苯酚-尿素-甲醛树脂的合成和机理研究

制备合成了不同尿素用量的系列尿素改性酚醛(PUF)树脂胶黏剂,探讨了一种PUF树脂胶黏剂较优的配方和合成工艺,并通过~(13)C NMR、TG对PUF树脂的反应过程和分解过程进行了研究。结果表明:合成过程中尿素分三批加入,以CaO和NaOH为复合催化剂,在碱性条件下制备的5组尿素用量不同的PUF树脂,以这5组PUF树脂作胶黏剂压制的杨木三合板胶合强度全部符合Ⅰ类胶合板要求,甲醛释放量≤0.5 mg/L;~(13)C NMR分析结果显示,树脂合成过程中的羟甲基、亚甲基、亚甲基醚键的含量随着尿素添加量和反应时间的不同而变化,PUF树脂合成过程的主要反应为甲醛的亲电加成,TG分析表明热稳定性呈先提高后降低的趋势。     

碱性环境下苯酚-尿素-甲醛共缩聚树脂结构形成研究

为了了解碱性环境中苯酚-尿素-甲醛(PUF)共缩聚树脂结构形成规律,为PUF树脂结构控制提供依据,使用13CNMR表征,采用分次加入苯酚、甲醛和尿素的技术路线.定量分析了PUF树脂合成过程中各种官能团的变化和聚合物分子链的构成.结果表明,碱性环境中各种加料方式合成的PUF树脂初聚物具有十分相近的化学结构,PUF树脂也具有十分相近的化学结构,但结构组分存在差异,在原料物质的量之比一定的条件下,最终反应进程基本接近.甲醛分次加入,减少了醚类的生成,有利于简化反应进程.初聚物的热机械性能分析表明不同加料方式对酚醛树脂固化性能无显著影响.     

快速固化低甲醛释放脲醛树脂的催化剂研究

[目的]当尿素/甲醛物质的量比降低时,合成的脲醛树脂甲醛释放量大幅度减少,但同时板材强度也大幅度下降;加入三聚氰胺改性后可克服低摩尔比树脂胶结性能较差的劣势,但是制备过程中尿素/甲醛摩尔比的降低以及三聚氰胺的加入都会导致树脂固化时间延长,添加固化剂的改善效果不明显。本研究探讨加入催化剂对树脂胶接固化性能的影响,以期为后续研究提供理论依据。[方法]在脲醛树脂合成过程中加入不同种类的催化剂,比较添加催化剂前后树脂的物化性能,包括固含量、固化时间、游离甲醛含量和羟甲基含量,并对树脂进行DSC固化动力学分析计算树脂的固化反应活化能,DEA树脂固化特性分析研究树脂固化过程,以及对树脂FTIR红外谱图进行分析比较添加不同添加剂后树脂官能团的变化,来选择适当的催化剂,以期缩短树脂固化时间,提高固化速度,解决低甲醛释放脲醛树脂固化速度慢、影响生产效率的问题。[结果]在加成阶段加入氯化铵、硼酸铵、磷酸铵和硫酸铵后,低摩尔比脲醛树脂的固化速度都明显提高,固化时间为80~92 s,均少于添加催化剂之前树脂的固化时间96 s;4种催化剂均起到了降低固化反应活化能的作用,其中硼酸铵、硫酸铵降低固化反应活化能的作用最显著,固化反应活化能分别为62.31和62.02 k J·mol~(-1),明显低于未添加催化剂的脲醛树脂固化反应活化能(68.25k J·mol~(-1));根据DEA分析结果,4种催化剂均有明显加速树脂固化的作用,其中硼酸铵、硫酸铵对树脂固化速率的提高最大;加入4种催化剂后,热压制备的胶合板板材强度基本不变,甲醛释放量低于未添加固化剂脲醛树脂胶合板的甲醛释放量0.37 mg·L~(-1)。[结论]以硫酸铵为催化剂的脲醛树脂制备的胶合板,树脂的固化反应活化能降低幅度较大,固化时间明显缩短,可有效提高低摩尔比脲醛树脂的固化速度,并可降低其胶接制品的游离甲醛释放量,用其制备的胶合板甲醛释放量达到日本JIS标准的F四星级,为改性效果最佳的催化剂。     

纳米氧化镁催化合成木素-酚醛树脂的工艺及性能

以纳米氧化镁(MgO)为催化剂,合成酶解木质素含量为50%的木素-酚醛(LPF)树脂,探究甲醛/苯酚(F/P)量比、MgO添加量、NaOH/P量比等参数对树脂凝胶时间、储存期及试件胶合强度的影响规律。结果表明,LPF树脂的优化合成工艺是:F/P量比为1.9,MgO添加量为1.5%,NaOH/P量比为0.9,制备树脂的凝胶速度较普通树脂提高30%以上,试件胶合强度满足GB/T 9846-2015中I类胶合板要求。     

苯酚-尿素-甲醛共缩聚树脂结构形成比较

用13C NMR 定量分析跟踪研究了两种不同合成路线中苯酚-尿素-甲醛共缩聚树脂(PUF)结构形成过程,比较了3种PUF树脂的结构构成.研究发现树脂制备过程中的酸性环境导致脲醛树脂初聚物含量增加以及尿素与苯酚之间的共缩聚增加;合成反应初期的介质环境对羟甲基酚的形成有着决定性的影响;合成过程中酸性环境所处阶段不同,最终树脂结构出现差异.     

四种E0级胶合板用PUF树脂结构与性能关系的研究

采用CaO、NaOH复合催化剂或单一NaOH催化剂制备U/P质量比60％和U/P质量比150％两组四种PUF树脂,进行压板检测.用13C-NMR、DSC 、TG等仪器分析手段对两组四种PUF树脂的配方、结构与性能之间的关系进行研究.发现PUF树脂压制的杨木胶合板强度与配方中苯酚含量和树脂的-CH2OH含量有关.胶合板的甲醛释放量与PUF树脂的游离甲醛和-CH2OCH2-含量有关.用CaO、NaOH复合催化剂的PUF树脂比用单一NaOH催化剂的PUF树脂固化温度高、分解温度低、碳化残余率低.     

高支化聚脲对脲醛树脂胶黏剂耐水性能和甲醛释放量的影响

引入高分子量、高支化度以及端基为尿素的高支化聚脲(HBPU)用于低摩尔比脲醛树脂(UF)改性,利用HBPU与游离甲醛的反应以及与UF组分的共缩聚反应实现树脂耐水性能的提升和人造板甲醛释放量的降低,有效平衡胶合性能和甲醛释放量之间的矛盾。在无溶剂、无催化剂条件下,通过尿素(U)与三(2-氨基乙基)胺(TAEA)的脱氨缩合反应,一步合成了具有尿素端基的HBPU,并对HBPU的分子量分布和结构进行了表征。使用HBPU水溶液,采用UF合成反应后期加入和共混2种方法对UF进行改性,通过胶合板性能测试以及甲醛释放量测定,考察了HBPU添加量和添加方式的影响。凝胶渗透色谱和碳-13核磁共振分析表明,通过本研究的合成方法可以获得具有高分子量、高支化度、尿素为端基且水溶性良好的HBPU,并且随着U与TAEA摩尔比的提高,更多尿素封端产物形成。电喷雾电离质谱对改性树脂的分析结果表明,HBPU不仅与UF中的一部分游离甲醛发生羟甲基化反应,同时与UF组分反应生成了部分共缩聚产物。胶合板性能测试结果表明,共混以及反应后期加入HBPU两种方式得到的改性树脂耐水性能均显著提升。同时,使用添加5%HBPU改性树脂制备...     

高醚含量三聚氰胺改性脲醛树脂胶接胶合板性能研究

采用常规和高醚两种工艺合成了脲醛树脂及三聚氰胺改性脲醛树脂,研究了合成工艺、三聚氰胺添加、固化剂种类等对低摩尔比树脂胶接胶合板胶合强度和甲醛释放量的影响。结果表明:高醚工艺合成的脲醛树脂固化时间较长,胶接胶合板甲醛释放量较高。三聚氰胺在反应初期加入合成的高醚改性树脂胶接胶合板,胶合强度高,甲醛释放量低;三聚氰胺在树脂合成反应末期加入时主要起降低板的甲醛释放量作用。复合固化剂可有效促进低游离甲醛含量树脂的固化,提高胶合强度,降低甲醛释放量。     

尿素改性酚醛树脂胶粘剂的研究

利用尿素与苯酚和甲醛三元共缩聚的方法来提高酚醛树脂的固化速度。通过PF与PUF树脂的DSC分析表明,PUF在缩聚时放热峰的起始温度低于PF。PUF树脂在低于PF树脂25℃的固化温度下就能固化完全。在相同的固化温度下,PUF树脂的固化速度要快于PF。用PF和PUF制得的刨花板物理力学性能均达到德国建筑用刨花板标准DIN 68763 V100的要求,PUF刨花板的热压时间可以比普通酚醛胶刨花板缩短35％。当尿素替代苯酚量为25％-30％时,合成胶粘剂的成本可降低15％-20％。     

苯酚-尿素-甲醛共聚树脂合成及其在胶合板中的应用

为降低胶合板模板用胶黏剂成本,提高企业经济效益,以尿素与苯酚摩尔比为试验因素,进行了苯酚-尿素-甲醛共聚树脂(PUF树脂)合成试验。在PUF树脂胶合板检测结果的基础上,对不同摩尔比PUF树脂的胶合与耐水性能进行评价与优化,并通过PY-TRACE1310 ISQ裂解-气/质联用仪与Netzsch STA449F3综合热分析仪等现代仪器对PUF树脂各阶段产物和热学特性进行分析。研究发现当尿素与苯酚的摩尔比增大到0.5时,PUF树脂的胶合与耐水性能仍可达到Ⅰ类胶合板国家标准,超过0.5以后,产品的胶合强度与耐水性则有较大幅度下降。结果表明,在该试验特定条件下,尿素与苯酚的摩尔比为0.5是可行的,产品具有良好的胶合与耐水性能,较PF树脂生产成本降低了23%,具有良好的生产应用前景。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.