETHAL CONCENTRATIONS OF HERBICIDES*

Summary. Significant stimulation of root or shoot growth of oats (Avena sativa L.) resulted from pre-emergence applications of eleven herbicides at sublethal doses. Two additional herbicides stimulated cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) root growth. Several types of herbicides with different mechanisms of lethal action were represented. Three herbicides failed to stimulate plant growth significantly in these studies, although all of them have been observed to cause growth stimulation in other experiments. Studies on oat seedling respiration, photosynthesis, protein content, free amino acid content, and total available soluble carbohydrates failed to provide any consistent explanation for stimulation. These results provide further evidence of the validity of the Arndt-Schulz hypothesis which states that all poisons are stimulatory at sublethal concentrations. Stimulation de la croissance des plantes par des concentrations sublétales d'herbiddes Résumé. Une stimulation significative de la croissance des racines ou des tiges de I'avoine (Avena sativa L.) a été provoquée par l'application en pré-levée de onze herbicides à des doses sublétaies. Deux autres herbicides ont stimulé la croissance des racines de concombre. Plusieurs types d'herbicides possédant des mécanismes diffrénts d'action létale étaient représentés. Trois herbicides n'ont pas provoqué de stimulation significative de la croissance au cours de cette étude, bien qu'ils aient provoqué une stimulation dans d'autres expériences. Des recherches sur la respiration, la photosynthése, la teneur en protéines, en amino-acides libres et le total disponible des hydrates de carbone solubles dans la plantule d'avoine n'ont fourni aucune explication logique de la stimulation. Ces résultats apportent une nouvelle preuve de la validité de l'hypothése d'Arndt-Schulz selon laquelle tous les poisons ont un effet stimulant à des concentrations sublétaies. Förderung des Pflanzenwachstums durch Herbizide in sublethalen Konzentrationen Zusammenfassung. Die Vorauflaufanwendung von elf Herbiziden in sublethalen Dosen förderte das Wurzel- und Sprosswachstum von Hafer (Avena sativa L.) signifikant. Zwei weitere Herbizide stimulierten das Wurzelwachstum bei der Gurke (Cucumis sativus L.). Es waren Herbizide aus verschiedenen Gruppen mit unterschiedlichem Mechanismus der lethalen Wirkung vertreten. Drei Herbizide förderten in diesen Studien das Wachstum nicht signifikant, obwohl eine solche fördernde Wirkung in anderen Experimenten beobachtet worden war. Untersuchungen der Atmung von Haferkeimlingen, der Photosynthese, des Proteingehaltes, des Gehaltes an freien Aminosäuren und der Gesamtmenge an löslichen Kohlenhydraten erbrachten keine einheitliche Erklärung für die Förderung. Diese Ergebnisse stützen die Gültigkeit der Arndt-Schulz Hypothese, die besagt, dass alle Gifte in sublethalen Dosen stimulierend wirken.