竹质材料术语分析及其标准化探讨

文中分析了竹质材料术语使用中存在的问题,结合竹材加工实际情况,阐述了常用竹材加工单元及其产品术语的含义、产品术语标准化的必要性,并对未来竹材加工产品有关术语定义及标准化工作提出了建议,以促进竹材行业界的信息交流,也为竹材加工产品相关国家标准和国际标准的制定提供参考。     

竹材分级研究现状与展望北大核心

竹材是一种天然的生物质材料,受其种类、年龄、生长特性、外界环境等因素影响,竹秆外观尺寸和性能均具有很大的差异。因此,对竹材进行科学分级,不仅能实现竹材的高效、科学利用,同时也是实现产品结构和性能可设计和调整的关键。基于竹材尺寸和性能的变异性,综述了圆竹、竹材加工单元和竹材人造板的分级方法研究现状,及其在圆竹构件利用、竹材单元加工和制备及竹材人造板生产和产品研发中的应用,最后结合竹加工产业发展的需要,提出了竹材分级的发展方向。     

竹质异型材的分类与应用现状

竹质异型材是利用竹材通过铣削、模压、挤出和编织缠绕等方法中的一种进行标准化和规模化加工成型的非平面产品,是区别于竹材人造板、工艺品和竹材化学品的一种竹材工业产品,具有加工技术含量高、加工装备要求高、附加值高、应用领域广等特点。笔者在介绍竹质异型材应用特点的基础上,按照加工成型工艺将竹质异型材分为:铣削成型、模压成型、挤出成型和编织缠绕成型四大类产品,分类概述了竹质异型材的成型工艺和加工单元,产品种类和应用现状,提出了竹质异型材的加工技术特点,对其应用发展进行了总结。     

我国竹材加工产业现状与对策分析

在分析我国竹材资源及加工产业现状的基础上,指出我国竹材加工产业发展过程中存在的区域发展不平衡、企业效益偏低、产品附加值不高等问题及其原因,提出了我国竹材加工产业的发展对策。在当前我国宏观经济转型升级的关键时期,劳动密集型产品的竞争优势在逐步丧失,我国竹业界应从战略的高度思考和展望竹材加工利用的途径。竹材加工业要充分了解竹材的特性,重视科学与创新,牢固树立"以竹胜木"的理念,开发出各种附加值高的"以竹胜木"新产品;要加快用信息业和制造业技术改造传统竹材加工技术,改进产品结构,优化生产工艺;要加快竹材加工企业的转型升级,优化产业结构,深化竹材在竹家具、日用竹制品、竹材装饰装修等领域的开发利用,并在水利输送、农业灌溉等方面开发具有重大前景的竹材新产品;要发展循环经济,提高综合效益,大力开展竹材的元素利用、竹材生物质能源和生物质化学品利用、竹炭竹醋液精深加工与应用,实现竹材加工产业的转型升级。     

竹材加工剩余物制备竹炭研究进展

中国竹材资源丰富,但是竹材利用率不高。利用竹材加工剩余物研究开发新型竹材产品,以此来代替木材产品,不仅能变废为宝,提高经济效益,同时也是缓解木材资源短缺的有效途径。本文从目前我国竹材加工剩余物利用现状出发,对利用竹材加工剩余物制备竹炭的研究进行了综述,分析了当前我国竹炭市场现状以及存在的问题,并提出了解决对策,为今后我国竹材加工剩余物的高效利用提供参考。     

广西兴安竹业有限公司

广西兴安竹业有限公司致力于竹制品产业的开发,自主创新一系列新产品。竹产品的开发大幅度提升了竹材的利用率,并使竹材加工制作过程标准化、工业化,产品的竹特性更为明显,适合市场大众化、个性化的要求。产品具有良好的市场发展前景,目前处于开发前期,产品种类有：竹家具系列、特色用品和包装品系列。     

无纺布强化刨切微薄竹生产中应注意的几个问题

我国竹林面积、蓄积量和竹材产量均居世界之首,素有竹子王国之称[1]。尽管我国竹材资源和加工利用均处于世界领先地位,竹材利用已经由单一粗加工向多产品方向发展,开发了竹地板、竹材胶合板、竹帘胶合板等多种竹产品,取得了一些成就,但目前大部分竹材加工企业产品品种少,竹材加工业的产品中一般技术都不太复杂,多数属劳动密集型产品,加工层次     

竹材加工方法分析

通过对竹材加工性质的研究,分析了竹材的8种基本加工方法.指出在选择加工方法和设备时,需针对目标产品的特殊性,结合竹材生理特性和理化性质,选择恰当的加工方法,优化生产工艺.     

竹材加工新方法--曲面胶合层积技术

简述了竹材的机械物理性能,提出了不同于传统竹材加工方法的竹材曲面胶合新思路,定义了曲面胶合的涵义, 并从理论上研究了这一工艺条件下的单体加工方法及出材率,最后探讨了曲面胶合层积材的生产可行性。     

竹材密度测定方法及变异规律研究进展

文中介绍了常见的竹材密度测定方法及其特点, 阐述了竹材密度变异规律及产生密度变异的主要机理, 并简要探讨了密度变异对竹材及竹基复合材料力学性质的影响。这些成果对竹材密度的深入研究及其加工利用具有重要的参考价值。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.