毛白杨材性指标预测及选择

采用非破坏性测定木材材质的Pilodyn测定指标,研究毛白杨28个无性系间的材性遗传差异.室外测定毛白杨活立木胸径(DBH)和南向Pilodyn测定值(Ps),室内测定木芯木材基本密度(Ds)和木材外侧基本密度(Dso),对Pilodyn测定结果与木材密度作统计分析.研究结果表明:按照Ps、Dso及Ds分别将各个无性系的平均值进行排序,3个序列间存在极显著的相关关系(-0.749～0.651).毛白杨单株间Ps、Dso和Ds间存在极显著的相关关系(-0.506～0.706),毛白杨各个无性系Ps、Dso和Ds平均值间也存在极显著的相关关系(-0.840～0.808),使用Ps、Ds和Dso3个材质性状对毛白杨无性系进行方差分析,均得到各个无性系间存在极显著差异的结果.以这3个材性指标分别和胸径的平均值各自将28个无性系分为4类:A)高密度快生长;B)低密度快生长;C)高密度慢生长;D)低密度慢生长.经方差分析和多重比较结果证明,使用3个材性指标所分的4类各个类别间均差异显著.通过分类结果选择出11,12,346,191,337,24,384共7个生长快且木材密度高的毛白杨无性系.     

银杏木材微纤丝角及其与生长轮密度相关模型的建立

通过对银杏木材微纤丝角的径向变化及其与生长轮密度相关性质的研究 ,结果表明 ,银杏木材平均微纤丝角为 1 8.5°,生长轮内早材微纤丝角较大 ,晚材较小 ;生长轮间沿径向呈减小趋势。木材微纤丝角与生长轮年龄、生长轮宽度、生长轮密度之间有较密切关系 ,建立了 5个相关模型 ,为银杏用材林的定向培育和木材加工利用提供依据     

杂种落叶松F2代自由授粉家系纸浆材遗传变异及多性状联合选择

对17年生7个杂种落叶松自由授粉家系和3个对照子代测定林(共10个处理)的生长和材性性状进行遗传变异分析、相关分析、综合指数评价与选择.结果表明:生长与材性性状家系间、家系内均存在较大的变异,除单位面积管胞数量外,其他性状晚材的变异系数均大于早材;材积、管胞长宽比和树脂道比量变异系数较大(26.2%～85.3%).基本密度、早材微纤丝角、管胞比量变异系数较小(1.4%～8.1%).方差分析表明:处理间综纤维素含量,早、晚材微纤丝角,管胞长宽比,晚材径向直径、胞壁率、壁腔比,管胞比量差异显著;材积、管胞长、弦向直径、早材和晚材单位面积管胞数量差异极显著,家系遗传力为59.3%～92.7%,家系水平的材性改良潜力较大.材积与综纤维素含量成极显著正相关,与早材和晚材微纤丝角、弦向直径、晚材壁腔比和管胞比量成正相关,与管胞长宽比和晚材单位面积管胞数量成负相关;基本密度与材积成微弱的负相关,与综纤维素含量成显著的负相关,与管胞长宽比、早材微纤丝角、晚材单位面积管胞数量成正相关;综纤维素含量与管胞长宽比和晚材单位面积管胞数量成负相关;管胞长宽比与晚材壁腔比成极显著负相关;晚材微纤丝角与管胞比量成显著的正相关.对生长和材性进行综合评价,选出I3,I4,I93个比较理想的多性状指数方程.适合作纸浆林培育的家系为兴7×日77-2、日5×长77-3和日3×兴9.入选率30%时,各性状家系遗传增益分别为:材积34.7%,综纤维素含量7.5%,晚材壁腔比11.0%,晚材胞壁率6.2%,管胞长宽比4.5%,晚材微纤丝角3.2%,管胞比量0.3%.     

基于生长轮的杉木早材黏弹性

【目的】比较不同生长轮木材早材黏弹性,探讨全干密度、管胞胞壁率、微纤丝角等因子与木材黏弹性之间的关系,从细胞水平理解木材黏弹行为的作用机制。【方法】以人工林杉木为研究对象,采用X射线剖面密度仪、ZEISS Imager A1显微镜、X射线衍射仪、动态力学分析仪(DMA 2980)分别测定第3、6生长轮(心材)以及第14、18生长轮(边材)早材的全干密度、管胞胞壁率、微纤丝角、弹性模量、贮存模量和损耗模量。【结果】1)边材(第14、18生长轮)的全干密度比心材(第3、6生长轮)略高,4个生长轮管胞胞壁率无明显差异,微纤丝角随树龄增加呈减小趋势。2)早材的弹性模量、贮存模量和损耗模量均随树龄增加而增大,微纤丝角与弹性模量、贮存模量、损耗模量呈显著负相关关系。3)在本研究测量温度范围内(-120～120℃),4个生长轮早材均出现2个力学松弛过程:一是在10℃附近的α力学松弛过程,关于其分子运动归属目前尚无统一定论;二是在-40℃附近的β力学松弛过程,是基于木材细胞壁无定型区中伯醇羟基的回转取向运动引起的。不同生长轮之间的力学损耗峰温度几乎无差异。4)随测量频率(1、2、5和10 Hz)增加,β力学松弛过程的损耗峰温度移向高温方向,α力学松弛过程的损耗峰温度并不随测量频率增加而改变,即无频率依存性。5)与位于边材区域(第14、18生长轮)的早材相比,位于心材区域(第3、6生长轮)的早材发生力学松弛过程所需的表观活化能均较大,可能是由于杉木心材相较于边材有更多的抽提物,抽提物的沉积限制细胞壁中分子链段运动所致。【结论】微纤丝角是影响不同生长轮内早材刚度和阻尼的关键因子,心材与边材表观活化能的差异可能是抽提物沉积所致。     

优良纸浆材毛白杨无性系的选择

以25个毛白杨无性系纤维特征指标为对象，采用主成分分析方法，将11纤维指标简化为木纤维壁腔比和腔径比、导管比例与纤维比例、微纤丝角与木素含量、纤维长和纤维长宽比几个综合变量；在主分量分析的基础上对25个无性系进行聚类分析，根据聚类分析结果和各主分量值的排序，结合生长性状，可选出满足不同纸张要求的优良纸浆材毛白杨无性系。     

杉木无性系新品种‘洋020’和‘洋061’10年生幼龄材微观结构与力学性能的相关性

【目的】阐明杉木无性系间幼龄材的力学性能差异,筛选力学性能优良的无性系,探究影响杉木幼龄材力学性能的微观结构特征,为杉木优良无性系选育、杉木木材加工利用和加工工艺研发提供科学依据。【方法】以福建洋口国有林场杉木无性系品种比对示范试验林中2个经国家认定的杉木无性系新品种‘洋020’和‘洋061’10年生幼龄材为试验材料,各采伐8株标准株作为样木。按照国标加工、制备主要力学性能试件,测定木材抗弯强度、抗弯弹性模量、顺纹抗压强度和硬度,应用光学显微图像分析系统、X射线衍射、傅里叶变换红外显微成像等技术观测样品显微构造并测量微纤丝角、结晶度和木质素含量。采用单因素方差分析进行数据处理,系统分析2个杉木无性系幼龄材微观结构与力学性能的相关性。【结果】杉木无性系‘洋020’早材管胞形态与‘洋061’较为接近,但年轮晚材区比‘洋061’宽,管胞壁较厚,管胞腔较小,壁腔比较‘洋061’约大25%。‘洋020’的平均微纤丝角为12.06°,较‘洋061’(14.97°)约小18%;平均结晶度为39.73%,较‘洋061’(35.88%)高11%左右;木质素含量特征峰高比的平均值较‘洋061’高8%左右;平均抗弯强度、抗弯弹性模量、顺纹抗压强度和硬度分别为51.36 MPa、10.18 GPa、30.27 MPa和1 497 N,较‘洋061’的平均抗弯强度(42.56 MPa)、抗弯弹性模量(8.98 GPa)、顺纹抗压强度(27.20 MPa)和硬度(1 391 N)分别高21%、13%、11%和8%。【结论】除结晶度外,杉木无性系‘洋020’与‘洋061’幼龄材在解剖构造参数、微纤丝角和木质素等微观结构因子方面均存在显著性差异,‘洋020’幼龄材的抗弯、抗压和硬度等力学性能均高于‘洋061’。杉木无性系幼龄材管胞壁厚度、壁腔比等解剖构造参数以及木质素含量与力学性能呈正相关,细胞壁纤维素微纤丝角与力学性能呈负相关,这些微观结构因子的协同作用影响其力学性能。评价杉木无性系幼龄材木材力学品质性状,解剖构造参数和微纤丝角是最主要的判断依据。     

日本落叶松无性系微纤丝角遗传变异的研究

对10个10年生日本落叶松无性系的早材和晚材微纤丝角进行了测定,结果表明:早、晚材微纤丝角无性系间差异极显著,同一年轮内早材微纤丝角大于晚材.日本落叶松微纤丝角的径向变异规律为:在髓心处最大,以后逐渐减小.早、晚材微纤丝角与树木年轮间的变异模式(径向变异)以对数和乘幂式方程拟合效果较好,R2(R为相关系数)均在0.8以上.早、晚材微纤丝角同树高、形率、树皮厚度、主枝粗、枝干比、主枝夹角、主枝长的相关关系不显著,早、晚材微纤丝角同胸径、冠幅的相关关系达到显著水平;早材与晚材的微纤丝角也相关显著.早材和晚材的微纤丝角受中到强度遗传控制,广义遗传力分别为0.767 4、0.804 3.按照20%的选择率,早材和晚材的微纤丝角的遗传增益分别为21.82%和29.75%.     

Pilodyn在日本落叶松活立木材性指标预测中的应用

在野外利用Piloacn对日本落叶松活立木南北向木材进行了探测,在室内测定了木芯的基本密度及早晚材的管胞长度和管胞宽度,用Pilodyn探测数据和实际密度建立了回归方程,并用该方程和其他的Pilodyn探测值预测了对应活立木的木材密度.结果表明:日本落叶松Pilodyn南向探测值Ps为15.50 mm,比北向平均值Pn高5.5%.Pn、Ps和Pa与外侧木材的平均基本密度(Dao)呈极显著负相关,相关系数比Pn,Ps和Pa与整株木材的平均基本密度(Da)的大.Pn、Ps和Pa与胸径呈极显著负相关,胸径与北向探测值(Pn)的相关系数较胸径与南向探测值(Ps)的高.木材基本密度对Pilodyn探测值的贡献率最大(40.4%).Pa与Da和Dao均存在极显著的负相关关系,显著性概率P=0.000 1.日本落叶松Pilodyn探测值(Pa)与晚材管胞长、宽存在极显著负相关关系.采用Pilodyn探测值(Pa)能够很好的预测日本落叶松活立木外侧木材基本密度(Dao)和晚材的纤维长度和纤维宽度,也能够预测整株木材的基本密度(Da).     

Pilodyn在桉树活立木材性质评估中的应用

测定了建立在广西22个4年生桉树无性系的Pilodyn值、木材基本密度、边材木材密度、心材木材密度和弹性模量。结果表明：Pilodyn值为9．44—15．41mm、木材密度为0．3514-0．4913g·cm^-3、弹性模量在3．94GPa到7．53GPa之间;Pilodyn值在不同处理、不同方向及不同参试无性系间均存在极显著差异。Pilodyn值与各材性指标间的相关系数在-0．433到-0．755之间,呈显著到极显著负相关。研究表明,Pilodyn方法可以预测桉树活立木的木材密度和弹性模量。     

6年生桉树无性系的生长和材性研究

对6年生的13个桉树无性系试验林的生长性状、生长特性和11个无性系的材性性状进行研究,结果表明:无性系间生长性状存在极显著差异,广林4的平均胸径最大而广林9的平均树高最高,分别达到13.4 cm和20.5 m,单株材积以广林4、广林9、DH32-22、LH5和EC34为前5位,即尾巨桉和尾细桉生长量较大;广林4、U7和广林9的Pilodyn值较大,均大于13 mm,EC34、LH1和LH5居中均大于12 mm,证实Pilodyn值与基本密度存在极显著负相关关系(P<0.01),Pilodyn值与木材生长量表现为极显著正相关,木材密度越大则材积越小;无性系间生长应变值无显著性差异,DH201-2应变值最大(1523);弹性模量与木材密度表现为显著正相关(P<0.05),Pilodyn值越大弹性模量越小;11个桉树无性系的实木利用价值排名顺序为:广林4>广林9>DH32-22>LH5>EC34>LH1>M1>DH201-2>UC184-1>柳桉1>SH7。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.