稻瘿蚊综合防治技术

自 1993年起，稻瘿蚊在郴州市迅速加重发生，对水稻生产构成严重威胁。为此，从 1994年起，本市组织了稻瘿蚊综合治理技术攻关小组，经过连续 4 a试验研究，配套组装了稻瘿蚊综合治理技术。在 1997～ 2000年的示范推广中，有效地控制了稻瘿蚊在本市的发生为害。现将该项技术介绍如下： 1农业防治压基数，铲草避虫拔“标葱” 　　1)铲除寄主 (游草 )。在每年谷雨节前夕，组织发动稻瘿蚊发生区的农户，彻底铲除稻田附近沟渠、田埂、田埂边的游草，压低稻瘿蚊虫源。 　　2)栽培避虫。采用农艺措施避开稻瘿蚊的产卵高峰期与水稻苗期和分蘖期相吻…     

稻瘿蚊第四代发生程度的预测及综合防治初探

稻瘿蚊Orseolia oryzae(Wood-Mason)是阳朔县晚稻的主要害虫.它以第四、五代为主害代,其中第四代成虫盛发于7月中、下旬,不仅危害晚稻秧田和早插本田,还是第五代的主要虫原.因此,能否及时做好第四代的发生预报,正确指导防治是晚稻防治稻瘿蚊成败的关键.本文仅就第四代发生程度的预测及综合防治途径进行探讨.     

20%三唑磷乳油防治稻瘿蚊试验

０％三唑磷乳油防治稻瘿蚊试验李国刚王毓浔阳文军盛运成（桂林地区植保站桂林５４１００１）（灵川县病虫测报站５４１２００）稻瘿蚊是晚稻的灾害性害虫，化学防治仍为目前对付该虫的重要方法。为寻找防治稻瘿高效安全低毒新农药，我们引进２０％三唑磷乳油，进行防治稻...     

3%甲基异柳磷防治稻瘿蚊增产效应试验

稻瘿蚊是我县晚稻最主要的害虫。为了经济、安全、高效地应用3％甲基异柳磷防治稻瘿蚊,本试验比较了该药分别在水稻秧田期、本田期一次性用药及在秧田期、本田期均用药一次防治稻瘿蚊的防效及增产效果。试验分别在秧田期、本田期进行。秧田期是选历年稻瘿蚊发生比较严重的田垌播种(品种为博优3550),秧田面积0.1亩,分     

秧田与大田施用益舒宝防治稻瘿蚊的施用适期试验

秧田与大田施用益舒宝防治稻瘿蚊的施用适期试验兰胜仁，练德进（福建省武平县植保站３６４３００）益舒宝是一种有机磷农药，能有效地防治稻瘿蚊。为摸清秧田与大田施用益舒宝防治稻瘿蚊的施用适期，以指导农民及时正确下药防治，提高防治效果，我们特选择广东英红华侨农...     

稻瘿蚊的综合治理研究

稻瘿蚊的综合治理研究稻瘿蚊在南方一般年发生６～８代，广东南部及海南岛年发生９～１１代。中稻、晚稻秧田和本田均可受害。在防治措施上，应铲除寄主（游草），压低虫源；改“稻一稻”耕作制为“烟一稻一菜”、“稻一豆（薯）一菜”制，改单季中稻、单季晚稻为“早中稻...     

48%乐斯本乳油防治晚稻稻瘿蚊试验

稻瘿蚊是为害柳江县晚稻秧田和本田前期分蘖的主要害虫之一。为寻找防治稻瘿蚊新的药剂,于1999年在本县流山乡流塘屯韦政才的晚稻责任田进行了48%乐斯本乳油防治稻瘿蚊试验,现将试验结果报道如下。1　试验方法1.1　供试药剂　　48%乐斯本乳油(陶氏益农太洋有限公司),10%益舒宝颗粒剂(法国罗纳普朗克公司提供原药,钟山农药厂加工生产)。1.2　供试品种:水稻汕优桂99。1.3　试验处理与施药方法　　试验按666.7m2用药量计,设48%乐斯本乳油250ml、200ml、10%益舒宝颗粒剂1.25kg和空白对照共4个处理。秧田试验与本田试验设置的处理相同。本田各处…     

邕宁2000年稻瘿蚊发生实况与分析

稻瘿蚊是邕宁县晚稻的主要害虫之一，1a发生7－8个世代，以长1、2代为害早稻无效分蘖，第3代为害早稻无效分蘖及晚稻杂优制种田，第4代小部分继续为害迟插早稻无效分蘖及制种田，主要为害晚稻秧田，第5代有部分为害晚稻秧田，主要为害早插晚稻本田，第6代为害晚稻本田，第7代（或8代）为害晚稻无效分蘖。第5、6代是晚稻本田主害代。在邕宁20世纪80年代初至90年代中期（截至1995年）是严重发生为害时期，平均每年发生面积1．722万hm^2，占种植面积的36．9％，造成粮食损失255．02万kg，对水稻生产构成严重威胁。90年代后期发生面积有所下降，平均每年发生面积0．728万hm^2，其中2000年稻瘿蚊发生程度是19995年以发生最轻的一年，从早稻后期虫源来看，早稻后期无效分蘖标葱率是近10a来最高的一年，虫源面积之广，有效虫源之多也是近10a来最多的一年，而晚稻稻瘿蚊却发生轻。本文就定问题作进一步分析，仅供参考。     

益舒丰颗粒剂防治稻瘿蚊试验

１０％益舒丰颗粒剂每６６６．７ｍ＾２用１．０、１．２５ｋｇ防治晚稻稻瘿蚊,秧田试验防效达９４．６％￣９７．３％,本田药后２８ｄ试验示范防效达９１．７％,９５．０％,持效期和工,效果稳定,对禾苗安全,其防效与同等用量的益舒宝防效相当,明显高于呋喃丹,大功臣,是目前防治稻瘿蚊较为理想的药剂灾一。大田生产上建议在播种后５ｄ或水稻移栽后５￣７ｄ施药１．２５ｋｇ／６６６．７ｍ＾２,一次控害,经济安全。     

水稻根区施用呋喃丹防治稻瘿蚊示范试验

1987年我站在标葱较严重的开山乡墙围村作秧田、大田根区施用呋喃丹防治稻瘿蚊示范试验,秧田8亩,大田50亩。 一、试验材料 1.农药:3％呋喃丹颗粒剂,25％杀虫双水剂。2.水稻品种:汕优63、64,威优64。 二、示范试验设计 1.,秧田根区亩施呋喃丹纯药100克(3％     

Impacts of transgenic Bt cotton and integrated pest management education on smallholder cotton farmers

Abstract

Comparative field research on transgenic Bt cotton and conventional cotton under different conditions (fields without pesticide inputs, fields managed by farmers with IPM education, fields managed by farmers lacking IPM education) were carried out in Hubei province of China in 2002. The amount of pesticide used on Bt cotton by non-IPM farmers was found to be around three times that used by IPM farmers. IPM farmers made significantly higher net profits from cultivating transgenic Bt cotton in comparison with non-IPM farmers. Other pest management practices had more significant influences on the population dynamics of predatory natural enemies and major insect pests than did the adoption of transgenic Bt cotton in the cotton ecosystem. Our study showed that IPM education, by increasing farmer capacity to critically evaluate inputs and their effects, monitor their fields and make informed decisions on pest management, enabled farmers to reduce pesticide use significantly, so resulting in improved production and profit margin. IPM farmer education thus, contributed to maximising the value of planting transgenic Bt cotton.     

特基拉芽孢杆菌JN-369的分离鉴定及其抑菌物质分析

为筛选可用于防治由稻瘟病菌所致水稻稻瘟病的生防菌株资源,采用稀释涂布平板法,从感病水稻品种湘早籼24号的健康植株茎叶中分离获得了1株拮抗细菌JN-369,结合形态学观察、生理生化鉴定及16S rDNA序列分析对其菌种进行了鉴定,采用平板对峙法研究了JN-369菌株的抑菌谱,并初步测定了JN-369中挥发性有机物 (VOCs)、蛋白类粗提物及脂肽类粗提物对稻瘟病菌的抑制作用。结果表明:JN-369菌株为特基拉芽孢杆菌Bacillus tequilensis,其对稻瘟病菌具有显著抑制作用,对菌丝生长的抑制率达80.46% ± 0.83%;同时该菌株对供试的辣椒胶孢炭疽菌、烟草赤星病菌及黄瓜疫病菌等植物病原真菌和卵菌均有抑制作用;但对供试病原细菌则均无抑制作用;1 × 108 cfu/mL 的 JN-369菌悬液产生的挥发性有机物对稻瘟病菌的抑制效果最强,抑制率达72.92% ± 3.01%,1.454 mg/mL的蛋白类提取物和1.026 mg/mL 的脂肽类提取物对稻瘟病菌的抑制率分别为24.68% ± 0.80%和14.34% ± 1.08%。研究表明,菌株JN-369具有一定的开发应用潜力。     

The importance of forecasting and warning systems in implementation of integrated pest management in apple orchards in Turkey*

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) has been widely implemented in apple orchards in various regions of Turkey. Between 1995 and 1999, in Central Anatolia and the Aegean Region, apple scab (Venturia inequalis) and codling moth (Cydia pomonella) were key pests, and implementation of pest control was based on forecasting and warning systems. During the project, orchards in which IPM was implemented and in which farmers applied conventional practices were compared. In nine provinces in which IPM projects were carried out in 1999, the damage due to codling moth was 0–1.3% in IPM orchards while it was 0.4–21.8% in nearby non‐IPM orchards. It is clear that damage did not reach the acceptable threshold level of 2% in any of the IPM orchards, while damage was much higher than the threshold in conventionally‐farmed orchards. The number of fungicide applications against apple scab decreased to 5–6 applications from 10–15 applications in the Eğirdir district of the Isparta Province in 1996 as a result of IPM implementation. No insecticides were applied against codling moth in IPM orchards in the Nigde Province in 1998 and 1999 because population levels of the pest were low and under the economic threshold. Apple producers received training and 1200 producers from Central Anatolia became experts in IPM for their own orchards, learning to make appropriate decisions about pest control. The Apple IPM Guideline was prepared and disseminated. In Turkey modern equipment for forecasting and warning systems was employed and, in the last decade, forecasting and warning networks have been improved. Computer‐based systems have increased the speed and accuracy of forecasting as well as decreasing its costs. A computerized national forecasting network in apple orchards now transmits data from the field to system headquarters automatically. The national forecasting network has been expanded and covered 12 208 800 apple trees in 34 provinces in 2006, using 115 electronic forecasting and warning stations.     

3种杀虫剂对中稻田白背飞虱及捕食性天敌群落的影响

采用室内毒力测定、田间试验和系统调查方法研究了3种杀虫剂对中稻田白背飞虱及捕食性天敌群落的影响,旨在提高水稻白背飞虱的化学防治效率,减少农药对环境的污染,保护天敌对害虫的自然控制作用,为水稻白背飞虱的综合治理提供依据。研究结果表明,阿维菌素、吡蚜酮和毒死蜱3种杀虫剂对白背飞虱3龄若虫均有较高的室内毒力,LC50分别为0.339 1、0.896 0和4.714 7mg/L,说明安徽省桐城市白背飞虱种群对这3种药剂尚未产生较高的抗药性。阿维菌素对白背飞虱的田间防治效果较差,毒死蜱药后3d即达到较好的防治效果,但持效期较短。吡蚜酮对白背飞虱有很好的防治效果,药后7d和14d的防效分别达到90.94%和89.94%,且对捕食性天敌群落影响较小,有助于保护和加强天敌的自然控制作用,是防治中稻田白背飞虱较理想的药剂。     

抗噻枯唑和抗叶枯净的水稻白叶枯病菌株的适应度比较

将水稻白叶枯病噻枯唑抗性菌和叶枯净抗性菌的适应度特性进行了比较。当Ｓａ＾ｒ和Ｐ＾ｒ与敏感菌（Ｓ）的等量混合物在植株上繁殖时,Ｓａ＾ｒ和Ｐ＾ｒ竞争不过Ｓ,但Ｐ＾ｒ竞争能力较Ｓａ＾ｒ强。Ｓａ＾ｒ和Ｐ＾ｒ的致病力与Ｓ的无明显差异。但在离体保存时Ｓａ＾ｒ和Ｐ＾ｒ易于丧失致病力。这种致病力的丧失是由于被保原群体中低致病力的敏感菌比例上升所致,进一步说明Ｓａ＾ｒ和Ｐ＾ｒ的适应度不及Ｓ。结果表明,白叶枯病市民经     

稻白叶枯病菌不同毒力单细胞系互作关系及田间自然群体毒力组成初析

 稻白叶枯病菌不同毒力的单细胞系混合组配后的致病力随着不同毒力菌所占的比例、彼此之间及与寄主之间的相互作用而发生相应变化;同一病田不同病株分离菌以及同一叶片不同叶位段分离菌,均存在致病力的分化;表明稻白叶枯菌在同一块田、甚至同一病叶上都存在不同的毒力细胞。稻株发病程度,是在一定生态条件下,不同毒力的多细胞入侵和协同互作的结果。所以采用"段叶沙培切口取菌胶"法所得的分离株,是含不同毒力细胞的混合体。测定一定数量的此类菌株的致病型分化,即是对田间病菌自然群体毒力组成的表型反应。
来自同一田块的36株分离菌的致病型测定结果与从48县采集的208个菌株所测定的结果非常一致,因此,对一块稻田的病菌的毒力分化测定,可以作为对相似生态条件下的广大稻区病菌自然群体毒力组成监测的参考。     

History of IPM in California pears—50 years of pesticide use and the transition to biologically intensive IPM

During the 1960s, the California pear industry, on a per acre basis, was among the heaviest users of pesticides. Each season, multiple sprays of up to 14 active ingredients (chlorinated hydrocarbons, organophosphates and carbamates) were typically applied for control of insects and mites. The cost of control escalated while damage from arthropod pests increased owing to greater pest resistance and more pest resurgence. The pear industry suffered classic symptoms of the ‘pesticide treadmill’. By the late 1960s, key pear industry leaders demanded action. Simultaneously, newly emerging concepts of IPM were being developed and funded. With public awareness and environmental activism on the rise in the wake of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring, the stage was set for change. This paper elucidates how pear growers, university researchers and extension agents, environmentalists, government regulators, private consultants, farm chemical suppliers and others contributed to the reduction in insecticide use in California pear orchards. Today, arthropod IPM in pears is characterized as relatively low input, biologically intensive and very successful. For example, in 2008 many pear growers only applied between three and five active ingredients (mainly organically certified) per season for control of arthropods. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of seven new orchard pesticides on Galendromus occidentalis in laboratory studies

BACKGROUND: Biological control of phytophagous mites in orchards requires that pesticides used to manage other arthropod pests or diseases are harmless to predacious mites, as these are essential to keep phytophagous mites at non‐injurious population levels. This study evaluates the possible toxic attributes of acetamiprid, imidacloprid, thiacloprid, thiamethoxam, spirodiclofen, spinosad and methoxyfenoxide currently used in western Canadian orchards. RESULTS: None of these pesticides has any ovicidal properties against Galendromus occidentalis (Nesbitt). Imidacloprid and acetamiprid were highly toxic to the adults and reduced fecundity significantly. Thiamethoxam and spirodiclofen were non‐toxic to adults, but they slightly reduced fecundity. Thiacloprid, spinosad and methoxyfenoxide were harmless to adults and had no effect on fecundity. All compounds showed some repellence at 24 h intervals for 72 h. CONCLUSIONS: Imidacloprid and acetamiprid are incompatible with IPM programs because they are toxic to adults and negatively affect fecundity. Thiamethoxam and spirodiclofen need further field evaluation to determine if they are compatible with IPM programs because they slightly reduced fecundity. Thiacloprid, spinosad and methoxyfenoxide are harmless to adults, but they are slightly repellent. Therefore, with the exception of imidacloprid and acetamiprid, all these compounds should be field tested for compatibility in an IPM program. © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd     

水稻内生细菌的分离及其拮抗性与潜在致病性测定

从江苏省扬州、南通、常州和徐州等地水稻根、茎和种子分离获得内生细菌736个菌株,其中对稻瘟病菌、稻恶苗病菌、稻纹枯病菌和稻白叶枯病菌拮抗的菌株分别占20.7%、5.4%、3.1%和1.1%,且主要来自根和茎,并有24个和3个菌株分别对2种和3种病菌有拮抗活性。对稻瘟病菌和稻恶苗病菌拮抗的内生细菌转管培养20代后,多数菌株拮抗活性稳定,对其他两种病菌拮抗的菌株转管培养后则拮抗能力大都显著下降或丧失。经形态和生理生化鉴定,高拮抗菌株G87(对稻瘟病菌、稻恶苗病菌、稻白叶枯病菌拮抗)和J215(对稻瘟病菌、稻恶苗病菌拮抗)为枯草芽孢杆菌。针刺和剪叶接种试验表明,大多数水稻内生细菌不致病,少数(3.4%~4.8%)在人工接种条件下可有致病能力或潜在致病性。     

Informal Notes on the 4th East African Herbicide Conference at Arusha,Tanzania

Abstract

An IPM schedule using synthetic sex pheromone (Z‐3‐dodecenol‐E‐2‐butenoate) as the principal component against sweet potato weevil has been evaluated for the first time in India. The components of the IPM Programme were: (a) disinfecting the planting materials by dipping the slips in monocrotophos 0.05% for 10 min; (b) installation of pheromone traps from the first day of planting at 10 m distance (one trap/100 m²) to destroy the male weevils; and (c) re‐ridging the crop at 30 and 60 days after planting. The continuous elimination of the male population by pheromone traps in the treatment has resulted in a drastic decline in the population build‐up of the weevil and consequent reduction in the damage, leading to increased production of marketable tubers over 53%. In the first season weevil damage was reduced from 33% to 9.7% and in the second season from 39% to 9.5% by adopting the IPM schedule. The control field showed a four‐ to seven‐fold increase in the pest population (516 to 741 in the control and 114 to 128 in the treatment).