南方红豆杉细胞悬浮培养体系优化及动力学研究

[目的]南方红豆杉细胞悬浮培养体系优化及动力学模型构建。[方法]以南方红豆杉1年生枝条诱导产生的愈伤组织为材料,在优化愈伤组织接种量、培养基初始pH、植物激素类型及配比的基础上,分析南方红豆杉悬浮细胞生长和紫杉醇积累的动力学关系及主要营养成分的变化。[结果]适合南方红豆杉悬浮培养的培养基为:B5+0.4 mg·L~(-1) 2,4-D+0.3 mg·L~(-1) NAA+1.2 mg·L~(-1) 6-KT+30 g·L~(-1)蔗糖,培养基最佳初始pH为5.8,最佳接种量为0.09 g·mL~(-1)。在1个培养周期内,培养液中的糖、磷元素,铵态氮、硝态氮在细胞培养的第18天基本被消耗完全或保持不变;动力学拟合表明,南方红豆杉细胞悬浮培养生长符合Logistic生长模型,最大比生长速率为0.143 65 d~(-1),底物消耗和紫杉醇合成可用Luedeking-Piret模型描述,悬浮细胞生长与紫杉醇积累属于部分生长偶联型。[结论]南方红豆杉细胞悬浮培养体系优化后,通过模型的回归拟合,获得了反映南方红豆杉细胞培养的动力学参数,试验所构建的发酵动力学模型在一定程度上揭示了南方红豆杉细胞产紫杉醇代谢过程的特征。     

平沙绿僵菌wp08菌株固态发酵条件的优化

平沙绿僵菌是竹林金针虫的高效寄生真菌,具有广阔的应用前景。为了提高菌株的生长速率和产孢量,对平沙绿僵菌wp08菌株固态发酵条件进行优化。结果表明,蛭石和稻壳均可作为固态发酵的优良载体,大米、玉米粉、麦麸组合是该菌的良好营养源,与不同载体组合均可使产孢量达到2.7×109孢子/g以上,其中以大米和稻壳体积比1∶2组合时产孢量最大,为58×109孢子/g;接种量为10%(mL/g);培养基质相对湿度为70%;固态发酵周期为14 d;培养基质装入量为1/2培养瓶。     

搅拌转速和通风量对里氏木霉发酵β-甘露聚糖酶的影响

发酵液中溶解氧浓度是好氧发酵过程中反映氧传质效率的综合指标,维持发酵液适宜的溶解氧浓度是实现好氧发酵成功的关键所在,搅拌转速和通风量是影响发酵液溶解氧浓度的重要参数。笔者研究了在3 L发酵罐中搅拌转速和通风量对里氏木霉发酵合成β-甘露聚糖酶的影响。试验结果表明,里氏木霉发酵β-甘露聚糖酶时搅拌转速对氧传质效率的影响大于通风量。以质量浓度为1 g/L的葡萄糖和21.95 g/L的微晶纤维素为碳源发酵合成β-甘露聚糖酶,当搅拌转速450 r/min、通风量0.3 m~3/(m~3·min)时,发酵过程中溶解氧浓度保持在20%以上,发酵120 h,β-甘露聚糖酶活力、β-甘露糖苷酶活力和菌体质量浓度达到最大值3.92 U/m L,0.033U/m L和6.56 g/L。因此,发酵过程中溶解氧浓度维持在20%以上可获得较高的β-甘露聚糖酶活力。     

木质纤维同步糖化共发酵产燃料乙醇过程优化

经蒸汽爆破预处理的杨木为原料进行同步糖化共发酵(SSCF)法产乙醇。使用里氏木霉Rut C-30产纤维素酶,滤纸酶活(FPA)与纤维素酶产酶速率最大值分别为6.283 IU/mL、0.035 IU/mg.h。同步糖化共发酵中,重组大肠杆菌(KO11)与酿酒酵母的混合发酵乙醇产量高于单菌种发酵。乙醇含量随残糖量的降低而逐渐升高。底物浓度为5%和10%时,乙醇含量最高值分别为8.97 g/L和13.98 g/L,乙醇得率分别为53.8%和41.9%。     

给水厂污泥吸附磷的动力学和热力学研究

对某给水厂污泥用含磷为10mg/L的模拟废水进行了吸附性能的研究。结果表明:该给水厂污泥可有效吸附处理含磷废水,吸附量可达0.154mg/g。吸附过程符合二级吸附动力学模型,通过模型计算出了二级吸附速率常数(k2)为11.912310-3g·mg-1·min-1;热力学研究结果表明:吸附过程可以用Freundlich方程描述,相关系数在0.99以上;计算吸附热力学参数:吸附自由能(ΔG)、吸附熵(ΔS)和吸附焓(ΔH),给水厂污泥对磷的ΔH为-83.34kJ·mol-1,ΔG和ΔH均为负值,表明吸附为一自发的放热过程。     

糖蜜发酵酒精废液生产生化黄腐酸的高产工艺参数优化

【目的】以糖蜜发酵酒精废液为原料,探讨生化黄腐酸的高产发酵工艺技术参数,为生化黄腐酸高效生产提供理论依据。【方法】以白地霉、黑曲霉和短小芽孢杆菌的接种量、接种比例、培养基组成和发酵周期等因素进行单项和正交试验研究,采用硫酸铝絮凝质量法测定发酵液中生化黄腐酸的含量,探索发酵液中生化黄腐酸的含量最高的发酵条件及培养基。【结果】在总接种量为5%的条件下,白地霉、黑曲霉和短小芽孢杆菌的不同接种比例的生化黄腐酸含量为221.2~236.5 g·L~(-1),其中以1∶1∶2最佳;添加葡萄糖量在低于50.0 g·L~(-1)时,随着葡萄糖添加量的增加其生化黄腐酸含量也显著增加,但大于50.0 g·L~(-1)后,生化黄腐酸含量增加不显著;添加尿素含量在低于15.0 g·L~(-1)时,随着尿素添加量的增加其生化黄腐酸含量也显著增加。【结论】白地霉∶黑曲霉∶短小芽孢杆菌为1∶1∶2的比例下,接种量为6%的条件下,葡萄糖、尿素和硫酸铵含量分别为50.0,15.0,2.0 g·L~(-1);发酵周期为72 h的条件下,生化黄腐酸产量达到最高水平,为278.9 g·L~(-1)。几个因素对生化黄腐酸产量的影响程度大小顺序依次为:葡萄糖加量发酵周期尿素加量接种量硫酸铵加量。     

米根霉废菌体制备壳聚糖及其成膜性能

以米根霉乳酸发酵废菌体制备壳聚糖,并对其成膜性能进行研究。结果表明,米根霉发酵100 g/L葡萄糖48 h,可获得51.59 g/L的乳酸和4.36 g/L的米根霉菌体,废菌体中可提取壳聚糖占菌体干质量的13.5%。米根霉菌体提取的壳聚糖脱乙酰度89.4%,高于商品壳聚糖的脱乙酰度86.6%。20 g/L的米根霉壳聚糖溶液黏度5.13 mP a·s,重均分子质量(68.61 ku)与螃蟹壳来源的商品壳聚糖重均分子质量(70.17 ku)相近,两者的红外光谱基本一致。厚度为(0.025±0.002)mm壳聚糖膜,米根霉壳聚糖膜和商品壳聚糖膜的弹性模量分别为42.72和14.64 N/mm2,拉伸强度分别为132.31和44.13 N/m,吸水率分别为52.90%和175.80%,最大失重速率温度分别为281.4和285.4℃,起始和终止分解温度存在差异。米根霉壳聚糖的成膜性能优于商品壳聚糖,适合于食品包装薄膜的制备。     

松香基聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶的药物释放性能及其动力学研究

以双氯芬酸钠、环丙沙星、茶碱为模型药,研究了松香基聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶的药物释放性能及其释放动力学,结果显示:水凝胶的平衡溶胀率随着松香基交联剂FPA-PEG200-AC用量增加而减小,在pH值7.4磷酸缓冲溶液中最大(12 g/g),去离子水中次之,pH值1.4盐酸溶液中最小;FPA-PEG200-AC用量为0.020 g/mL时,水凝胶对药物负载率最大(10.7%~16.6%)。不同交联剂用量制备的水凝胶的药物释放性能研究结果显示:双氯芬酸钠释放主要集中在1 h内,在3 h内累计释放率基本达到最大值;环丙沙星释放缓慢,8 h后累计释放率达到最大,FPA-PEG200-AC添加量为0.025 g/mL制备的水凝胶对环丙沙星的累计释放率最大,约为99.7%,茶碱在pH值7.4磷酸缓冲液中最大累计释放率均可达到99%,比在pH值1.4盐酸溶液中的累计释放率高。水凝胶的释放动力学模型主要为Higuchi模型(r~2为0.873~0.999)和Korsmeyer-Peppas模型(r~2为0.887~0.999,扩散指数n0.5,为Fick扩散);当FPA-PEG200-AC用量为0.020、0.030 g/mL时,水凝胶对3种药物的释放机理均为Higuchi模型。     

干旱区杏李树干液流时滞特征研究

为探讨树干液流速率与气象因子之间的时滞特性,采取PS-TDP8型热耗散式树干液流测定系统持续监测,以掌握树体蒸腾耗水规律,从而为杏李科学灌溉提供理论依据。研究结果表明:杏李生长季液流速率日均最大值在6月18日;决定其第1主成分大小的是温度及水气压亏缺,决定第2主成分大小的是光照强度及空气相对湿度。4—8月液流速率均与1 h前第1、2主成分相关性最大;杏李生长季液流与1 h前光照强度相关性最大,相关系数为0.810,与1 h后的气温、空气相对湿度、水汽压亏缺相关性最大,系数分别为0.757,-0.572,0.736;回归方程中液流与实时气象因子拟合决定系数最大,为0.751。杏李生长季液流速率与实时气象因子回归拟合模型效果最好,体现了杏李在长期树干液流数据模拟中,可以不用考虑液流速率与气象因子的时滞效应。     

利用玉米芯同步糖化发酵产2,3-丁二醇的研究

以玉米芯为原料,采用同步糖化发酵(SSF)工艺,将玉米芯酶水解及2,3-丁二醇发酵耦合在一起同步进行.通过对SSF主要工艺参数的研究,确立了适宜的工艺条件为:纤维素酶添加量25 FPIU/g(以底物计,下同),纤维二糖酶添加量15 IU/g,木聚糖酶添加量300 IU/g,底物质量浓度100～120 g/L,pH值6.0,36℃.底物质量浓度为120 g/L时,SSF周期36 h,2,3-丁二醇质量浓度可达46.02g/L,产率为1.28 g/(L·h),转化率为0.424g/g(以纤维素及半纤维素为参照).     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.