微波预处理对杨木渗透性的影响

研究微波预处理过程中辐射功率、时间和处理方式对杨木单板渗透性的影响规律,以获得后续杨木改性处理理想的微波预处理工艺。在本试验条件下,微波预处理可以使经过质量浓度20%的聚乙二醇2000(PEG-2000)浸渍后的杨木单板烘干后的增重率从26.8%提升至38.2%;随着微波预处理辐射时间的增加,杨木单板浸渍增重率的平均值先上升后下降,并在辐射时间为50 s时达到顶峰;随着微波源输出功率的增加,对杨木单板的渗透性提升效果逐渐上升。微波预处理含水率为10%～13%的杨木单板的优化组合工艺条件为:微波源输出功率100%、微波辐射时间50 s,可使杨木单板在短时间内达到平均温度135.5℃。在微波预处理过程中,需要注意谐振腔与试件接触部位的温度控制,以减小同组试件升温速率差异对微波处理效果的影响。     

微波预处理对杨木活性染料染色效果的影响

以杨木为研究对象,采用单一因素法研究了杨木初含水率,微波辐射时间及微波辐射功率对杨木活性染料染色效果的影响规律,获得较优的杨木微波预处理工艺。结果表明:(1)微波预处理可以破坏木材内部微观结构,改善木材渗透性;(2)随着杨木初含水率的升高,上染率逐渐下降。当初含水率为25%时,其上染率和固色率分别为39.44%和38.31%;(3)随着微波辐射时间的延长,上染率和固色率均呈上升趋势,当辐射时间为90 s时,与未处理木材相比上染率可提高21.15%,固色率可提高21.44%;(4)随着微波辐射功率的增大,染色效果也更佳;当辐射功率为18 k W时,与未处理木材相比上染率可提高21.38%,固色率可提高21.59%。     

高强度微波辐射对落叶松木材渗透性的影响

采用高强度微波辐射落叶松木材,将微波处理的木材试件与未处理试件在相同的条件下进行加压注水试验,测定吸水增重率(WAR),用于评价木材的渗透性.研究了试材初含水率、处理材心层温度、微波辐射功率、微波辐射时间等处理工艺条件与落叶松木材渗透性的关系.结果表明:适当控制上述处理条件,高强度微波辐射处理可以改善落叶松木材的渗透性.落叶松木材适宜的初含水率范围是25%～60%;适宜的微波辐射功率与落叶松木材的初含水率有关,本文条件下辐射功率可选择9～24 kW;适宜的辐射时间取决于木材的初含水率和选择的辐射功率,当落叶松木材的含水率为30%左右,9.23 kW 微波功率下辐射55 s或20～24 kW微波功率下辐射25 s时,经微波处理木材的吸水增重率是未处理材的200%以上,木材的渗透性得到显著改善. 对微波处理改善落叶松木材渗透性的机理进行讨论,认为微波能够迅速使木材内部的水汽化,在木材内部产生较大的蒸汽压,冲破木材细胞壁薄弱组织,形成细微裂隙,疏通水汽传导的途径.随着微波功率的升高有利于微细裂隙的形成,所需辐射时间缩短,但是过高的辐射功率或过长的辐射时间易造成木材开裂.     

马尾松木材微波脱脂工艺研究

系统研究了微波功率密度、辐射时间和木材初含水率(MC)对马尾松木材脱脂率的影响规律。结果表明,脱脂率随微波功率密度的增大和辐射时间的延长而增加,随初含水率的增加呈先增后减的趋势。优化脱脂工艺为:微波功率密度4 000 kW/m~3、微波辐射5 min、试件初含水率约80%,马尾松木材的脱脂率达56.24%,且试件内外层脱脂率无显著差别。     

压缩空气微爆破处理对杨木渗透性的影响

杨木是我国人工林培育的主要树种之一。为了加强对杨树木材的高效利用,改善杨木的渗透性,探究了常温下压缩空气微爆破处理中杨木试材初含水率、爆破压力和爆破次数对杨木渗透性的影响。结果表明,杨木木材试件经微爆破处理后,渗透性明显提高,初含水率和微爆破压力对杨木渗透性影响显著,微爆破处理的次数对杨木渗透性影响不显著。压缩空气微爆破处理对杨木力学性能影响不显著。     

不同含水率的杨木微波穿透深度探究

采用有限元分析方法对不同含水率杨木的微波穿透深度进行了理论研究,探索出微波频率和杨木含水率对微波穿透深度的影响规律,结果表明:当杨木含水率由30%依次增加到110%时,频率为2.45 GHz微波的穿透深度由22.30 cm减小到3.64 cm;频率为0.915 GHz的微波穿透深度从60.32 cm降低到9.85 cm,同时含水率增加后杨木内部温度均匀性相应变差。研究表明,在木材干燥过程中应尽量将样品的厚度控制在微波穿透深度的范围内,可以有效改善干燥均匀性。     

预处理对ACQ在杨木中的吸附与固着的影响

采用了6种方法对杨木进行预处理,探究不同预处理方法对ACQ在杨木中吸附性能的影响。结果表明,经乙醇抽提、NaOH处理和酶处理后的杨木,ACQ吸液率分别增加16.23%、8.55%和10.09%,加热防腐剂、木材热处理和微波预处理对ACQ吸附量影响较小;热处理和乙醇抽提预处理杨木的铜抗流失性能优于其他预处理方法和未处理材。     

杨木和杉木横纹抗拉强度的含水率依存性

木材横纹抗拉强度是其能够高效利用的重要指标之一。为了研究含水率对木材横纹抗拉强度的影响,并计算12%含水率时的理论横纹抗拉强度值,采用饱和盐溶液调湿法,在0%～100%相对湿度范围内,测定了人工林杨木和杉木在8个平衡含水率条件下的横纹抗拉强度。结果表明:在任一含水率条件下,杨木和杉木均表现为径向抗拉强度最大,弦向最小;在任一纹理方向上,杨木的横纹抗拉强度均高于杉木,表明木材的横纹抗拉强度与解剖构造(木射线、年轮方向)及木材密度有关。随着含水率的增加,木材横纹抗拉强度及单位含水率的横纹抗拉强度呈现下降趋势,这与水分对木材细胞壁的塑化作用及其存在状态有关。当含水率为12%时,杨木在径向和弦向的理论横纹抗拉强度分别为8.3和4.0 MPa,杉木在径向和弦向的理论横纹抗拉强度分别为4.4和2.9 MPa。两树种横纹受拉时的容许应力为0.91～2.86 MPa。该研究结果为人工林杨木和杉木在干燥、木结构设计、弯曲加工等工艺环节提供了基础数据。     

过热蒸汽预处理对50 mm厚杨木锯材常规干燥的影响

【目的】采用过热蒸汽预处理杨木锯材后进行常规干燥,探究过热蒸汽预处理对杨木锯材干燥速率、干燥质量和干燥时间的影响,以期提高杨木锯材干燥速率、缩短干燥周期、降低干燥能耗,为杨木锯材的高附加值利用提供技术依据。【方法】采用温度为110、120和125℃的过热蒸汽对初含水率100%~150%、规格900 mm×120 mm×50 mm(轴向×弦向×径向)的杨木锯材预处理5 h,之后进行常规干燥,分析过热蒸汽预处理对锯材含水率、应力、外观质量以及后期常规干燥速率的影响,依据国家标准对过热蒸汽预处理及未处理材常规干燥后的干燥质量进行评价。【结果】1)过热蒸汽预处理结果表明:预处理温度从110℃增加到125℃时,锯材含水率下降比例从59.26%增加到77.11%,含水率在较短时间内大幅度降低并接近木材纤维饱和点;预处理后锯材的残余应力较大,在2.71%~7.75%之间;锯材顺弯、横弯、翘曲和扭曲指标的干燥质量等级均为一级;锯材皱缩比例在25.00%~36.96%之间。2)常规干燥结果表明:经110、120和125℃过热蒸汽预处理后,锯材常规干燥速率较未处理材分别增大7.97%、16.23%和78.42%;从含水率和应力方面分析,过热蒸汽预处理材常规干燥后的干燥均匀度和厚度上的含水率偏差指标质量等级均达到一级,终含水率指标的质量等级为二级;锯材预处理过程中产生的残余应力在常规干燥过程中被释放,常规干燥后残余应力指标质量等级为二级;从外观干燥质量分析,预处理材常规干燥后的顺弯、横弯、翘曲和扭曲指标质量等级均达到一级;锯材在过热蒸汽预处理过程中产生的皱缩在常规干燥过程中部分得到恢复,常规干燥后锯材皱缩比例分别降低至28.60%、9.09%和15.00%。3)总干燥时间分析结果表明:与未处理材的常规干燥相比,110、120和125℃过热蒸汽预处理材的总干燥时间分别缩短了24.96%、44.22%和67.24%。【结论】过热蒸汽预处理可以显著降低杨木锯材的含水率,并提高杨木锯材常规干燥的干燥速率,缩短干燥时间。综合考虑杨木锯材干燥质量和干燥效率,50 mm厚杨木锯材过热蒸汽预处理温度以120℃较好。     

微波处理对木材染色性能的影响

以25 mm厚杨木、桦木、柞木厚板为研究对象,进行微波处理,通过改变木材初含水率、辐射时间和微波辐射强度,以木材真空加压浸渍处理得到的增质率和上染率为评价指标,研究微波处理条件与木材染色性能的关系.结果表明:木材的增质率和上染率在含水率为30%时最大,并随初含水率的增大而减小,随微波处理时间的延长和强度增大而增大.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。