双氧水和固化剂对稻草碎料板性能影响的比较

分析比较用双氧水处理稻草、板材表芯层固化剂的添加量对稻草碎料板性能影响的结果表明,用浓度为10%、pH值为10~11的双氧水处理稻草,会降低稻草板的综合性能;而将稻草板的表芯层分开添加不同量的固化剂,压制的稻草板可达到国标要求。     

不同酶处理方法对家具用秸秆板漆膜附着力的影响

采用不同方法对家具用稻草秸秆板表面进行了纤维素酶处理,并通过扫描电镜、红外光谱进行了分析。比较了两种纤维素酶处理后试件表面聚氨酯漆膜附着力的变化。酶浴法处理后,试件表面的附着力增加最明显,在酶处理12h时后反应结果最佳。     

低分子量脲醛树脂浸渍杨木强化材的饰面性能研究

本文以速生杨木脲醛树脂强化材为研究对象,研究改性后强化材的饰面特性。测试3种不同极性液体在试件表面的接触角,并计算表面自由能;对不同增重率的杨木进行表面胶合质量检测,研究脲醛树脂浸渍处理杨木对其表面胶合质量的影响;利用傅里叶红外光谱分析杨木浸渍后表面官能团的变化。结果表明:经过浸渍后,杨木润湿性增强。3种液体在强化材表面的接触角均小于未处理材与液体的接触角,随着杨木强化材增重率的增加,表面自由能呈增加的趋势。杨木强化材表面胶合强度随着增重率的增加先增大后减小,在增重率为20%时表面胶合强度最大。红外图谱显示,在波数3 340、2 917、1 738、1 643~1 240 cm-1等处,经过脲醛树脂浸渍后强化材的波峰不同程度的强于未处理材。综上所述,脲醛树脂强化材的饰面性能与增重率相关,随着增重率的增加饰面性能先增加后下降。     

原料表面碱液处理对稻草碎料板力学性能的影响

在实验室条件下探索了稻草原料表面碱液处理对稻草碎料板力学性能的影响.试验表明,处理后的稻草碎料板的内结合强度比处理前有大幅度提高,弯曲弹性模量和静曲强度比处理前则有所下降,但都达到了相关的国家标准;2h吸水厚度膨胀率升高,超过国家标准.因此稻草表面碱液处理提高了稻草原料表面润湿性和胶合强度,但对稻草碎料板的力学性能有影响.     

预处理方法对稻草中纤板性能的影响

采用热水、乙酸以及亚硫酸盐3种方法进行稻草预处理,找出经济可行的稻草中纤板预处理方法.结果表明:各种预处理均可改善板的性能,其中乙酸处理效果最佳.对密度为0.83 g/cm3的稻草MDF,当乙酸加量2%、处理温度80 ℃、时间20 min时,除TS指标外,试板的主要力学性能均可满足GB/T 11718-1999的要求.     

漆酶/碳源系统预处理对稻草碎料板性能的影响

利用添加少量碳源与漆酶组成的体系对稻草进行预处理,以改善其压板性能,研究了漆酶预处理的最佳工艺条件、漆酶／碳源系统(LCS)与漆酶／介体系统(LMS)预处理结果比较及酶处理对稻草碎料板性能的影响。结果表明:LCS完全可以代替昂贵的LMS来降解稻草中木质素;预处理最适条件为pH值5.0,温度45℃,液比1:7,时间4-6h,酶用量20-30IU／g;当酶用量为20IU/g,时间4h条件下预处理稻草碎料板的各项力学性能均有显著改善,与粗碎料板相比,酶处理对细碎料板的性能改善效果更是明显:内结合强度(IB)增加20％,静曲强度(MOR)增加21％,弹性模量(MOE)增加31％,吸水厚度膨胀率(TS)降低35％,甲醛释放量可达到F1级标准。     

改性酚醛树脂胶黏剂压制稻秸秆人造板的研究

针对稻秸秆难胶接的结构特性,笔者主要从两方面进行了较系统性的探索.一是对酚醛树脂进行改性;二是对稻秸秆表面进行预处理.以稻秸板静曲强度、内结合强度和2h吸水厚度膨胀率为目标,用蒸煮、稀碱溶液等方法处理稻草,并用电子显微镜观察稻草表面的变化,在胶黏剂中添加改性剂二甲基硅油和硅烷偶联剂,研究各种处理方法及改性剂用量对板材性能的影响.结果表明:2%二甲基硅油作为共聚改性剂,1%硅烷偶联剂,采用1%碱溶液表面喷洒进行预处理,并在秸秆中加入15%的木屑,参照GB/T 4897.3-2003标准,稻秸秆人造板的各项指标得到明显改善.     

两种国际通用乒乓球拍底板木材的固有频率及其影响因素

以白梧桐、红桧两种国际通用乒乓板木材为试验材料,采用悬臂板一端固定的横向振动方法,研究木材试件的含水率、纹理角、树种、比模量与固有频率的关系。结果表明:木材试件固有频率随含水率的增加而降低,当含水率达到20%以上时,两种树种固有频率值的变化趋于缓和。在含水率变化范围内,白梧桐试件固有频率值在66~56 Hz之间变化,红桧试件固有频率值在76~60 Hz之间变化。白梧桐、红桧两种树种试件的固有频率均值分别为56.32和69.01 Hz,但白梧桐试件固有频率的稳定性高于红桧,且径切板试件的固有频率大于弦切板的固有频率。在相同尺寸、测试方法和条件下,两种树种试件的固有频率值与比模量的关系符合薄板振动理论推导出的固有频率解的形式;红桧试件的比模量大于白梧桐试件的比模量。通过计算材料的弹性模量和密度,得出相应的比模量,从而可以判断出此材料的固有频率值。     

芦苇-稻草原料球磨处理生产刨花板

选择芦苇和稻草为原料,以脲醛树脂为黏结剂制备了芦苇-稻草刨花板。在芦苇碎料中加入一定量的矿物材料,然后采用机械球磨进行处理,应用正交设计对施胶量、热压压力、碎料球磨处理3个因素对板材各项性能的影响进行了研究。实验结果表明,球磨处理可以明显改善芦苇／树脂的结合强度,提高刨花板的各项性能。在施胶量16％,热压压力3．4MPa,对碎料进行球磨处理后制板,除内结合力较低外,板的静曲强度、弹性模量和握钉力都可以达到GBT 4897．3-2003对在干燥状态下使用的家具及室内装修用板的性能要求。     

稻草原料表面特性FTIR和XPS分析

运用红外光谱(IR)和X射线光电子能谱分析(XPS)法，考察了热磨处理对稻草表面特性的影响。结果表明：稻草秸秆内表面的活性基团数量和氧碳元素百分比都明显高于外表面；经热磨处理，稻草纤维表面的羟基、甲基、亚甲基等官能团含量显著增加，氧碳元素百分比相对秸秆表面有大幅度提高，证明热磨处理能增强稻草表面活性，为脲醛树脂稻草中纤板制造的技术可行性提供了依据。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.