磷素对不同品质类型大豆光合生理的影响

以6个不同品质类型(普通型、高油型和高蛋白型各2个)的亚有限结荚习性大豆品种为材料,采用裂区试验设计,研究了3个磷素水平(0、82.5、165.0 kg.hm-2P2O5)对不同品质类型大豆叶片光合生理的影响。结果表明:施磷对不同品质类型大豆开花期至鼓粒期的光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、叶面积指数和水分利用效率有较大影响,且施磷有利于提高各品质类型大豆的光合速率、气孔导度等光合生理指标。此外,施磷使生育后期大豆的光合速率、气孔导度等下降速度减缓,其中对高蛋白品种的影响最为明显。高蛋白品种在高磷(165.0 kg.hm-2P2O5)处理下的光合速率、气孔导度等的下降速度均最为缓慢。     

密度和施肥量对不同分枝类型大豆产量的影响

采用三因素裂-裂区试验设计,以东81735(寡分枝)、东03-2176(中等分枝)和东0331(多分枝)3个品种(系)为主区,4个种植密度(10、15、20和24万株.hm-2)为裂区,4种施肥量(300、500、700和900 kg.hm-2)为再裂区,研究了不同密度和施肥量对不同分枝类型大豆品种(系)产量的影响。结果表明,在不同肥密条件下,群体叶面积指数(LAI)呈单峰曲线变化,且最大值出现在盛荚期。3个品种的LAI峰值都出现在密度24万株.hm-2和施肥量900kg.hm-2的组合中。中等分枝品种东03-2176在密度为20～30万株.hm-2,施肥量为700～900 kg.hm-2时获得较高产量;多分枝品种在密度为20万株.hm-2,施肥量为900 kg.hm-2时获得高产。     

栽培措施对高油大豆光合生理及产量的影响

采用4因素4水平正交试验,研究了品种、密度、施肥水平、播期对高油大豆光合生理及产量的影响.结果表明:品种、密度、施肥水平、播期4因素通过影响高油大豆的叶面积指数、光合势、叶绿素含量的动态变化,进而影响高油大豆的产量.其中叶面积指数和光合势随着密度和施肥水平的升高呈上升趋势,随着播期的延迟而下降,而叶绿素含量则随着密度的升高而降低,但随着施肥水平的升高和播期的延迟呈上升趋势;施肥水平对高油大豆的产量影响最大,其中农大15751在5月3日播种,施肥量为300 kg·hm-2,密度为45 ×104plants·hm-2时产量最高,达3788 kg·hm-2.     

磷对不同磷效率大豆品种光合生理和农艺性状的影响

以4个磷高效和2个磷低效大豆品种为试材,探讨了低磷(0 kg·hm-2)、中磷(82.5 kg·hm-2)和高磷(165kg·hm-2)处理对小同磷效率大豆品种光合生理性状和农艺性状的影响.结果表明:征整个生育时期,在不同磷处理下,磷高效品种的叶绿素含量多高于磷低效品种,且在生育后期(鼓粒期),磷高效晶种的叶绿素含量下降较缓慢,仍能保持较高含量.各个生育时期,与低磷处理相比,中磷和高磷处理下供试品种的净光合速率均有所增加,在不同磷处理下,磷高效品种的净光合速率多高于磷低效品种.磷处理对大豆株高、分枝数和主茎节数等植株形态性状影响较小.在低磷处理下,磷高效品种的产量和产量性状优于磷低效品种.     

栽培措施对高蛋白大豆产量及品质的影响

在密度、施肥水平、品种、播期四因素四水平正交试验中,高蛋白大豆的叶面积指数和光合势随着密度和施肥水平的升高呈上升趋势,随着播期的延迟而升高;叶绿素含量则随着密度的升高而降低,随着施肥水平的升高和播期的延迟而升高;影响产量的主要因素是播期和肥料,适当晚播能提高大豆产量;影响高蛋白大豆品质的主要因素是品种自身的遗传因素,其次是肥料。试验结果表明,农大35307的叶面积指数、叶绿素和光合势最高,四个品种的产量差异不显著,农大3191和农大35307的蛋白质含量是较高的。农大35318在密度为29.85万株/hm2、肥料为74.63 kg/hm2、5月11日播种的情况下产量最高,达5572.14 kg/hm2;农大3191在密度为29.85万株/hm2、不施肥,5月6日播种的情况下蛋白质含量最高。说明高蛋白大豆品质主要受遗传因素影响,同时环境因素也很重要,产量受环境影响较大。     

品种、密度、施肥量对高油大豆产量及品质的效应

采用3因素3水平正交试验,研究了品种、密度、施肥量对高油大豆产量和品质的影响.结果表明,品种、密度、施肥量三因素通过影响高油大豆的叶面积指数、叶绿素含量的动态变化,进而影响植株干物质积累,最终影响产量和品质的形成.施肥量对高油大豆产量的影响最大,农大96065,密度为36万株/hm2,施肥量为210 kg/hm2时的产量最高,达3407.45 kg/hm2;高油大豆的脂肪和蛋白质含量主要受品种自身的遗传因素影响,其次是密度和施肥量;蛋白质脂肪总量主要受密度因素影响,品种效应其次,施肥量影响最小.     

钼肥对鲜食大豆主要光合生理指标的影响

为了明确钼肥对鲜食大豆光合生理指标的影响,选用鲜食大豆品种抚鲜3号和日本青作为试验材料,分别在不同生育时期(V5、R1、R3、R5、R6),测定C1(0 kg·hm-2)、C2(0.3 kg·hm-2)、C3(1.5 kg·hm-2)、C4(3.0 kg·hm-2)四种施钼处理下上述鲜食大豆品种的叶面积指数、叶绿素含量、光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度、蒸腾速率,考察了施钼量与光合指标的关系以及生育期内鲜食大豆光合效率的变化规律。结果表明:施钼提高了鲜食大豆叶片的叶面积指数、叶绿素含量、光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率,延缓了鲜食大豆生育后期叶绿素衰退,对叶片胞间CO2浓度影响不明显;随着施钼量的增加,各光合生理指标在C3(1.5 kg·hm-2)处理达到最高,然后开始下降;鲜食大豆叶片在R5(始粒)期各光合生理指标达到最高,R6(鼓粒)期开始下降,两品种对不同施钼水平处理的反应表现一致。     

不同肥密处理对超高产大豆辽豆14的影响

选用超高产大豆品种辽豆14和普通大豆品种辽豆11为材料,在不同施肥(150、300 kg hm-2磷酸二铵)和不同种植密度(7.5、15.0、22.5万株hm-2)处理下,比较了两个品种的农艺性状和产量表现,试图揭示超高产品种的产量形成规律.结果表明,超高产大豆辽豆14在不同肥密处理下其株高稳定性好,结荚高度低,而且在施肥水平较高时具有较好的分枝性能.叶面积指数在结荚期达到最大值,而后稳健下降,且在生育后期能维持一个较高的水平.超高产品种辽豆14种植密度间产量差异达显著水平,而施肥水平间产量差异不显著,说明只有在超高产栽培条件下才能体现其品种优势,使其产量潜力得到充分表达.     

中晚熟大豆长农18高产栽培技术研究

以中晚熟大豆长农18为材料,采用四因素二次回归正交旋转组合设计,研究了不同施肥量和种植密度对中晚熟大豆品种长农18产量的影响。建立了产量与种植密度和肥料之间的数学模型。结果表明:长农18高产栽培的施肥方案为尿素39.26~45.96 kg.hm-2,磷酸二氨168.79~196.44 kg.hm-2,硫酸钾70.86~79.77 kg.hm-2,种植密度24.8~25.9万株.hm-2。     

氮肥和密度对冬小麦光合生理和物质积累的影响

为给小麦高产栽培中氮肥和密度科学管理提供参考,以矮抗58和周麦22号为材料,研究了施氮量和播种密度对小麦植株光合生理、物质积累及产量性状的影响.结果表明,适量增施氮肥和增加密度能显著提高小麦叶面积指数、叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率和群体干物质积累量,使植株在灌浆期仍能保持较高的光合能力,促进花后干物质的积累,有利于产量的提高.不同品种的籽粒产量对氮肥和密度的响应存在差异,周麦22号的平均籽粒产量高于矮抗58.在本研究条件下,矮抗58籽粒产量在375万基本苗·hm-2和360 kg·hm-2施氮量处理组合下最高;周麦22号籽粒产量在225万基本苗·hm-2扣240 kg·hm 2施氮量处理组合下最高.     

Preparation and characterization of fibers of waste and fresh polyethylene terephtalate and mixtures of them

Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry.     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

Characteristics of photosynthesis and conductance of potato canopies and the effects of cultivars and transient drought

Gas-exchange characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) canopies were determined with crop enclosures under condition of optimal water supply, during soil water depletion, and during recovery from drought-stress. The plants were grown under a rainshelter in large containers with 2-m² surface area. Control plants received water throughout the growth period. In Expt. 1, transient drought was imposed by interrupting water supply completely for 22 days. During the 33-day period of drought treatment in Expt. 2, the stressed plants received half the amount of water that was given to the control plants (irrigations 2–3 times per week).

During soil water depletion, stomatal conductance of the canopy was reduced earlier and more than photosynthesis. This resulted in a lower internal carbon dioxide concentration in the leaves of stressed plants and a higher ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The value of that ratio increased as soil water potential dropped.

Water-use efficiency ( ) increased during drought stress. The cultivar Bintje showed a larger ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of the canopy and a higher than cv. Saturna, both for optimal water supply and during drought stress.

Photosynthesis and conductance of the canopy started to recover immediately upon rewatering, even when relative values had declined to 20–30% during the preceding stress period. After release from stress, the leaves in the top layer of the canopy had a higher stomatal conductance in treated plants than in control plants.     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式示范

2017—2018年,在同安镇粮食产能区示范推广水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式,取得了显著成效。融合技术示范区比常规区减少用药2~3次,用药量减少37.6%,防治成本降低400元/hm^2;水稻产量增加12.8%,收益增加2 835元/hm^2。     

生物质能作物——甘薯开发利用现状及趋势

甘薯是世界上重要的粮食、饲料、工业原料及新型能源用块根作物，在我国乃至世界再生能源开发中起到重大作用，其分布地域广，适应性强，沙荒地、岗坡地均可种植。生物产量高，而且种植栽培容易。甘薯含淀粉15％～30％，晒干率20％～35％，世界各国以薯干或淀粉为原料生产乙醇有着悠久的历史。随着全球能源的日趋紧张，乙醇作为一种可再生的环保燃料．将快速步入全球成品油市场，在替代汽油供应方面起到越来越大的作用。各国正在推行或制定燃料乙醇计划，并着眼于生物燃料乙醇应用方案，认为甘薯可能是摆脱将来粮食和能源危机的“最后一张王牌”。     

棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术应用与推广

经过多年实践,探索总结出抗病虫品种、频振式太阳能杀虫灯、糖盆诱蛾、黄蓝板诱虫、生物多样性控虫等绿色防控技术,形成了切合库尔勒实际的棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术模式。介绍了上述技术措施及其在当地棉田的推广应用效果。     

热区蔬菜质量安全分析与评价

对影响我国热区主要蔬菜产前、产中、产后的质量安全相关因素与现状进行调研,获取基础数据与有关信息。对比分析国内不同生产区质量安全存在的差异与差距,研究我国热区蔬菜从生产至市场各个环节的质量安全评价方法,提出建立我国热区蔬菜质量安全评价体系方案。     

春季氮肥和多效唑调控对小麦生育和产量的影响

为明确春季调控措施对冬小麦生长发育和籽粒产量的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828为材料进行田间试验,4个处理分别为:起身期追全部氮肥(除基肥外,下同)并叶面喷多效唑(N1);起身期追2/3氮肥并喷多效唑+拔节期追1/3氮肥(N2);起身期追1/3氮肥+拔节期追2/3氮肥(N3);拔节期追全部氮肥(N4)。生育期间测定群体和个体生育特性,成熟期调查产量性状。结果表明,N1和N2处理小麦拔节期的总茎数、叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均显著高于N4和N3处理。孕穗期N4和N3处理小麦的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量显著高于N1和N2处理。开花到成熟期各处理的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量差异均不显著。孕穗期前,不同处理的株高差异不显著,孕穗期后,N4处理的株高最高,且显著高于N1处理。各处理基部节间直径和中上部节间长的差异不显著,N4处理基部第一节间长度显著大于其他处理。随追氮时期前移或前期施氮量增多,不孕小穗数减少,结实小穗和穗粒数增加,N1比N4处理不孕小穗数显著减少,结实小穗和穗粒数显著增多。N1处理小麦成熟期的千粒重最高,且显著高于N4处理。N1处理的籽粒产量最高,且显著高于N3和N4处理。起身期追氮配合多效唑调控,可以获得比拔节期追氮更高的穗粒数和千粒重,从而获得更高的产量。     

施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响

采用盆栽试验，研究施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响，结果表明：适量施用镁肥，可以促进烟草的生长发育、改善其农艺学性状，影响烟株对其它营养元素的吸收与积累，提高烟叶产量，并能使烟叶N，P，K，Ca等营养元素含量更趋协调。随着施镁量的增加，烟叶中镁含量提高10．7％～71．4％，烤烟单株吸镁量、叶片叶绿素含量、干物质产量分别提高17．6％～115．4％，1．9％～23．ooA和6．3％～25．7％，而对烟叶含钾量没有明显影响。在镁比较缺乏的土壤上，镁肥作基肥施比叶面喷施的效果好，基肥施镁结合叶面喷镁的效果最佳；叶面喷镁，肥料用量少、成本低、见效快，是一种有效的镁肥施用方法；提高镁肥用量，施镁的效果更加显著。